DR.

KAVITHA RAJAGOPAL
 Introduction

• Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) is a key tool in

forensic science, aiding in crime scene reconstructions
and helping to establish other elements of criminal acts.

• Bloodstain pattern analysis can range from the simple to

the complex.

• The trails of blood in a crime scene or castoff blood

patterns are reasonably straightforward and
understandable.

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• Determining areas of convergence and origin employing
string methods or trigonometric methodologies are more
complex and call for a trained specialist.

• The scientific analysis of bloodstain patterns requires

extensive training and experience, which goes beyond
the normal crime scene process.

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 Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Terms

• Spatter – Bloodstains created from the

application of force to the area where the blood
originated.
• Origin/Source – The place from where the
blood spatter came from or originated.
• Angle of Impact – The angle at which a blood
droplet strikes a surface

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 Bloodstain Terminology

Angle of impact—angle at which blood strikes a target

surface
Bloodstain transfer—when a bloody object comes into
contact with a surface and leaves a patterned blood
image on the surface

Backspatter—blood that is directed back toward the

source of energy

Cast-off—blood that is thrown from an object in motion

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• Contact stain—bloodstains caused by contact
between a wet blood-bearing surface and a
second surface that may or may not have blood
on it

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 Principles of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

• To understand how analysts interpret bloodstains, one

must first understand the basic properties of blood.

• Blood contains both liquid (plasma and serum) and

solids (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and
proteins).

• Blood is in a liquid state when inside the body, and when

it exits the body, it does so as a liquid.

• But as anyone who has had a cut or a scrape knows, it

doesn’t remain a liquid for long.
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• Except for people with hemophilia, blood will begin to
clot within a few minutes, forming a dark, shiny gel-like
substance that grows more solid as time progresses.

• The presence of blood clots in bloodstains can indicate

that the attack was prolonged, or that the victim was
bleeding for some time after the injury occurred.

• Blood can leave the body in many different ways,

depending on the type of injury inflicted. It can flow, drip,
spray, spurt, gush or just ooze from wounds.

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 Bloodstain classification
• Some bloodstain pattern analysts have created their own
classification methods.

• In Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: With an Introduction to

Crime Scene Reconstruction, Tom Bevel, and Ross
Gardner use a taxonomic classification system where
the main categories are The Spatter Family, The Non-
Spatter Family, and Complex Patterns.

• In Principle of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Theory and

Practice, Stuart James, Paul Kish, and Paulette Sutton
have used the categories of Passive, Spatter,
and Altered.
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• In Bloodstain Pattern Evidence: Objective Approaches
and Case Applications, Anita Wonder provides a flow-
diagram to assist in classifying bloodstain patterns where
the main categories are Spatter Groups, Spatters Not
a Criteria, and Composites.

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 Bloodstain Classification

Bloodstain

Non-
Spatter
spatter
Stains
Stains

Irregular
Linear Non-linear Margin Regular
Spatter Spatter Stains Margin
Stains
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 The Spatter Family
• The criterion for a spatter stain is a generally regular
shaped stain with either an elliptical or a circular shape.
• The primary spatter stain, also known as the parent
stain, will have an obvious elliptical or circular shape.
• Satellite spatter, which is also known as secondary
spatter or wave.
• These satellite spatters were thrown off the parent stain
and associated tails or spines may be present
connecting, partially connecting or pointing from or
toward the satellite spatter.
• Those terms effectively allow the analyst to describe
aspects of spatter stains.

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• Bloodstain-Spatter- Linear Pattern
• A pattern of individual spatter deposited on a surface,
demonstrating movement of the dripping item from one
point to another
• In-line distribution of spatter stains
• Consistent stain size range in the pattern, relative to any
change in surface characteristics or decreasing volume
available to produce the drip
• Stains lead from one point to another
• Stains will typically range in size between 3 to 25mm

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• Bloodstain- Spatter – Non-linear Pattern
• Spatter resulting from blood dripping from an individual
or otherwise bloodied object.
• One or more spatter stains
• Parent stains have a generally large diameter (typically 3
to 25mm)
• Randomly oriented on a surface
• Drip trails are produced as a function of gravity acting on
the blood source

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• Allowing for some variation, drip stains should range in
size between 3 to 25 mm in diameter.
• If the analyst encounters parent stains under 3mm, they
are most likely some form of dynamic spatter.
• If the analyst encounters stains in excess of 25mm, they
are less likely to be stains produced by drips but rather
created by larger mass of blood.

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 The Non-Spatter Family
• Bloodstain
• Any stains or pattern other than those defined by the
spatter group
• A primary stain with no evident elliptical or circular
component

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 Non Spatter
Stains

Irregular Regular
Margin Margin

Blood Smear
into Gush
Flow Pool Saturation Pattern
blood
Transfer

Wipe Pattern Swipe pattern

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 Irregular Margin
• Bloodstain – Non- Spatter
• A stain with an irregular or spiny margin
• A non-spatter primary stain
• This group includes large volume ejections, fluids
dripping into fluids (blood into blood) that subsequently
accumulate on a surface and various contact stains.
• Produce the irregular characteristics

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• Blood into Blood
• Bloodstain – Non-Spatter – Irregular Margin
• Drips deposited into one another or into another stain or
another liquid, resulting in an accumulation and secondary
spatter randomly oriented around the stain.
• A pooling of blood or some combination of blood and liquid
exhibiting overlapping drips or spines
• Surrounded by a random distribution of small satellite spatter
• The satellite spatter will show random variation in its
directional angles and shapes

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 Gush/ Splash
• Bloodstain – Non-Spatter – Irregular Margin
• An irregular pattern created when blood is ejected in
volume
• A large volume accumulation evident in the overall
pattern
• Large irregular stain exhibiting spines and spatter
radiating from it
• Large elliptical spatter stains around the pattern

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• Smear
• Bloodstain-Non-Spatter- Irregular Margin
• Any stains or pattern created by the transfer of blood
from one object onto another, through some form of
contact involving lateral motion
• An irregular shaped contact stain demonstrating any of
the following:
 A contiguous boundary
 A feathered boundary
 Striations in the body of the stain
 Diminished volume of blood across the body of the stain
 Evident displacement of blood

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• Wipe
• Bloodstain- Non-Spatter- Irregular Margin
• Any stain or pattern created when an object moves
through a pre-existing bloodstain on another surface
• A smear stain
• A preexisting volume of blood (e.g. flow, spatter, pool)
• Displaced blood from the original boundary
• Any of the following:
 A feathered boundary
 Striations in the body of the stain
 Diminished volume of blood across the body of the stain
 Accumulation of blood on the other boundaries
 Dried outer ring (skeletonization) of the original stain
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Discussion:
• The wipe involves disrupting a pre-existing stain of some
nature through lateral motion and contact by another
object.
• Thus, the pre-existing stain will be evident as well as the
disruption and displacement of the blood.
• This disruption may show striations, feathered edges or
displacement of blood into the outer edges of the stain.
• The original stain boundary (the stain being disrupted)
may or may not demonstrate a dried outer ring, known
as skeletonization.
• This depends upon the amount of time that passed after
the original deposit and the subsequent disruption.

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 Striations – series of ridges

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 Impression Bloodstain Patterns

Notice the swipe patterns on Notice the wipe through the

the wall. blood with the feathering of
the stain, and the swipe to
the left.
• Regular Margin
• Bloodstain- Non-Spatter
• A stain with a regular/distinct demarcated margin
• A non-spatter primary stain
• Regular margin (e.g. cleanly demarcated edges)
• This group includes volume accumulation where liquid
blood is pooling or flowing in some form, as well as
situation where patterns produced by contact result in
some observable regularity ( a pattern)
•

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• Pattern Transfer
• Bloodstain-Non-Spatter-Regular Margin
• Any stain or pattern created by the transfer of blood from
one object to another in which a recognizable
characteristic or image is present in the pattern
 A contact pattern
 Demonstrating angular demarcations, curves, or other
recognizable characteristics or an image of the source
object
 May be deposited in a series

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TRANSFER BLOOD STAINS

• A transfer bloodstain is created when a wet, bloody surface

comes in contact with a secondary surface.

• A recognizable image of all or a portion of the original surface

may be observed in the pattern.

• Examples: bloody hand or footwear.

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Transfer Patterns

• Wet, bloodied object contacts a secondary surface

• Transfer from:

– hand, fingers
– shoes, weapon
– hair

• Transfer to:
– walls, ceilings
– clothing, bedding

• Produces mirror-image of bloodied object

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 Transfer Stains/Patterns
(a blood contaminated object(s) contacting
a surface)

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 Transfer pattern made by a bloody hand. (Courtesy
of John Black, Ron Smith & Associates)

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• Pool
• Bloodstain-Non-Spatter- Regular Margin
• An accumulation of liquid blood based on gravity and
conforming to container characteristics of the pooling
area

• Saturation
• An accumulation of liquid blood created by contact with a
volume of blood that is absorbed into a permeable
surface.

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• Impact spatter associated with gunshot often exhibit a wide
size range from less than 0.1mm up to several millimeters or
more.
• The size range is dependent on the quantity of available blood,
• Impact spatter is most commonly associated with gunshot, but
may also be produced in cases involving explosions, high-
speed machinery injuries and high-speed automobile
collisions.
• In gunshot cases, two sources can account for impact spatter.

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• When associated with an entrance wound, it is referred to as
back spatter or blowback.

• This spatter may be found on the weapon and the shooter,

especially on the hand and arm areas.

• When the impact spatter is associated with an exit wound, it is

referred to as forward spatter .

• Generally, the mechanisms that create high-velocity impact

blood spatter will create a variety of sizes of bloodstains.

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 The Circulatory System and Shock

• The average person has approximately 70ml of blood for

each kilogram of total body weight.
• Circulation is normally a closed-loop system. Blood is
propelled from the left ventricle of the heart into the
aorta.
• The aorta is one of several elastic arteries, so called
because of the increased elastic fibers in its wall that
expand and recoil helping to propel the blood along.
• The arterial tree branches out into smaller and smaller
muscular arteries.

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• The contraction or relaxation of the muscular wall of
these arteries and particularly arterioles can regulate the
amount of blood flow to a particular region and the
overall blood pressure.
• The capillaries are the smallest but most plentiful vessel.
• In the capillaries, the now slowed blood is able to diffuse
oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and take away
carbon dioxide and waste materials.
• There is also the leaky part of the circulatory system
where liquids can move in or out of the circulation.
• Any excess fluid that leaks out is collected by a parallel
one-way system of vessels called lymphatics eventually
empty back into the circulation near the heart.

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• The passage of blood through vessels can be described
as turbulent or non-turbulent flow.
• Turbulent flow is movement of blood in a non-parallel
direction in the vessel, producing irregular whirl pools or
eddies that often can be heard with a stethoscope.
• Non-turbulent flow is roughly parallel movement of blood
in a vessel and is the most efficient means for perfusing
tissues.
• The condition known as shock occurs when there is
insufficient blood perfusion to the tissues and organs to
meet their physiological needs.
• Hypovolemic shock results from loss of circulating blood
volume such as results from rapid bleeding.

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• Cardiogenic shock- heart attack resulting in inadequate
cardiac pumping.
• Septic shock – infectious process resulting in massive
dilatation of most of the blood vessels all at the same
time.

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 Non- Traumatic Causes of Bleeding

• One of the issues an investigator must consider at the

scene involving bloodstain is the following:

• Is this a crime scene?

• A victim may be rendered susceptible to rapid, often fatal

blood loss from natural processes or incidental minor
trauma.
• Here is a few conditions that might be commonly
encountered and mistaken as a crime scene.

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• From the head – Epistaxis or nosebleeds, can
sometimes result in severe and even fatal bleeding with
the blood loss amounting to several pints of blood
expelled in minutes. It can be a spontaneous process,
due to hypertension or due to drug ingestion such as
cocaine.
• From the lungs – Blood expelled from the lungs is called
hemoptysis.
• It can result from medical disorders including infectious
disease or inflammatory disorders such as pneumonia,
tuberculosis or autoimmune disease.
• Cancers can erode into blood vessels causing sudden
and massive hemoptysis.

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• In asphyxia or drug intoxications, pulmonary edema and
bleeding within the lung tissues can result in copious
amounts of blood-looking fluid in the mouth and nose
that may even cover the face.

• From the gastrointestinal tract or due to liver disease

• The liver is key to normal blood clotting and anything that
diminishes its function makes bleeding.
• Alcohol abuse is one of the most common causes for
cirrhosis of the liver.
• Cirrhosis impair liver function and the coagulation
process and elevates the pressure in certain blood
vessels increasing the risk of rupture.
• Can result in vomiting of blood
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• Peptic ulcers (ulcers of the stomach or first segment of
the small intestine) can also result in rapid gastro
intestinal bleeding. Inflammatory processes, cancers and
malformed blood vessels are other causes.

• From a gynecological source – menstrual blood, child

birth and vaginal bleeding.

• From venous insufficiency- varicose veins that become

disrupted from minimal trauma or from chronic medical
ulcers can be source of extensive even potentially fatal
bleeding.

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• From decomposition
• Decomposition in addition to distorting and discoloring
the body in ways that mimic antemortem injuries, can
result in postmortem liquids that may be confused with
antemortem hemorrhage.
• Decomposition is the combination of autolysis (normal
break down of dead cells ) and putrefaction.
• The autolytic process also break down tissues and
blood, making the decomposition fluids dark red to
brown.

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 Traumatic Bleeding

• A crime scene where bodily injury has occurred is likely

to have some amount of bloodstain evidence present;
however, the amount will vary depending on the
circumstances of the crime.

• The type of injury inflicted and the amount of force used

will determine the volume and pattern of bloodstains:

• Sharp force injuries (stabbing) - these injuries are

caused by an object with a relatively small surface area,
such as an ice pick or a knife. Less blood is deposited on
the instrument, resulting in a smaller, more linear pattern
of stains.
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• Blunt force injuries (hitting or beating) - objects
inflicting this type of injury are usually larger, such as a
bat or hammer. If the object impacts liquid blood, the
larger surface area will collect more blood, producing
drops of varying sizes.

• Gunshot injuries - mist-like spatter caused by bullets

entering and exiting the body.

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 What does the abbreviation BPA represent?
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

• What can an investigator learn from the analysis of a

blood spatter?
•  Type and velocity of weapon
•  Number of blows
•  Handedness of assailant (right or left-handed)
•  Position and movements of the victim and assailant during
and after the attack
•  Which wounds were inflicted first
•  Type of injuries
•  How long ago the crime was committed
•  Whether death was immediate or delayed
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 Methodology for bloodstain pattern analysis

• Examination of Directionality of Blood

• Shape provides clues to direction from which blood
originated
– Circular drop (width = length) – fell straight down
• Typical of dripping wound

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 – Elongated drop (width < length) – possible to determine
direction blood was traveling
• When blood comes into contact with another surface, it
adheres or sticks to it
– Point of impact may appear darker and wider than rest of
drop of blood spatter

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• Momentum – keeps blood
moving in direction it was
traveling
– As droplet moves
away from source, it
elongates and may
produce a thinner, tail-
like appearance
• Tail points in direction
of blood’s movement
• Satellites or secondary
drops may appear in
front of moving droplet
of blood

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• ANGLE of
IMPACT - the
acute angle
formed between
the direction of
the blood drop
and the plane of
the surface it
strikes.

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 Angle of Impact Calculations

• accurately measuring the length and width of a

bloodstain, the impact angle can be calculated using
the SIN formula below:

AOI = SIN-1 W / L

• W – Width of blood drop

• L – Length of blood drop
• “inverse sine”

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 Finding AOI

• LENGTH = 5.9cm
• WIDTH = 2.6cm

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 SOLUTION

• AOI = SIN-1 W / L
• AOI = SIN-1 2.6/5.9
• AOI = SIN-1 (.44)
• AOI = 26.2°

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 Lines of Convergence
Location of source can be
determined if there are at least
two drops of blood spatter.
Lines of Convergence – found
by drawing straight lines down
the long axis of blood spatter
and noting where they intersect
2D view of the location of the
source

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 Area of Convergence
Another method of finding the area of
convergence is called stringing. The analyst
documents the location of the spatters on a
coordinate system and the sets up a level line to
show the spatters in relation to the floor and ceiling.
Using elastic string, they draw lines from each
spatter through the level line. Then using a
protractor on the level line, the analyst determines
the angle of flight to try and find the area of
convergence.

The area of convergence is the point of origin—the

spot where the “blow” occurred. It may be
established at the scene by measurement of angles
with the use of strings.
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 Point of Origin

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 Angle of Impact
• Blood which impacts a
surface at a 90 degree
angle will be nearly round
in shape.
• As the blood impacts at a
angles decreasing from
90 degrees the pattern
will become more
elongated and elliptical.
• The angle of impact is
that between the surface
and angle line.

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 Direction of Travel of Bloodstain Patterns

Direction of travel refers to

the direction in which the
blood spatter is moving
from its origin to its
destination.
- It can be determined from
spatters from the “tail” .
A line drawn through the center
-In free flow and swipes of the longest aspect (axis) of
and wipes it can be the stain, and in the direction of
determined by spatial the “tail” points in the direction
relationships and of travel.
feathering of the pattern.

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 The longer the
blood stain the
lower the angle
of impact
Spatter
diameter
increases with
height +
spikes appear
at edge of
stain
Direction of blood

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 The stringing method

Used to determine point of

convergence of several blood
spatter stains (i.e. location of the
victim)

After measuring the width & length

of the blood spatter a simple
calculation can be done to
determine the angle of impact.

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 Area of convergence
(2D origin of spatter)

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 Angle of impact

Example

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What to record:
- Length & width of each blood drop
- Distance to point of origin from the back of each blood drop
Point of Origin of Spatter
(3D)
 2 methods to calculate point of origin (3D)

• Both methods need these initial steps at the

crime scene:-

1.Identify stains that have a common area of

convergence
2.Draw lines along the central axis of each stain to
determine location of convergence
3.Measure the distance from the back edge of the stain
to the area of convergence
4.Calculate the angle of impact for each stain individually
5.Ensure at least 3 stains are used (the more the better)
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 Method 1 - graphing
1. X-axis represents the location of the Distance Angle of
blood stain (eg. floor) to PoC impact
Stain 1 8cm 68o
2. Z-axis represents the height from the
Stain 2 16cm 52o
stain
Stain 3 23cm 41o
3. Both axes must be drawn using the
same scale
4. Mark on the x-axis the distance to the
point of convergence for each
individual stain
5. Use a protractor to draw a line at the
angle of impact from the mark on the
x-axis until it touches the z-axis
6. The area on the z-axis that the lines
converge will be the likely point of
origin

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 Method 2 - Trig

Example:
If D = 30cm & i = 35o
H = tan35 x 30
H = 21cm

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 Documentation of Bloodstain Evidence
• The most frequently used method of capturing
bloodstains is high-resolution photography. A scale or
ruler is placed next to the bloodstain to provide accurate
measurement and photos are taken from every angle.
Video and sketches of the scene and the blood stains is
often used to provide perspective and further
documentation. This is commonly done even if stained
materials or objects are collected intact.

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 A crime scene photographer documenting blood
spatter evidence on a wall. (Courtesy of NFSTC)

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 Sampling Bloodstains For DNA Profiling

• Analysts or investigators will typically soak up pooled

blood, or swab small samples of dried blood in order to
determine if it is human blood and then develop a DNA
profile. This becomes critical when there are multiple
victims. DNA profiling may also indicate whether the
perpetrator was injured during the attack, as in the case
of two DNA profiles found at a scene with only one
known victim.

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 Collecting a blood sample with a swab.
(Courtesy of NFSTC)

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 Who Conducts the Analysis
• Bloodstain pattern analysts can be found at all levels of
crime scene investigation: from law enforcement to
laboratory staff. Analysts investigate and study patterns
at the scene and often screen and profile the blood in the
laboratory as well. It has become more common for
bloodstain pattern analysts to have a degree in math or a
physical science, such as biology, chemistry or physics.
This helps the analyst to corroborate findings from other
scientific disciplines including pathology, toxicology and
serology/DNA. Analysts are typically required to undergo
formal training in blood pattern analysis, accompanied by
competency testing and periodic continuing education.

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 How and Where the Analysis is Performed

• Bloodstain analysts use established scientific methods to

examine bloodstain evidence at a crime scene including
information gathering, observation, documentation,
analysis, evaluation, conclusion and technical (or peer)
review.
• The location of the analysis will also depend on the
complexity of the case and whether expertise beyond
that of the local analyst is required.

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• Bloodstain pattern analysis is performed in two phases:
pattern analysis and reconstruction.

• 1. Pattern Analysis looks at the physical characteristics

of the stain patterns including size, shape, distribution,
overall appearance, location and surface texture where
the stains are found. Analysts interpret what pattern
types are present and what mechanisms may have
caused them.

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• 2. Reconstruction uses the analysis data to put
contextual explanations to the stain patterns: What type
of crime has occurred? Where is the person bleeding
from? Did the stain patterns come from the victim or
someone else? Are there other scene factors (e.g.
emergency medical intervention, first responder
activities) that affected the stain patterns?

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• To help reconstruct events that caused
bloodshed, analysts use the direction and angle
of the spatter to establish the areas of
convergence (the starting point of the
bloodshed) and origin (the estimation of where
the victim and suspect were in relation to each
other when bloodshed occurred).

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 Uses of Blood Spatter

There are many uses for blood spatter. It can be used to

find the type of weapon and the velocity the victim was
struck with it. It can also tell us the number of blows
given, the handedness of the assailant, and the position
and movements of both the victim and the assailant
during and after the attack. As well as the type of
injuries, how long ago the crime took place, and whether
the death of the victim was immediate or delayed.

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 Advantages - Blood spatter can be used to a murder
team’s advantage. It can help determine variables that
may not be evident without an autopsy. Detectives will
have some information much faster, such as how long
ago the crime was committed and whether the death
was immediate or not. It can provide evidence that may
disprove any lies a suspect may tell. Which wounds were
inflicted when, for example, or the position the assailant
found himself in. It can also help narrow down suspects
by revealing the handedness of the assailant. The
absence of blood can also help to solve a crime. Void
patterns are areas where blood should be, but isn’t.
Often it can tell detectives where the assailant was
standing.

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• Disadvantages - Of course there are also
disadvantages to blood spatter. If there are multiple
victims or assailants it may get complicated and it can be
difficult to determine what exactly happened. There is
also the fact that not every crime involves blood or blood
spatter at all.

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 Summary

• Bloodstain analysis is a forensic science that deals with

how bloodstains arise after blood is discharged from the
body. There are many cases in which its use is
applicable, including at crime scenes, where DNA is of
little or no informative value (for example, in the case of
suspects who were entitled to be at the scene). It often
serves to reconstruct events at the crime scene and to
shed light on specific matters.

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