The document discusses research and publication ethics. It defines scientific misconduct as falsification, fabrication, or plagiarism in research. Specifically, it outlines that fabrication is making up or manipulating data/results, falsification is manipulating research materials to misrepresent findings, and plagiarism is using others' ideas without proper attribution. The document emphasizes the importance of ethical research practices and avoiding misconduct.
The document discusses research and publication ethics. It defines scientific misconduct as falsification, fabrication, or plagiarism in research. Specifically, it outlines that fabrication is making up or manipulating data/results, falsification is manipulating research materials to misrepresent findings, and plagiarism is using others' ideas without proper attribution. The document emphasizes the importance of ethical research practices and avoiding misconduct.
The document discusses research and publication ethics. It defines scientific misconduct as falsification, fabrication, or plagiarism in research. Specifically, it outlines that fabrication is making up or manipulating data/results, falsification is manipulating research materials to misrepresent findings, and plagiarism is using others' ideas without proper attribution. The document emphasizes the importance of ethical research practices and avoiding misconduct.
• Unit II: Scientific Conduct • Scientific misconducts: • Falsification • Fabrication, • Plagiarism • Redundant Publications: • Duplicate and overlapping publications, • Salami slicing • Selective reporting • Misrepresentation of data Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 02
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
• Scientific misconduct: • In recent years, the international scientific community has been rocked by a number of serious cases of research misconduct. • Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in the publication of scientific research
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
• Scientific misconduct: • Other Definitions (of Scientific Misconduct) • Intentional distortion of the research process by fabrication of data, text, hypothesis, or methods from another researcher's manuscript form or publication; or distortion of the research process in other ways • Intention or gross negligence leading to fabrication of the scientific message or a false credit given to a scientist Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 04
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
• Scientific misconduct –continued ….. • Investigators violates widely-accepted ethical standards. • Severe violations are classified as research misconduct. • Because misconduct can significantly undermine the integrity of research, legal or other penalties may be imposed on individuals for the misconduct.
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
• Scientific misconduct –continued ….. • In Summary Research misconduct is defined as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
• Unit II: Scientific Conduct • Scientific misconducts: • Falsification, Fabrication, Plagiarism • Reference: • Eungoo KANG, Hee-Joong HWANG 2020 Journal of Research and Publication Ethics Vol 1 No 2 pp: 7-10
Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics UNIT 02
• Falsification, Fabrication, Plagiarism • Academic research is a step by step process involving key elements of the research studies. • The common elements include study design, data collection and analysis process. • The analyzed data is therefore published by appropriate body
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics UNIT 02
• Falsification, Fabrication, Plagiarism • The experience by a researcher highlighted steps are guided by a specific ethical codes of conduct. • The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) is the responsible body mandated with the task of developing appropriate code of conducts • As an international forum, COPE also guides other key stakeholders of research studies which include editors and publishers.
Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan
Addl. Dean (Research) 09
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics UNIT 02
• Falsification, Fabrication, Plagiarism • The experience by a researcher highlighted steps are guided by a specific ethical codes of conduct. • The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) is the responsible body mandated with the task of developing appropriate code of conducts • As an international forum, COPE also guides other key stakeholders of research studies which include editors and publishers.
Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan
Addl. Dean (Research) 10
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics UNIT 02
• Falsification • Falsification refers to the practice of changing or omitting the collected data to present an incorrect research result. • This is common among the scientific researchers where the laboratory assistance tries to please their bosses by providing data they believe or desire to achieve
Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics UNIT 02
• Fabrication • Fabrication is commonly referred to as the act of making up data and reporting the make-up data as the correct data. • This is common among the interviewers and researchers of the study
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics UNIT 02
• Plagiarism • Plagiarism is the appropriation or using another's idea without giving proper editing. • Proper editing, in this case, includes a proper citation or proper quotation of the original document. • Commonly, it occurs when an individual performs an unoriginal study and recycled the already published words to describe the fake study Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 13
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics UNIT 02
• In summary • Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them. • Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. • Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. References: http://vpred.uark.edu/Research_Scholarly_Misconduct.pdf
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
• Unit II: Scientific Conduct • Scientific misconducts: • Reference • http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/QPA_paraphrase.html • http://www4.caes.hku.hk/plagiarism/Techniques_2.htm • Misconduct of Research (Plagiarism, Fabrication, Falsefication) by Khaled Y. Kamal, Texas A&M University Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 15
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
• Plagiarism –continued…. • Avoiding Plagiarism • Technique1: • Paraphrasing(re-write in your own words) • Technique2: • Follow the rules when copying directly from text or any other source(e.g., internet). Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 16
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
• Case Study 01 • A Researcher was reading his samples on a spectrophotometer. • Duplicate measurements were carried out on , each sample . • During his reading the electricity was on and off at different time intervals. • When he had finished he noticed that readings of some duplicates did not resemble each other. • He decided to only select the reading in the same range as those reported in some famous publication and show these to his supervisor.
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
• What are the types of misconduct here ? Why? • In the case Study 01
Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
• Case Study 02 • A Researcher is a member of a lab group in which everyone uses variations of the same experimental methods. • In the first draft of her dissertation, the researcher appropriated original phrases from one of her mentor’s publications to describe her experimental methods. • The Researcher was not concerned because she knew that her mentor used exactly the same wording in multiple publications. Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 19
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
• Case Study 02 –continued • 1-Is this plagiarism, fabrication, falsification, or serious deviation? • 2-What consequences could be facing by the Researcher? • 3-How could these problem be prevented?
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
• Case Study 03 • A researcher obtained funding from the XYZ corporation to support his research. • XYZ expects that research will demonstrate effectiveness of their product. • Research does show that the product works, but there are side effects. • In an effort to help secure continued funding, the researcher chooses to publish only those findings that satisfy XYZ’s expectations, ignoring the side effects. Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 21
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
• Case Study 03 –continued • 1-Is this plagiarism, fabrication, falsification, or serious deviation? • 2-What consequences could be facing by the Researcher? • 3-How could these problem be prevented?
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
• Make a group discussion cases of misconduct from your known circle and suggest how to avoid such misconduct in bullet points
Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Unit II: Scientific Misconduct Scientific Misconducts Falsification, Fabrication and Plagiarism (FFP) Redundant Publications: Duplicate and overlapping Publications Salami Silicing Selective reporting and Misrepresentation of data Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 25
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Redundant Publications: Duplicate and overlapping Publications Salami Slicing Selective reporting and Misrepresentation of data
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Redundant Publications: • Redundant publication is publication that overlaps substantially with one already • It is also referred as “self-plagiarism,” • It is a violation of publishing ethics.
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Redundant Publications: Why it occurs • Redundant publication is most likely the result of pressure to publish • Authors divide their findings from a single study into minimally publishable pieces. • Publishing the same information twice or more is a problem in many ways.
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Redundant Publications:-Continued …… Penalties of Redundant Publication • If redundancy is recognized before publication, manuscripts are rejected. • If articles have already been published and then found to be redundant the visible penalties are: • publication of a notice of duplicate publication in Journals, • Notification, to` the authors’ employers, and • Informed and notified in indexes like scopus, pebmed etc • Cancellation of Ph.D. for life time Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 29
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Redundant Publications:-Continued …… • In extreme cases, one of the redundant articles might be retracted, even after publication. • Editors usually ask authors for a written statement about the • redundancy to be published with the notice of duplicate publication.
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Redundant Publications:-Continued …… • Authors’ dilemmas can lead to redundant publication: • (a)Publishing papers from a dissertation • (b) a researcher reporting on a longitudinal level • (c) an author writing in different languages (translation) without concern • (d) an author writing for different audiences. Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 31
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Redundant Publications:-Continued …… How to avoid Redundant Publication • Keep track of copyrights to all work. • Discover if your institution has a repository and get the rules and policies. • Discover if your institution submits federally funded articles to open source repositories. • Track the publication or dissemination of your abstracts, teaching files, and lecture notes. Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 32
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Redundant Publications:-Continued …… How to avoid Redundant Publication • If you submit an abstract to a meeting for presentation, be sure you do not use the text, figures, or details of the data in a future manuscript— or—if you must, get the copyright released to you and reference the prior work. • If you have any questions, transparency is your best option, ask the editor of the journal how to handle any potential issues before submitting your manuscript. Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 33
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Redundant Publications:-Continued …… When Redundant Publication is allowed: 1. Proper Citation 2. Permission 3. Open source 4. Guidelines/rules (unless copy write) 5. Presenting (not eventually publishing) work in the several conferences Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 34
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Redundant Publications: Duplicate and overlapping Publications Salami Slicing Selective reporting and Misrepresentation of data
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Unit II: Scientific Misconduct Duplicate and overlapping Publications • Authors should not submit the same manuscript, in the same or different languages, simultaneously to more than one journal. • The rationale for this standard is the potential for disagreement when two (or more) journals claim the right to publish a manuscript that has been submitted simultaneously to more than one journal
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Unit II: Scientific Misconduct Duplicate and overlapping Publications • The possibility that two or more journals will unknowingly and unnecessarily undertake the work of peer review, edit the same manuscript, and publish the same article.
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Unit II: Scientific Misconduct Duplicate and overlapping Publications • Duplicate publication in the academic context also called ‘Double- dipping’. • Duplicate publication has a direct counterpart in the area of academic dishonesty. • It occurs when a student submits a whole paper, or a substantial portion of a paper that had been previously submitted and graded in another course to fulfill aCourse requirement of a new course. Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 38
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Unit II: Scientific Misconduct Duplicate and overlapping Publications • Many scholars and even some supervisors are not aware that this type of practice is a serious academic offense • Of course, as is the case with duplicate publication, submitting the same paper or a large portion of a paper, to two different courses is entirely acceptable if the student sought permission from the instructors of both courses and they both agreed to the arrangement. Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 39
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Unit II: Scientific Misconduct Duplicate and overlapping Publications Note! Translations of articles without proper permission or notification and resubmission of previously published Open Access articles are considered duplications. For further reading: https://ijdvl.com/duplicate-publication-what-an-editor-ca n-do/ Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 40
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Unit II: Scientific Misconduct Duplicate and overlapping Publications Note! Translations of articles without proper permission or notification and resubmission of previously published Open Access articles are considered duplications. For further reading: https://ijdvl.com/duplicate-publication-what-an-editor-ca n-do/ Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 41
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
• This is the definition of duplicate publication by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE): • “When a published work (or substantial sections from a published work) is/are published more than once (in the same or another language) without adequate acknowledgment of the source/cross- referencing/justification”.
Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan
Addl. Dean (Research) 42
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Redundant Publications: Salami Slicing • Publishing small ‘slices’ of research in several different papers is called ‘salami publication’ or ‘salami slicing’. • Salami slicing can result in a distortion of the literature by leading • unsuspecting readers to believe that data presented in each ‘slice’ is derived Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 43
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Redundant Publications: Salami Slicing - How to prevent it • Avoid inappropriately breaking up data from a single study into two or more papers. • When submitting a paper, be transparent. • Send copies of any manuscripts closely related to the manuscript under consideration. • This includes any manuscripts published, recently submitted, or already accepted, Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 44
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Redundant Publications: Salami Slicing - How to prevent it • When in doubt, always consult with your professor, advisor, or someone in a position of authority who can guide you to the right course of action.
Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Selective reporting and Misrepresentation of data Avoiding 'Selective Reporting' In Your Research Findings One of the most common forms of bias is known as ‘selective reporting.’ It’s an act of omitting data that doesn’t seem significant, but without a full analysis of why the researcher chose that particular set of data to eliminate, there could be underlying bias going on.
Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Selective reporting and Misrepresentation of data Scholars must always be aware of and alert for instances of potential bias in their work, especially when selective reporting could occur, and work towards purposely avoiding all bias in their research findings.
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Selective reporting and Misrepresentation of data • Types of Biases • Design bias • Procedural bias • Personal biases
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Selective reporting and Misrepresentation of data • Refer class discussion for Types of biases
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Selective reporting and Misrepresentation of data • Selective Reporting also called “outcome reporting bias,” selective reporting is a common problem in research. It can take the shape of many different skewed results, but some of the main types of this bias
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Misrepresentation of data • The concept of ‘misrepresentation,’ unlike ‘fabrication’ and ‘falsification,’ is neither clear nor uncontroversial. • Most scientists will agree that fabrication is making up data and falsification is changing data. But what does it mean to misrepresent data? • As a minimal answer to this question, one can define ‘misrepresentation of data’ as ‘communicating honestly reported data in a deceptive manner.’ Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan Addl. Dean (Research) 51
DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Misrepresentation of data • Refer the class discussion for examples
Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Misrepresentation of data • The misrepresentation of research findings may arise for a number of reasons. It may be wilful, dishonest, accidental, partisan, political, ignorant, biased, careless or any combination of these.
Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Misrepresentation of data • Are the research aims properly explained? • Is the methodology clearly set out? • Is the literature review relevant and up to date? • Is there information on sample sizes and how they were selected? • Is there information on response rates?
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DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
Misrepresentation of data • Was there checking of accuracy of data returns? • Is their adequate information about how data was processed? • Is there a rationale given for the analysis methods and statistical tests chosen? • Are the conclusions and interpretations justified by the evidence?