Table 1.

Physical properties of ϕ SiO2 - Water nanofluid at 30 oC

ϕ =0% ϕ =0.5% ϕ =1.5% ϕ =2.5% ϕ =3.5% ϕ =4.5%

ρ 995.7 1003.0 1017.7 1032.3 1047.0 1061.6

Cp 4178.0 4135.7 4053.0 3972.6 3894.4 3818.5

k 0.620 0.644 0.659 0.666 0.671 0.674

µ.10-3 0.798 0.841 0.946 1.017 1.278 1.514

ϕ =5.5% ϕ =6.5% ϕ =7.5% ϕ =8.5%

ρ 1076.2 1090.9 1105.5 1120.2

Cp 3744.5 3672.6 3602.6 3534.4

k 0.677 0.680 0.682 0.683

µ.10-3 1.66 1.955 2.415 3.331

Table 2. Measured parameters with measuring devices and their resolution

Parameter Device Manufacture Resolution Unit

K-type thermocouples STORKE

Temperature 0.1 °C
Temperature DAQ GRAPHTEC

Volume flow Venture and U-Tube

In-house 1 mm
rate Manometer

Length Vernier caliper Tri-circle 0.05 mm

Ruler Rotring - Germany 1 mm

Volt Digital multi-meter RadioShack 0.001 V

Clamp multi-meter 400

Current UNI-T 0.001 A
A - UT203

Time Digital stop watch SAMSUNG Co. 0.01 sec

Ostwald Viscometer
Dynamic Tomas Scientific , Inc [US]
Viscosity Bath KV4000 - -
Viscosity KOEHLER instrument Co. INC
SERIES

Electronic balance
Mass METTLER Company 0.1 gram
(PE6000)
Table 3. Maximum error of the main variables

Variable The Smallest measured data The Maximum error

𝑈 𝑇𝑡𝑐 −𝑇𝑗
Ttc-Tj 2 = 0.6 %
𝑇𝑡𝑐 − 𝑇𝑗
𝑈𝑉
V 4.66 = 0.01%
𝑉
𝑈𝐼
I 115 = 0.004%
𝐼
UW
W 0.15 = 0.25%
W
UL
L 0.167 = 0.22%
L
𝑈𝑑
d 0.006 = 0.31%
𝑑
𝑈𝑧
z 0.003 = 12.3%
𝑧
𝑈𝑣
v 0.534 = 1.97%
𝑣
𝑈𝜌
ρnf 995.710 = 0.1%
𝜌
𝑈µ 𝑛𝑓
µnf 0.000841 = 0.05%
µ𝑛𝑓
𝑈𝑘
k 0.62 = 0.1%
𝑘

Table 4. Uncertainty of calculated parameters

Parameter Expression Maximum Uncertainty

𝜌𝑛𝑓 𝑣𝑑 𝑈𝑅𝑒 𝑈𝜌 2
𝑈𝑣 2
𝑈𝑑 2
𝑈𝜇 2
𝑅𝑒 = = + + + 2.06%
𝜇𝑛𝑓 𝑅𝑒 𝜌 𝑣 𝑑 𝜇

𝑉𝐼 𝑈𝑞 𝑈𝑉 2
𝑈𝐼 2
𝑈𝑊 2
𝑈𝐿 2
𝑞= = + + + 0.34%
𝑊𝐿 𝑞 𝑉 𝐼 𝑊 𝐿

𝑞 𝑈ℎ 𝑈𝑞 2 𝑈(𝑇𝑤−𝑇𝑗) 2
ℎ= = + 0.66%
𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑗 ℎ 𝑞 𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑗

ℎ𝑑 𝑈𝑁𝑢 𝑈ℎ 2
𝑈𝑑 2
𝑈𝑘 2
𝑁𝑢 = = + + 0.73%
𝑘𝑛𝑓 𝑁𝑢 ℎ 𝑑 𝑘