Description of a New Pyrometer, with a Table of Experiments Made Therewith. By Mr. J.

Smeaton, F. R. S.
Author(s): J. Smeaton
Source: Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 48 (1753 - 1754), pp. 598-613
Published by: The Royal Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/105193 .
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 598 r 3
the famedifappointment, evenin recentwounds,that
aremadeupondifeafedparts. SothatI thinkit may
be reafonablyqueRioned,whetherI fhouldnot have
met with the like difficultyin thisfubjedt,hadI ae-
temptedto fecurethe veSEels by ligatures.
Hatton-Garden,
ThurEday
May23, I754@

LXXIX. of
a rewPyromerer,
D efcription
witha tableof Experimerts
made- there-
with. ByMr.J.-Smeaton, P. R. S.
tcad May23, /t S it maytend to illuIlratethe fol-
t754* it, lowingaccount,itmaynotbevim-
properto ke mentionof theproperties, thata com-
plete inllrument,for meafiuring the expanfions,that
metallinebodiesarefubjedc toby heataridcold,ought
to be endowedwith.
Ands firR,fince the quantitiesof thofe expan_
flonsmuItbe proportionable to the lengthof thebawr
to be meafured;the longerthe bar, the morefen
fibletheexpanfion * Andtherefore fucha confirudrion
is befl, as (cgterisparibus)will admitof the longell
bar.
SecondlysThat the Scale,whereupon thofeminute
alterations areto be mcafuredoughtto be, atleaIt,fo
large, that the fmalleItchangein the lengthof the
bar, whichthe inIlrumentis capableof beingwith
certaintya£edredwith, ought to be percciveable
thereon

Thirdlys

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 [ sss ]
Thirdlzt,As the famechange,with refpedr to the
of the indexandfcaleXwill enfue uponthe
pofiltion
fuppofition,that the materials,compoflngtheinilru
mentitSelf,areexpandedin a certaindegree,andthe
bar appliedto be meafuredremainsunchanged in its
length; asif theinPcrumentwerefuppofedto fufferno
expanfion,andthebarto be meafured werefuppos'dto
expandin theformerdegree:It is therefore neceSary,,
that,in themakinguSeof an inItrllment of thsskind,
the materials,of whichthoSepartsarecompoSed, upo
which the meafuredepends,andwhichmaybecalled
thesbafisthereof;fhouldbe fubjeAto no expanfilon
or contradrion during fuch trial, or that the expanfion
or contradion thereof ffiouldV be capable of being
known, and accounted for.
Fourthly, That as all: bodies grow Itill longer by
the application of a greater degree of heat; to com-
pare the expanIwlons of dsfferent bodies, we ought to
haare fome method of heating them in the fame de-
gree} notwithIlanding their difference of texture, fpe-
cific gravity, @c.
Fifthly, The feveral partsy upon which the mea-
furemerlts depend, ought to be fufficiently large, to
be themfelves adrually meafured } that not only the
proportions of increafe of length in different metalss
by the fame degrees of heat) may be known > bllt
alfe the quantities of thoSe expanfions, in real mea-
fures: Or, in other words, the proportions, that their
increaSe of length, betweetl certa-in degrees of heaty
bears to the length of the bodi-es: By which meansy
we are enabled to aCcertain the changes) that bodies
undergo in their dimenGons by the application of any
given degrees of heatv
Withs

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 [ 600 3
With refpedtto the firRproperty,this inmment
is capableof receivinga bar2 feet4 incheslongtand
might be madecapableof receivingbarsof a reuch
greaterlength, of fonzekindsof materials,but not
of other6;on accountof theflexibilitybroughtupon
them by a degretof heat not greaterthan boiling
water.
The meafurestakenby this infirumestare deter-
nzinedby the contadcof a piece of metalwith the
pointof a micrometer-fcrentr. The obfervation isthe
beI}judg'dof by-thehearing,ratherthanthatof the
fightor feeling. By thismethodI havefoundit very
to repeatthe famemeafurenentfeveral
prad:ticable,
rtimes, withoutdifferingfromitSelfaboveonetwenty
thouSandtll partof aninch. This principleof deter-
miningmeafuresby contadtis not whollynew; but
hasbeenemployydon feveraloccafions,as I am in-
forln'd, by the late Mr. Graham:Butthe preIent
mansz-er of applyingtheleo-f,I believe,is fo ; andthe
degreeof fenfibilityartfingtherefromexceedsany
thingI lwavemet vvith. As the methodwill eafily
appearbythedraught(feePlvteXXI.), I nlallavoida
fartherdefcription of it in thisplace$.
As no fubllancehashithertobeendiScover'd in na-
oture,thatis perSedlyfreeSom expanfionby heat, I
chofeto conItrudc thisinflcrument in fuch a manners
- that

* ThavelatelvNeen an in0tumentat WIrShorttssmadeby the

lat¢ Mr.Grahamsformeafuring themitlutealterations,in length,
of metalbars.;whichweredetermin'd by advancingthe pointof a
Ropp'dagainflthe endof the bar
till itAfenfibly
micrometer-ficrew,
to be meafursdXThis ferewbeingfmall, andverylightly hung
was capableof agreement withinthe 30r 400othpartof an inch.

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 [ 60I ]
that tht bar,whichmakesthebafisof the infirument,
{hall in eachexperimentfufferthe famedegreeof
heat}asthe barto be meafilr'd:Of confequence, the
meafures takenby the micrometer arethe differences
of theirexpanflon. The expanfionthen;ofthe bafis
betweentwo ginten degreesof heatbeirlg-oncefound,
the abSolute expanfionof anyotherbods, by adding
or fubtradingthe differenceto or fromtheexpnfion
of the baf"}accordingas the bodyto be meafiur'd
expandsmoreor lefsthanthe bafis,will alSobe de_
termin'd.
WhentheinRrument ismzade tSeof;it isimrg'ds
tegether-withthe bar to be meafur'd,in a ciXrn cf
water; which water,by meansof lamps apply'd
underneai, is madeto receiveany sut@slded degree
of heat,not greaterthanthatof beiling,andthereby
communicatesthe fame degreeof heat to the in-
llrument,the barXand to a nlercurial thermometer
immerg'dtherein, fOr the plltpofeof afcertasaing
that degee. That tllis maybe buly-the caSe,the
waterffiouldbe frequentlyiirr'd, thattheremaybe
no differenceof heat in the differetltpartsof the
water:This beingdone,the heightOSthe quick-
itonaryZthecontadwsththefcrew
filverappearing
of the micrometer alSoremaining the fame,fora
fpaceof t}me,it ss eobe fupposdZ thattheheatof
theffireebodieswillbe thefame,as theheatof ehe
waterZ howeverdifferent gra-
theymaybe ill fr3ecific
is nowreduc'd
vity,&le. Thewholedifficulty tothbs
sizv
problemy
tspvxJitof thebaJs besqveeg
to find theabJolute
tbt f
{beat, notgreatertZ7an
axytwogxvenXdegtees
bvilie wrater
4G For

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 1 602 ]
Forthls purpofe,let therebe prepar'd a harof
whitedeal,orcedar;which,it is well
Arait-grain'd
known,are muchlefsexpanfible by heatthanany
metalhitherto difcoster'd: Letthebarbe adapted to
the infirument in likemanner asthe otherbarsin-
tendedto be meafur'd; butthatthefoftnefs of the
woodmaynothinderthejuIinefs of itsbearings, let
its endsbe gmrdedwitha bitof braSslet intothe
woodat thepointsof corltad,to prevent,as much
as maybe, themoiRare orfieamof e waterfrom
affeEtingthewood;let it firkbe wellvarniSh'd, and;
then,beingwrapp'd toundwithcorfe flasfromend
to end; thlswill, in a greatmeafure, imbibetheva
poursbeforeit arrives at thewood. Letthecittern
alfobe fo contriv'd, thattlw initrument being fup
portedat a proper heighttherein,thebarZ be mea-
fur'dmay,uponoccafion,be abovethecover,while
tlwebaiisremains in thewater:Thuswill thecover
alfobea defenceagainffi themoilture.At thewater
in theciRernbe nowbrought to its lowerdegreeof
heat(fuppofe at or nearthefreaingpoint),tEebafis
havingcontiniiwd long enoughin the vraterto re-
ce;:rethefamedegreeof heat,andthewoodenbar
hasringbeenprevioufly keptin an adjacenttoom, not-
fubjedcto fuddenalterationsof tempBrature by fire,
OF other cauSes; let the bar bf apply'dto the in_
firumetlt,andthe degreesof ti micrGneter andthe
thermometer readoff,andfetdownr Letthewooden
to itgformerplace,till the water
barbe therlreRcor'd
(fuppSeator
degreeintended
is heatedto thegreater
ntarthatof boilingwater);the lid beingnowIbut
down,andthechinksItopp'd withcoarfeflax,topre-
venttheifiuingof theIteamasmuchaspoR*lble, let
the

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 [ 603 ]
:*e troodenbarbe againbrought fiorthapply'dtothe
inkrument, andthedegrees of the tnKrometer axld
thermemeter readoff, as before:The difference of
degrees of the micrometer, correEpQndlng to thedif
ferenceof degreesof thethermometer, willexprefs
the expanflon of the bafisbetweenthofedegrees of
heat; thatis, uponthe fuppofition thatthe wooden
barwasof thcfamelength,atthetitneof takingthe
Secondmeafure,as at the firIl: Indeeda meafure
canhardlybetakenwithoutanylofsof titne,astbe
wholeof the in0rument, whenthehotnaeafure isto
be takena is confiderably hoteerthanthemrooden bara
and,incafeof boilingwater,theReambeingveryre-
pellentandaftive,thebaris liableto be fenfiblyaS
feftedin itslength,ifore theafure canbe taken,
bothby heatandmaiSlure, whichbothtendto ex-
pandthebar:ButasthequAntity iS fmall,andmw
pableof beingnearlyaScertainXd, a wooden bar,ffius
apply'd,will anfwerthefimeendX if it wasunaltes_
ablebyheatormosfillre.
In order,therefiore, to knowthe quantityof thi&
alteratiori,let thc timeelaps'dbetweenthefirIt-apv
proachof thebarto theinRrumerlt, andthetakingof
themeafure, i ob6eroyd bya fecond-watcll,orother-
wir¢;aftcranother equalinterval of time, let a fie-
condmeafure be taken;andaftera thirdinterval,a
third; and a fourth;the threedifferences of thefe
fiourmeafures will be.ixnd nearlyto tallywtththree
termsof a geometrical progreffion, fromwlzichtlae
preceding termmaybe knownX andwillbe thecor-
redion;whi£h,if apply'd to thenleafvefirktakens
reducesie to wllatt wxld havebeenif thewooderL
barhadaot exparOdcd dwingthetakingthereo£
4 G Z :From

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 [ 604 3
Froma few obServations of thiskind,carefully re
ptted, the expanflonof the bafismaybe Wettled;
and this once dotle,the makingexperiments upon
otherbarswillbeconze veryeafy,andcompendious
The bafisof-thosinlErument (aswellasotherpavts
thereof3 is braEsWI chofeehisfubllance-rather than
anyotherwhofeexpanGon wasgreater orlefs,becauSe
I follnd fFomfomegrofsexperiments-previoutly
made,thatthe expanfion of brafiswasnearlya me-
diumbetween thofebodies, whichdiffermoflc intheir
expanalon: A conflderable convenience arifes frorn
thiscirc-umIlance;becauSe- asthemeafures, takenin
zmmon experiments, ax theirdifference frombraSs,
the dependence;:upon thethermometer willbe lefs)as
theredi£erences are leX This precaution I have
foundthe moreneceary,astlwgreattI} errors that
experiments madewiththisinfirument arefubjeEt to,
feemto be chieflyowingto thethermometerj tho'
thatwhich I ustdwaswell graduated, andgoodin
otherrefpedrs; but this mullneceSarily happen,as
the fcaleand fenfibility of tlle micrometer, when
thtSemetalsweretry'dwhichdiffermoflcfinmthe
bafis,weregreater thanthatof thethermometers
The barof brafswhichcompofesthebafisis an
inchbroadby half an inchthickXandRandsedgeF
waysupwards;one end is continu'd of the fame
pieceatri«t angles,totheheightof threeinchesand
anhalf,andmakesa firmfupport forthe endof thc
bar to be experimented; and the otherend adrs
upon the middleof a learer of the fecondkind,
whofefulcrumis in thebafis;therefore themotion
of the extremitJr of the leveris doublethediffer-
encebetweentheexpanfion of thcbar,andthebafis.
This

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flighteI} obServer;and, confequently, part of

f 60Xs 3
This upwr ptt of the leverrifesabovethe lidof ie
cidcern,fo-that it and the micrometer-fcrew areat
a11times;clearof thewater. The top of the lever
is furnilhwd withan appendage which1callthefieelerF
it ss tile ettremityof this piecewhieh comesin con-
taft JWith the;micrometer-fcrew.The conkrudrion
and applicationhereofwill betterappearfromthe
draught,thanfrommanywords. It henceappearsX
*at,having th¢ lengt-hof ti -leverfromitsfulcrum
to the pointof fufpenfion of the feeler,the diIlance
betweenthe fulerumand-thepointof contadt with
the barwthe inches and partsthat correfpondto a
certai-nnumberoft threadsof the micrometer,and
the numberof divifi1ons in the circumference of the
indexplate; the fradrion of aninchexprefs'dby one
divilfionof the platemay be deduc'd:Thofemea-
furesareas fol-lows.
Inches.
Fromthefulerumofthe leverto-thefeeler 5.875
FromV the futcrumto the plateof conta& 2*89)
Lengthof 70 threadsof tfheSerew: . 2 4SS
Divifionsin the-circuraference
of the-indexplate
-1.00.

Hence the valueof one divifionwill be the se2g°6 r

partof an inch: But if the fcrewbe alter'dX of one
of thefediviftons,
whenthecontadt betweentheScrew
and feeleris well adjuRed,the differenceof contae
(if I may-fo call it) will be veryperceivabteto the
an inch is perceivable
in thisin{trument.
Thereis one thingfiill remainsto be fpokeof, and
that is, the verification-of the micrometerFfcrew,
which

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 r 6o6 w
whichis theonlypartof thisinRtum-ent
thatwquxrcs
exadEnefsin the exccutionandhow diicultdife
aretomake,petfettlygood,is well hown to every
perfonof experience in-thefematter;thatiss that
the tl:xreads
of the fcrewmaynot oulyi qquidiSlant,
in different
places,butthatthethreaQa11 becqually
inclin'd to the asis n everypartof the circumi
rence.
24snearlytheramE prt of thefcrewis mde i;e
of ill thefeexperimentsX the lattercrxcum-ftance
t;
what trincipallynteds For thispurpofe,
enquiryX

let a tllin llipof fl;el, or -othermqtalsW prepar'd,

whofethicknefsis about§ of tbe diXse Qfie
threads:-Letthe edgesof tlis thin platebe cut into
fuch-a lhapeX
asexadlyto fit into-thefix'dnotchin
whichonc endof thebaris laid:Leta fcrewpaS;
thro'the Randard of braEs, on whiO thatnotchis
fiupported,
in facha manner,at the endof thebar
to be meafilr'dthatis firtheI}fromthelever,may
takeits bearingagainI}the point(or ratherthe-fxnall
hemiEpherical end) of this fcrew: Let one of the
brafsbars,us'dintheotherexpersments, beapply'd to
the JinRrument, anda naeafuretaken; th¢nlet the
thin platebe putin betweentheendof thebarand
the peintof thefcrewlaflmcIltion'd,andzagaintake
the mearure-; butfirltobServe,thatthe plateis put
downto thenotch,fothatthefamece of theplat¢
mayiys agreewiththepointof thefcrew,and
confe4llently,
noerrormayariftfromadiffcreutbick-
nefsitl diffierent
placesof the platet ObServe al-foy
thatthewholecomeseo a trx bearsng; thenadvaxe
rhe famefcrewtill the micrometer-ficrew is puffi'd
backwardSF
of a r¢volution
; agaiIlrepeat
ie meafxe
with

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 [ so7 J
the
with andwithoutthethinplate;againadvance
fiormer fcrew, fo as to m-akethatof the mizometer
: reede mbtherquartxof a turn,andt¢peatthemear
fureswithand« withouttlt thinplste. This method-
being--purfu'das far a8 nec¢ary, it iS evident,that,
the thicinefsd -theplatebeingalwaysthe fime, if
ttxedifferenceof meafureF takenwithandrvithout it,
arenot alwaysthe famein thgdifferentpartso£ a re-
arolutionof the micromet-*rew,-thatthis-lErearis
aot equiangular;but *om the difirences of tht
meaEures c0rreEponding to the thickneEs of the Iime
plate,in ie difEarent partsof a revolution,the errors
thereofmaybe nearlyaffilgn'd.For greatercertainty
in this exarninations leR the heat of the-obSerter's
tody {houldaflSeEt the baror inRrllment durmgthe
obfsvatiorblet the wIs}e be immg'd in the cifiern
of waterswhichoughtto fianda fisfiicienttxmebe-
fioreie oXfervation is begun,to awcquire the 1ime
temperasthe air, whichalfooughtto be in-a Etied
flcate.
In this mannerI -etind ftlch threadsaXthis
Sew as wersmadeui of in the fiollomoing expe
timents,butdidnot findanymatertalerws.
The refultof the experiments n:ale with thisin-
fttumaatren vet well withtheproportions of ex-
panfionof fetreralmetals given by Mr. Ellicat;
orhichwYc deducedfromhis pyrometer publiShsdit
t}t Phi10faphicaZ1ranJraNiwxs: Ai) ctdideringthe
versrdiflRerentcondmdtionof the hro Il rtlmeAtS,
theyabundily tendto conim each-oeh£r.

Refererces

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 [ 608 ]

Referencesto-theFigures.
Fig. . reprefents the inkrumentindependent of the
ciflcerti in whichit is us'd.
X B C D, is themainbarorbafisof the inPcrument.
1£, is the barto bemeafur'd, Iyingin twonotches-;
one fix1dto the uprightRandard A B, theotherto
the principalleverHI. The end E of the bar
E F, bearsagainkthe pointof
C, a fcrew of uSe in examiningthe micrometer-
fcrew.
The otherendof the bar F bearsagainAa fmall
fpherically protuberant bit of hardmetalfix'dat
th-efame}8-eight leverHI.
asG, irltheprincipal
K, is an:arbor fi2'dinthe->biEls, ateach
whichrectives
endthepointsof the;Screws HL, uporlwlfich the
leverH L turns,andferveasa ifillcrum thereto.
O, is a nender fpring,to keeptheleverin a bearing
{iate t-hebar; and
againi}

P, is a check,to preYent theleverfromfallingfor-

wardwhenthebaris takenoutv
X, is thefeeler,fomething in the {haptofa T, lFuf
pended, andmoveable upanddownupon-the points
cxfthefcrewsI M, which,aswellasL H, arefo
adjulled, as to-leavethemotionfree,butwithout
*ak?. X
t?, is the handleof thefeeler,moveable upona
loofejointat R ; fo that,layingholdof it at 0,
t:hefeeleris mov'dup}anddownwithoutbeingaf
feEted bytheirrqgular preiBureof thehand.
is alfoE furnilh'dwith
The extremity s of the feeleRr
a bitof protuberant hardmetal, to renderitscon-
taft

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/ X * - .l sc
- s s -

lEhzZos
.I?wea7zsm
VO@@T.xS-l g

I
f.

sy. .t.60F,

GV 16_ -

n b__
.

* ps, w.t. 609e

.1.
|

lA,l_f
Y Fs
'C
.r Jn^ . . rtsP

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 [- 609 3
tadrwii dle pointof themicrometer-fcrew morc
perfedr...
I;is themicnometer-fcrew; F; is thedividedindex
plate,md7Yalenobb forthehandle.
The micrometerSfcrew paflesthro'twofolidfcrewsd
holesat D arldX
The piecerZ iS madea littlefpringzr, andendea
sollrsto pullthekrewbackwards theholeat
Som
D; of confequence keepsthe micrometer-Screw
conRantly againkitsthreads
bearing thefameway,
andtherebyrendersthe maion thereof perfedcly
Readyandgentle. --
]; is theindex,havingditlifionsuponita anfwering X
the turnsof thefcrewX Thls plece pomtsout the
of theplatesasie faceof theplatepoints
divirlons
outthetiviforsupontheindex
Whentheinfirllment is us'd,layholdof theknob
at twith onehand,and mouring thefeelerup and
down withthe othermoveforwardthefcrewI; d111
its pointcome8 in wntaftwiththefieelerthenwxll X

theplatetand indexVandX{hewtheturns} andparts.

pi* 2. repreintsthe inkrumentimmerg'din its
ciflcn of water,readyforuSes
AtB, is thecitlernX C;thecover;-whichswhenth
uponblocks)goesonbe-
infirentJ@* t. is rass'd
tweenthebarE F andthebafisB C,
D, a handletotakeoff thecover,whenhot> E, the
mercurial thermometer;FXthecocldto letoutthe
water
G HXahollowpieceof tin,whichfupports fevenbiO
rit lamps}whicharerais'dhigheror Iowerby the
fcrewsI andK; in ordertogiveX waterin the
ciRerna properdegreeof heat
- 4*H A TABLE

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 [ s.}o ]

A T A B L E 0:f-EXPERIMENTS-,
BywhicbtbennbersinTab I. Col.6. NoI, X, ad
4 0eredegermin'd.
Expenzenx The time elaps9dbetweenap_
proaching the barto the inllrument awndtakingthe
Xitflc
meafure,washalf a luinute:Therefore ehein-
tervalsbetweentakingthe fucceeding mcafures was
halfa minutealfo The firItmeafure was208 i t
fecond2X4^; thethird2I64; thefourth2 The t2*

differences of theSeare6T, 2, ands; whichpretty

well tallieswiththethreelaRtermsof thefollowing
geometrical progreElon whoSecommon divifor
is 2.8;
viz, w7.7: 6.3 :: 2.25 : .8; thereforeas the mea
iiiresincreas'dfFomehefirlt,thefirllmeafure being
diminiffi'dby thefirRterm,siz.208-I7.7 = I90.3y
will be thetruemeafure of the baratthefirSinRant
of itsaWlication, beforeit was expanded bytheheat
-andmosIRure aboutthe inIzcrument.
Encp. 2. The firItmeaSure was22t +; thefecondy
z7; third,230X; fourth}232T; whofedi5erences
are 53, 3J-,and 24; agreeingwith the three1ak
terms af the followingprogreIBlon wshofecommon
divifioris }.6; viz. 9. : 5.8 : : 3.6 : :.2; therefore
22X.2y-9.s = z12-S
Exp.qv The firk meafure takenwas 40I; and
at thatdegreeof heatthewoodenbar didnotSenf1bly
alterduringtwominates.
Exp.4* lthe firflsmeafiuretakenwas275^;fe-
cond, 278t ; third, :8Q-:F;and the burthe282£4:
The differences are, 3, 2w, IX2; agreeingwiththe
three

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 - l - _ ._ _

0 Experiments.
T*AB.X. A TABLE Cltd
MeaSure.
.
_
Mlddfc
Meafure.
Hot
WIeafure.
Parts Deg. Parts lleg. Parts Deg.
Of by of of Of of
Matterof the Bare. icro- Ther. Micro Ther- M icro- TherP
o meter mom meter. mom. meter. nrom.
I
Standardbarof white deal 486e3 4o ^ , - ____ I90.3 2II£
2 _ _. _.
-
repeated 495*847 _
ZI2.I ZI I
3 repeated I 4 6 43 2 40I .0 I09
1
_ _. _.

4 _ _+ . repeated 573*i 37 ____

27I.I 2II
c
_ _
2S.o 39 2 56g.o 96X 500.5 I 63
Whitc glaSsbarometertube repeated 66.6 39
_ _ _
Ao6.3zo6
- - - -
repeated 557tI 47 494.7 IIZ 3g8.o 208
Mattialregulusof antimony _ _ _ _
68+.1 47 ____
560.o ZI0
_

9
_ _. _
repeated 75I.039 2 708.o 95 662.5 x54
o Reel
BliRered _ _ _ _
685.7 4o 56+¢9 2I0
I I
_ _ _* _.
repeated 683.S AX 638.oII3^
Anxier batfromthe famegad _ 566.3 -2I0
12 7I9*74° 599@52Io
3 Another bat froma gad
difEerent _ 740.I 40 2 _

6as.3 ZI0
4
_ _ _ _

repeated 739 9 47 694,o II4 6zs.o aog

5
Steelharden'd _ _ _ _

9°4 5 37 $ 855 5 I.l 3ffi; 795*2JI0

6 Dantzickiron _. _ _ _

697*5 40 2' _ _ __

593 5 2II
7 Anotherbarfromthe famegad b
705*8+°'2 604,5 zIo
8 Anotherbarfroma different gad - 683.94 _ _ _ _

58o 3 2I0
19
_ _ _ _

repeated 683.5 47 642.9I I 4

- ,583.1209
20 Thick wireof Englilhiron v 7S6.o 4o 653.6 zog
I r Anotherrodfromthe famepiece - _ _
694.9 4o
BiEnuth,or tin-glaEs - _ _ _
689.6 32
593.6 so7
2 _ _ __

606.o 2II
3 Copperplatehammer'd - - 54.2214°
_ _ _ _
repeated 60s.o 39 2
. _

SIIs 205
4 593 5 94; 5232.0 I42
5 Anotherbar fromthe Iime pi@ce - 660.o 39t 627.1 203
6 repeated 7I7.e 39; 69+ 5 I 39
CopporS partsawith tjnI - - _ _
7°5 o 93D
7 72i°47 7I 5.o IIIX 703.7 2Cg
CaRb£afshammer'd. _ _ 58I.I 39 X
_ _ _

tepeated 57J*E2fI0
582.oI t 2
_

29 584*2 47 57s.o 208

3o The famebraSs un}ammer'd _ _ _
682.4 39 X
Thick braSswirellarddrawn - 69I.239s
673 5 2I°
31 _ _ __
6gI.o ZI0
32 repeated 694.5 47 69s.5 I12<; 69^ 3 z°9
33 BraEswirefofterdrawn - - _ _

74I.I 39 ; | _ _ _-

Speculum metal - - 74I. I ZIO

34 827.7 47 8z8.8I 2 8g.6.5 zo8<;
35 BraSsI6 parts,withtin I - . 603 7 47 602.5 III2 597.6 209
6 Speltrefolder,viz. braEs2, zinkI 6I5.0 +7 624.2 I I IX 632.5 2°9
37 Finepev?ter - - - - _ _

743 3 47 793 8 2II

76A.o I0
38 Graintin - . _ _

742@447 767I IIS 8X8.2zo9

39 - - - - .

repeated 735@539 822.6 Z I0

o Softfolder,viz. lead, tin X - - _ _

68I*7 47 76s.o 2I0

4I Zink, 8 parts, tin I, lightlyhammeSd 7I3.o I I+.
753 5 38-3- 797.5 I05 826.5 I47
42 Hardlead - - _ _
56g.; 39 __ _ __
7z I .1 2I I
43
_ _ _ __s
repeated 6I7w7 47 664.5 I 10 753 o zx
44 Softlead _ _ _ _ _

552 747 609.3 II0 680 7 2 I I

45 Z.nk, or fpeltre b . _ _ _ _

654 9 39 _ ._ . 8I0.0 2I I 2-
46 repeated 665.6 47
Zlnk bammPr'dout half an iNCll a foot 723S TI¢2 812 C ZIQ
6a8.o 38 +
693.iw
_ _

7 IC6a; 744251 I5Q

b¢twecil
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p}6IO, 6r:
 -- 100.4
22 5 I00162... I02.5
37 3 6 O 64-i 6.I 7

%}
Coldand;Mcdium.
-
eg.
Estremes. t
t
I
[
Mean
Ptsde-
Irre
gula
_ 1:9
ff. DifEr- Diff. D.fl:; duced raty.
f from
lerP DiffietentDiS. Ptsze- ent rhex Pt5 re
Pasts. Ther- ducedeo Parts. mo euced to Ex- r
zm. tremes..
mom. x660. mv t,} (C,6o
'I £ _ _ __ _ _
__

2,96o I7 I 287Q
[I
-283$7 I63t 288o _ _

z87.o LI3.6 65 J I4X5: __

[12.
302.O! I 7 4 2
.. .. _.

228 O
- I a4.s1I 23 2 I67-5 56o57 6so 6. +I}
6 __

- I60.3 I67 I592;5

8 I63 62.4 65 63-3
10
- I59.l I6I 5
_ _ ,_ .. _
5 +1 I

-IZ4.I I63 I26,I *__

54 I [-

0
- 88,5 II42 128.0 43*0 56 50.7 SI,. O 1:
_ _ _ _ _ __ ___

-I20.8 I70 I I8.2

IO2*
IO
-II7.5 I63W II9*0 45.8.662o 45.5 47 4
IOx
-I20 22 I70 I I 7.5 _ __ _ _
__ __

_ .
: -_
II7.8 I7O II5.5
9 - -- I I49 I t2 1 I 7 *5 45+967 45*I 1 Iu
1- t..
IO
I I 2.
I09.3 I72¢T I05*3 49^Cv
%53 A2-7
_ _ _
4I .9
_..
*- I

I04.0 I71 IOI.O

I°2

IO2
- IOI.3 I-7Q 99@° - -
_

__.
- -
-I03.6;I70 1OI^O - -
-

09
4O.6 67. 40.0 4Q .8 + t
99 _
169
__
_ _.
_ _*

-I02#.4 IOI,@
7 -- IOI.3 I67 IOI,O K__
_

_ _ _

II ;
__
- 83.6 I72 80.7 - - - -

C)5 _ __*.

_II.5_ 55;6
_ r13*7
42 3I.0 I65 3I,_2
-33e0 1022 - 37.2 I4. .8 +I
o3 *__

32*9 I635 33.4

39$ I 3.0 534 I4@7
o + .y
I4 .o
C9
- I7.3 I62 I7,7 7* +I
IO _,
o8: 9 3 17°2 9.I
- -- 92 I61; 95 2.265- 2.2 3.8 + I -S-
o

IO
- 889I70; 8.7 _ _

. --. _ _.

_ __ _ _ _
- 0.2 I jOl 0.2,
°9I
- 2.2I62 2, 2, I.0 65z I.0 o .9, __ {jt

IO S
_ _ _

O.C 1 7° 2 °*°
o8<; I. I. 65 I. I o .5 _ -I

- l,-16I 2 I.2
og
- 6.1 I 62 6.3 I.2 642 I;2 n
w .]
.
* +S +

og
¢ I.j!.5 162 I7.9 9,2 64X1 9,A, 7 .I : 2+
II -I-t
+ 50.5 I64 5I.I 2@.7 62X1 2I .8 X zoe4
9 24,7 68 24.0 3o .5
IO + 75 8 I62 76.8
i _
IO
+ 87.I I7I 84.5 _._ _ _ _ _

+ 83.3 163 84S7 3T.367 3e 8 33 *7 3

47 I
I I + 73.0108 III.8
_
44.o 66; 43.9
_ _ _* _
44 Zr ! +

1 52.2 I 72 I 47*2

II
+I35*3 }64 sS635 46 8 63 4a9.o 54 3 +5 t
5 _73.
II2-
+I2*8.0 I64 I29.5 56&663 59.2 _ _
_

+ I*55.1 I722 I49 0

[C>.

jQ +I46I4I63 I49I0 57-9 6751 5545 59 4

fl ThisI6+5
content II Iw 173.0
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t5,!0 29 Jan 20156a.
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Q AM
04:38:50 68 .9 .
, .

IOx 6r:
erefore 27S*>S-4*427X*Xy-h xs the firffi

[6ts ]
progieflions
daree1d termsd fhefiollowing who
commonditiforisI*43;Xvz*44 * 3.x ** 2*X5: T*5}
cfflrEd
meafure
$Ieng as appfaxs by tb. I N t3,§> 3} and4,
Column9*-theIE experiments reducd,,
beingproperly
agreeW;thlD xe biiion i X -microme>;mdie
eolion -+ofdie Ws at a medium,is 287 para;
, ofiNfpSiDg to T662 Q£ FheiUs th
momelBr,

4H X TiA>oBLE

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 r 6I2 3

T A B L E It

A tABL-E of Expailons of Metals,

Shewing,howmucha footinlengthof each,-grows
longerby an increafe to
of heatcorrefponding
X80 degreesof Far.enheit's ortothe
thermometer,
between
difference :ieesi-ng water,
andboiling es-
prefs'din fuchparts thereoftheunitis to
equal
the loooothpartof aninch.
- I Whiteglalibarometertube. , * loo
2 Martialregulusof antimony- * . I30
3 -BliRer'dkeel. * ,* t . x38
4 HardPreel. . * * * . 1+7
f Iron. * . . . * ¢ 1St
6 Bifmuth. . . . m * 167
7 Copper hammer'd. . * . a04
-2 Copper 8 parts,mix'dwithtin I. o . 2I8
- 9 Ca-brafs. . . . fi . 22s
lo BraSs s6 parts,withtin I. . * %29
as Brafswire. . * ^ . . :
12 Speculum metal. . . * . 232
folder,
13 .Spelter siz. brafX z parts, sink I. 247
s4 tme pewter. * . . * ;274
IS Graintin. . . . . . 298
--i6 SoftfoldetQttZ.Iead, tinI. . . 3ot
Zink8part;,withtinI,alittlehamme,d. 3X3
8 Lead. . ^ . * * ^ 344*
19 Zinkorfpelter. . . . w 353
. 373
zo CZinkhammersdhalfaninchperfoot.
* tPv S

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 [ 6I3 ]

P. S. It is nowfeveralyearsfinceI firflcobServ'd
the veryconfiderable expanfion of the Memi-
metallicfubllancecall'dzink, rpelzer,or toot_
anag; and propos'dst as morefit for the pur-
pofeof makingcompoundpendulums, andIne-
talline thermometers,
thanbraEs;as its expan-
fionfeem'd-confiderably
greater,anditsconfiI}
ence,whengentlyhammer'd, notmuchinferior.
With the fameviewI havemadetrialof feveral
othermetalliccompofitions,befides
whatis above
- fet down;-buttheyall prov'dmuchinferior to
zink in expanfionandmok of themin con-
fiRence.
It feems,thatmetalsobServea quitedifferent
pro-
portionof expanfionin a fluid,to what theydo
in a folidIlate: Forregulusof antimonyfeem'd
to nlrinkin iing, afterbeingmelted,corsfider-
ablymorethanzink

LXXX.X Remarkconcerning
theSexof
Holly. By Mr.JohnMarwn,F R.z}
Profeforof Botatyir xbeUniverftyof
Cambridge.
itcad May
30oT H E holly, agrifolian,or aqvifo
1754@ 1 lium,ss defcrib'd,by all the au-
thorsehathave cometo my knowlege,asbearing
hermaphrodite flowers:Butif anobEervatiorl,whch
I halrelatelymadesis right)thistreeis maleandfeZ
male;n dlfferent piants. I have,in my gardenat
StreaX

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