TASK NO.

14
FRAMEWORKS AND PRINCIPLES BEHIND OUR
MORAL DISPOSITION
Name: JASPER B. BALAGBIS Year and Course: HR1-B

“RESEARCH AND ANSWER!”

DO THIS: Instruction:
Do research works online and answer the following questions, and
terms/concepts:

Part I: The Ethical Theories/frameworks:

(Define and explain, and give specific examples)
a. Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that focuses on maximizing overall happiness for the majority of
people. It considers the consequences of an action and supports decisions that result in the greatest
well-being for the most individuals. For example, implementing a free vaccination program to prevent
the spread of a contagious disease would be considered a utilitarian approach as it promotes the
greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
b. Kant and Rights theory
According to Kant's rights theory, people have intrinsic moral value and ought to be considered as
ends in themselves. It highlights the significance of upholding people's fundamental rights in light of
their moral agency and sense of reason. For instance, the freedom of expression is regarded as a
moral right based on the intrinsic autonomy and dignity of people, allowing them to freely express
their ideas and beliefs.

c. Natural Law
The idea of natural law holds that there are moral laws that are derived from both the universe and
human nature. These rules, which are found by reason, govern human behavior. For instance, the
natural law of self-preservation gives people the right to protect their own lives when they are under
danger.

d. Virtue Ethics
The focus of virtue ethics is on the development of virtue-based character attributes as the foundation
for moral judgments. It emphasizes developing qualities like integrity, kindness, bravery, and wisdom.
For instance, in virtue ethics, honesty is a virtue to embody in one's character, resulting in truthful and
open behavior, not just a rule to follow.

Part 2. The Challenges of Pluralism and Globalization

(Define and explain, and give specific examples)

a. Pluralism
The coexistence of various points of view, values, and beliefs is acknowledged and respected by
pluralism. It promotes acceptance and understanding between people with different viewpoints. For
instance, religious pluralism encourages mutual respect and promotes the peaceful coexistence of
various religions within a country.

b. Globalization
Globalization is the growing interconnections of economies, cultures, and societies worldwide.
It involves the exchange of goods, services, and ideas on a global scale. For example,
multinational corporations operate internationally, and digital technologies enable instant
global communication and cultural exchange.
 c. Traits and Challenges of Fillinnials
Traits of Millennials:

1.Tech-savvy: They are adept at using technology and digital platforms.

2.Socially conscious: They are often concerned about global issues and social justice.
3.Desire for work-life balance: They prioritize a healthy balance between work and personal
life.

Challenges faced by Millennials:

1.Financial pressures: They often deal with student loan debt and rising living costs
2.Uncertain career paths: They may struggle to find stable employment and career
advancement.
3.Mental health concerns: They report higher rates of mental health issues due to stress and
societal pressures.
Example:
Sarah, a millennial, showcases the trait of being tech-savvy by effortlessly navigating various
social media platforms, using smartphones for multiple purposes, and adapting quickly to new
technologies. However, she faces the challenge of financial pressures. Sarah is burdened with
a significant amount of student loan debt, which limits her financial stability and makes it
challenging for her to save for long-term goals such as buying a house or starting a family.
Despite her technological skills, Sarah's financial situation poses a hurdle in achieving her
desired level of financial security.

Part 3:
1. Describe the characteristics and principles of utilitarianism.
(Give specific example, and relate it based on your real-life experiences)
Utilitarianism is a moral theory focused on maximizing overall happiness and minimizing suffering. It
judges actions based on their outcomes and aims to create the greatest balance of happiness over
unhappiness. It considers the well-being of all individuals, promotes impartiality, and uses a
quantitative approach to measure happiness. Utilitarianism has two forms: act utilitarianism and rule
utilitarianism. It acknowledges context, but critics argue it can violate rights and overlook justice.
Other ethical theories include deontology and virtue ethics.

As a student applying utilitarianism, I would consider the consequences of my actions on the overall
happiness and well-being of others. For example, when deciding whether to share assignment
materials with an absent classmate, I would prioritize inclusivity and the well-being of my classmate
by sharing the materials. This approach fosters a supportive learning environment and maximizes
overall happiness and well-being.

2. Apply the principles of utilitarianism in making sound ethical decisions;

(Give specific example, and relate it based on your real-life experiences)
Certainly! Here's a summary:

As a student, applying utilitarian principles to an ethical decision involves considering the

consequences on overall happiness and well-being. For example, if a group member is not
contributing to a project, you can address the situation by communicating with them, offering
support, and involving the instructor if necessary. This approach prioritizes the well-being of the entire
group, fosters a positive learning environment, and maximizes the chances of a successful project
outcome.
3. Describe the characteristics and principles of Immanuel Kant and his Right
Theory;
(Give specific example, and relate it based on your real-life experiences)
Immanuel Kant's ethical philosophy, known as Kantian ethics or the Kantian right theory, emphasizes
rationality, universalizability, moral duty, respect for autonomy, and the categorical imperative. In a
personal experience, applying Kantian ethics involved making a decision to uphold honesty and
integrity in academics by refusing to cheat on an exam. This decision was guided by considering the
principles of universalizability, moral duty, and respect for autonomy, aligning with Kant's emphasis
on rationality and consistent moral principles.
 4. Apply the Kantian principles in making moral decisions;
(Give specific example, and relate it based on your real-life experiences)
Applying Kantian principles in moral decision-making involves considering rationality,
universalizability, moral duty, respect for autonomy, and the categorical imperative. In a real-life
example, I faced a decision about maintaining confidentiality when a friend entrusted me with
sensitive information. By prioritizing universalizability, respecting autonomy, and recognizing my
moral duty, I chose to honor my friend's request for confidentiality. This decision aligned with Kantian
principles, emphasizing the importance of rationality, moral duty, and respect for others.
5. Describe the characteristics and principles of Natural Law;
(Give specific example, and relate it based on your real-life experiences)
Natural Law is based on the belief in objective moral principles that exist independently of human
laws. It emphasizes the importance of human nature, reason, universal application, and primary
precepts. In a real-life example, applying Natural Law involved making a decision to confront a
colleague engaging in dishonest practices in the workplace. This decision was guided by the objective
morality of honesty, understanding human nature, and recognizing the universal applicability of
moral principles. It highlighted the role of reason and rationality in discerning and upholding
fundamental moral values.
6. Apply Natural Law theory in making sound ethical moral decisions;
(Give specific example, and relate it based on your real-life experiences)
As a student, when making ethical decisions, I apply Natural Law theory. For example, when faced
with the choice of cheating on an exam, I consider the objective moral principle of honesty and
integrity that exists independently of rules or personal desires. Recognizing the purpose of education
and the importance of seeking knowledge, I understand that cheating goes against these principles.
So, I choose to uphold academic integrity and refrain from cheating, aligning with Natural Law theory.

7. Describe the characteristics and principles of Virtue Ethics by Aristotle;

(Give specific example, and relate it based on your real-life experiences)
As a student, I apply Virtue Ethics in my decision-making process. Virtue Ethics focuses on
developing virtuous character traits, achieving eudaimonia, finding the golden mean, and
exercising practical wisdom. For example, when managing my time between academics and
personal commitments, I strive for balance by cultivating the virtue of discipline. This allows
me to excel academically while maintaining a fulfilling personal life. I rely on past experiences
and practical wisdom to make informed choices that contribute to my overall flourishing as a
student.
8. Apply the principles of Virtue Ethics in making sound ethical decisions;
(Give specific example, and relate it based on your real-life experiences)
As a student, I apply Virtue Ethics in my decision-making process. I focus on developing
virtuous character traits, seeking eudaimonia, finding balance, and using practical wisdom.
For example, when faced with a team member who wasn't contributing to a group project, I
considered virtues like fairness and responsibility. I exercised practical wisdom by addressing
the issue respectfully and finding a solution that promoted cooperation and fairness. By
applying Virtue Ethics, I aimed to create an ethical and fulfilling experience for everyone
involved in the project.

9. Describe pluralism and globalization;

(Give specific example, and relate it based on your real-life experiences)
Pluralism refers to the coexistence of diverse perspectives in a society, promoting tolerance
and inclusivity. Globalization is the interconnectedness and integration of economies,
cultures, and societies on a global scale, enabling the flow of information and ideas across
borders.

As a student, I have experienced pluralism in my educational institution, where diverse

perspectives and backgrounds coexist. This has enriched class discussions and fostered an
inclusive learning environment. Additionally, globalization has provided me with access to a
wide range of information and opportunities. Through online platforms and virtual
collaborations, I have engaged with students from different countries, broadening my
perspective and understanding of our interconnected world. Pluralism and globalization have
played significant roles in shaping my experiences as a student, promoting inclusivity and
expanding my knowledge beyond boundaries.
10. Describe the role of religion and its response to the search for universal values.
 (Give specific example, and relate it based on your real-life experiences)
Religion plays a significant role in shaping beliefs and values. It responds to the search
for universal values by offering moral principles such as compassion and justice. As a
student, I have seen how religion influences perspectives on universal values. For
example, within my religious community, compassion is considered a universal value
that guides our interactions. Religion provides a framework for navigating moral
decision-making and contributes to the search for universal values.

11. Enumerate the 7-step of Moral Reasoning

(Give specific example in each step , and relate it based on your real-life experiences)

1.Recognize the moral issue. Example: I notice that a classmate is cheating on exams.
2.Gather relevant information. Example: I collect evidence of their cheating behavior.I
3.identify the stakeholders. Example: The stakeholders include my classmate, other students, and the
integrity of our educational institution.
4. Consider different perspectives. Example: I think about the pressures my classmate may be facing
and how cheating affects fairness for others.
5.Apply ethical principles. Example: I prioritize honesty, fairness, and upholding academic integrity.
6.Make a decision. Example: I decide to address the cheating issue by speaking privately to my
classmate or reporting it.
7.Reflect on the decision and consequences. Example: I evaluate the impact of my actions and learn
from the experience.

12. Cite examples demonstrating how to make informed moral decisions.

(Give specific example, and relate it based on your real-life experiences)
1.Choosing a Sustainable Lifestyle: Making conscious choices based on research and information to adopt a
sustainable lifestyle.

2.Ethical Consumer Choices: Gathering information about the ethical practices of companies and making
purchasing decisions that align with personal values.

3.Volunteering and Community Service: Researching organizations before getting involved in volunteer work,
ensuring they align with values and have a positive impact.

4.Ethical Dilemmas in the Workplace: Gathering evidence, consulting mentors, and considering consequences
to make informed decisions when facing ethical dilemmas at work.

Part 4:
Compare the four ethical frameworks by completing the information in the table below.
Ethical Proponents/ Authors Important principles and characteristics
theories or
frameworks
Utilitarianis Developed by Jeremy Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing overall
m Bentham and expanded by happiness or well-being. According to this
John Stuart Mill. framework, an action is morally right if it produces
the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest
number of people. Utilitarianism prioritizes the
consequences of actions and considers the overall
utility or benefit they bring.
The rights Immanuel Kant. Kantian ethics, based on the philosophy of Immanuel
theory of Kant, emphasizes the importance of duty and moral
Kant principles. According to Kant, moral actions are those
guided by rationality and adhere to universal moral
laws. This framework emphasizes the inherent worth
and dignity of individuals, and moral decisions should
be guided by respect for human rights and treating
others as ends in themselves, not merely as means to
an end.
Natural Law Thomas Aquinas Natural Law theory, associated with the teachings of
of Aquinas Thomas Aquinas, posits that there is an objective
moral order based on human nature and the divine
 law. According to Natural Law, human beings have
inherent inclinations or natural purposes that guide
their moral actions. This framework emphasizes the
pursuit of goods such as life, knowledge, and social
harmony, and actions that align with these goods are
considered morally right.
Aristotle Virtue Ethics, as expounded by philosophers like
Virtue ethics Aristotle, focuses on the development of moral
character and virtues. This framework emphasizes the
cultivation of virtuous traits, such as honesty,
courage, and compassion. Virtue Ethics considers the
moral character of individuals and places importance
on living a good life by embodying virtuous qualities.

-End-