Shear Force and Bending Moment

Diagrams
[SFD & BMD]

Asim Kumar Dhar

IEM, Kolkata
 TYPES OF SUPPORTS

Supports are grouped into three categories,

depending on the number of reactions
they exert on the structures.
Roller support
Hinge support
Fixed support
 ROLLER SUPPORT

Roller supports are free to rotate and translate

along the surface upon which the roller rests.

The surface can be horizontal, vertical, or sloped

at any angle.

The resulting reaction force is always a single

force that is perpendicular to, and away from,
the surface
Restrains the structure from moving in one or two
perpendicular directions.
 HINGE SUPPORT

A Hinge support can resist both vertical and horizontal

forces but not a moment. They will allow the structural
member to rotate, but not to translate in any direction

Pin or hinge support is used when we need to prevent

the structure from moving or restrain its translational
degrees of freedom.

A hinge is a type of bearing that connects two solid

objects, typically allowing only a limited angle of
rotation between them. Two objects connected by an
ideal hinge rotate relative to each other about a fixed axis
of rotation.
 FIXED SUPPORT

Fixed supports can resist vertical and horizontal

forces as well as a moment. Since they restrain
both rotation and translation, they are also known
as rigid supports.
 What are beams

❖ A structural member which is long when

compared with its lateral dimensions, subjected to
transverse forces so applied as to induce bending
of the member in an axial plane, is called a beam.
 TYPES OF BEAMS

The following are the important types of beams:

1. Cantilever
2. Simply supported
3. Overhanging
4. Fixed beams
5. Continuous beam
 CANTILEVER BEAM

A beam which is fixed at one end and free at the

other end is known as cantilever beam.
 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

A beam supported or resting freely on the supports

at its both ends,
 FIXED BEAMS

A beam whose both ends are fixed and is

restrained against rotation and vertical movement.
Also known as built-in beam or encastred beam.
 OVERHANGING BEAM

If the end portion of a beam is extended outside

the supports.
 CONTINUOUS BEAMS

A beam which is provided with more than two

supports.
 TYPES OF LOADS

Concentrated load / Point load assumed to act at

a point
The loads (& reactions) bend the beam, and try
to shear through it

Bending

Shear

11/39
 e e

e e
C
T
Bending

Shear

12/39
Shear force at a section: The algebraic sum of the
vertical forces acting on the beam either to the left
or right of the section is known as the shear force
at a section.
Bending moment (BM) at section: The algebraic sum
of the moments of all forces acting on the beam
either to the left or right of the section is known as
the bending moment at a section
 Moment and Bending moment

Moment: It is the product of force and perpendicular

distance between line of action of the force and the point
about which moment is required to be calculated.

Bending Moment (BM): The moment which causes the

bending effect on the beam is called Bending Moment. It
is generally denoted by ‘M’ or ‘BM’.
 Sign Convention for shear force

F
F

F
F

+ ve shear force - ve shear force

 Sign convention for bending moments:

The bending moment is considered as Sagging

Bending Moment if it tends to bend the beam to a
curvature having convexity at the bottom as shown in
the Fig. given below. Sagging Bending Moment is
considered as positive bending moment.

Convexity

Fig. Sagging bending moment [Positive bending moment ]

 Sign convention for bending moments:
Similarly the bending moment is considered as hogging
bending moment if it tends to bend the beam to a
curvature having convexity at the top as shown in the
Fig. given below. Hogging Bending Moment is
considered as Negative Bending Moment.

Convexity

Fig. Hogging bending moment [Negative bending moment ]

Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
(SFD & BMD)

Shear Force Diagram (SFD):

The diagram which shows the variation of shear force
along the length of the beam is called Shear Force
Diagram (SFD).

Bending Moment Diagram (BMD):

The diagram which shows the variation of bending
moment along the length of the beam is called
Bending Moment Diagram (BMD).
Point of Contra flexure [Inflection point]:

It is the point on the bending moment diagram where

bending moment changes the sign from positive to
negative or vice versa.

It is also called ‘Inflection point’. At the point of

inflection point or contra flexure the bending moment
is zero.
 Relationship between load, shear force and
bending moment
x x1 w
kN/m

x x1
dx L

Fig. A simply supported beam subjected to general type

loading
The above Fig. shows a simply supported beam subjected to a general
type of loading. Consider a differential element of length ‘dx’ between
any two sections x-x and x1-x1 as shown.
 w
x x1
F+dFkN/m

M M+d
F O
x d x1 M
x
Fig. FBD of Differential element of the
beam
Taking moments about the point ‘O’ [Bottom-Right corner of the
differential element ]
M + (M+dM) – F.dx – w.dx.dx/2 = 0
Neglecting the small quantity of higher order
F.dx = dM
It is the relation between shear force and BM
 w
x x1
F+dFkN/m

M M+d
F O
xd x1 M
x
Fig. FBD of Differential element of the
beam

Considering the Equilibrium Equation ΣFy = 0

- F + (F+dF) – w dx = 0 dF = w.dx

It is the relation Between intensity of Load and

shear force
 Variation of Shear force and bending moments

Variation of Shear force and bending moments for various standard

loads are as shown in the following Table
Table: Variation of Shear force and bending
moments
Type of load Between point Uniformly Uniformly
loads OR for no distributed load varying load
SFD/BMD load region
Shear Force Horizontal line Inclined line Two-degree curve
Diagram (Parabola)
Bending Inclined line Two-degree curve Three-degree
Moment (Parabola) curve
Diagram (Cubic-parabola)
 SF and BM formulas
Cantilever with point
load
x Fx= Shear force at X
A WB
Mx= Bending Moment at X

W SF Fx=+W

BM
WxL Mx=-Wx
at x=0=> Mx=0
at x=L=> Mx= - WL
 SF and BM formulas
Cantilever with uniform distributed
load w Per unit
length x Fx= Shear force at X
A B Mx= Bending Moment at X

L
Fx=+wx
SF
wL at x=0 Fx=0 at x=L Fx=wL

Mx=-(total load on right portion)*

wL2/2 Distance of C.G of right portion
Mx=-(wx).x/2=-wx2/2
at x=0=> Mx=0
at x=L=> Mx= - wl2/2
 SF and BM formulas
Cantilever with gradually varying load

w wx/L Fx= Shear force at X

A B Mx= Bending Moment at X
x
wx 2
L Fx =
2L

at x=0 Fx=0
wL/2
Parabol
at x=L Fx= wL/2
C a
Mx=-(total load for length x)*
Distance of load from X
Cubi wx 3
c Mx 6L
at x=0=> Mx=0
at x=L=> Mx= - wl2/6
 SF and BM formulas
Simply supported with point load
W

x C Fx= Shear force at X

A B
W
Mx= Bending Moment at X
W
RA = 2 L RB = 2

Fx=+W/2 (SF between A & C)

W/2 SF Resultant force on the left
Baseline B
A C portion
SF W/2

BM
WL/4
B C B
 SF and BM formulas
Simply supported with point load
W
Fx= Shear force at X
x C Mx= Bending Moment at X
A B
W
RA = 2 L for section
W
RB = 2
between A & C
W
Mx = R A x = x
W/2 SF 2
Baseline B at A x=0=> MA=0 W
A C M = ×
SF W/2 at C x=L/2=> C L 2
2
for section between C
&B
BM M = R x − W × ⎛⎛x − L =
W L
⎜⎜⎝⎞⎞ ⎟⎟⎠⎠ x − Wx +
WL/4 x A
2 2 W 2
WL ⎝
B C B =− x+W
22
WL W
MB = − L=0
2 2
 SF and BM formulas
Simply supported with udl w Per unit length

x Fx= Shear force at X

A B
Mx= Bending Moment at X
RA C RB
L
wL
RA = RB =
BM 2
wL/2 wL
Fx = RA − w.x = − w.x
A C B 2
wL w.0 wL
x = 0 ⇒ FA = − =
wL/2 2 2 2
L wL wL
x = ⇒ FC = − =0
2 2 2
wL2/2 wL2
wLwL
8
x = L ⇒ F B = 2 − wL 2=
 SF and BM formulas
Simply supported with udl
w Per unit length Fx= Shear force at X
x Mx= Bending Moment at X
A B

RA C RB
L x x2
M = R x 2−
A
wL w.x
w.x
BM = x
wL/2 2 − 2
A C B wL w.0
x = 0 ⇒ M=
A
2 .0 − =2 0
wL/2 wL2 wL2 wL2
L wL L ⎛⎛
x = ⇒ Mc = . w− L = − =
2 2 2 ⎞⎞2 2 4 8 8
wL2/2 wL2 ⎝⎝ ⎠⎠ w⎜⎜
wL 2
8 x = L ⇒ MB 2= 2L ⎟⎟− L2
=0
 SF and BM diagram

P Constant Linear
Load

Constant Linear Parabolic

Shear

Linear Parabolic Cubic

Moment
 Practice Problem-1
Determine the shear force V and bending moment M at the
midpoint C of the simple beam AB shown in the figure.
Practice Problem-2
Practice Problem-3
Practice Problem-4
Practice Problem-5
Practice Problem-6
 Example Problem 1

1. Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams [SFD

and BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to
three point loads as shown in the Fig. given below.

5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
2 2 3 1
m m m m
 5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
2 2 3 1
m m m m
RA RB
Solution: [Clockwise moment is Positive]
Using the condition: ΣMA = 0
- RB × 8 + 8 × 7 + 10 × 4 + 5 × 2 = 0 RB = 13.25 N
Using the condition: ΣFy = 0
RA + 13.25 = 5 + 10 + 8 RA = 9.75 N
 Shear Force
Calculation:
0 1 5N 10N 8N 9
2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9
6

2 2 3 1
RA = 9.75
m m m
RB=13.25N
N m
Shear Force at the section 1-1 is denoted as V1-1
Shear Force at the section 2-2 is denoted as V2-2 and so on...
V0-0 = 0; V1-1 = + 9.75 N V6-6 = - 5.25 N
V2-2 = + 9.75 N V7-7 = 5.25 – 8 = -13.25 N
V3-3 = + 9.75 – 5 = 4.75 N V8-8 = -13.25
V4-4 = + 4.75 N V9-9 = -13.25 +13.25 = 0
V5-5 = +4.75 – 10 = - 5.25 N (Check)
 5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
2 2 3 1
m m m m
9.75N 9.75N
4.75N 4.75N

SFD 5.25N 5.25N

13.25N 13.25N
 5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
2 2 3 1
m m m m
9.75N 9.75N
4.75N 4.75N

SFD 5.25N 5.25N

13.25N 13.25N
 Bending Moment Calculation

Bending moment at A is denoted as MA

Bending moment at B is denoted as MB
and so on…
MA = 0 [ since it is simply supported]
MC = 9.75 × 2= 19.5 Nm
MD = 9.75 × 4 – 5 × 2 = 29 Nm
ME = 9.75 × 7 – 5 × 5 – 10 × 3 = 13.25 Nm
MB = 9.75 × 8 – 5 × 6 – 10 × 4 – 8 × 1 = 0
or MB = 0 [ since it is simply supported]
 5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
2 2 3 1
m m 29Nm m m

19.5Nm
13.25Nm

BMD
 5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
2 2 3 1
m m m m
9.75N 9.75N
Example Problem 1
4.75N 4.75N

SFD 5.25N 5.25N

13.25N 13.25N
29Nm
19.5N 13.25N
m m

BMD
 5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
2 2 3 1
m m m m
9.75N 9.75N
4.75N 4.75N

SFD 5.25N 5.25N

13.25N 13.25N
29Nm
19.5Nm 13.25Nm

BMD
 Example Problem 2
2. Draw SFD and BMD for the double side
overhanging
beam subjected to loading as shown below. Locate
points
of contraflexure if any.

5kN 10kN 5kN

2kN/
m

C A D B E

2 3 3 2
m m m m
5kN 10kN 5kN
2kN/
m

C A D B E

2 RA 3 3 RB 2
m m m m
Solution:
Calculation of Reactions:
Due to symmetry of the beam, loading and boundary
conditions, reactions at both supports are equal.
.`. RA = RB = ½(5+10+5+2 × 6) = 16 kN
 5kN 10kN 5kN
0 1 2 3 4 5 2kN/ 6 7 8 9
m
2 3 4 5 7 8 9
0 1 6
2m 3 3 2
RA=16kNm m RB m= 16kN
Shear Force Calculation: V0-0 = 0
V1-1 = - 5kN V6-6 = - 5 – 6 = - 11kN
V2-2 = - 5kN V7-7 = - 11 + 16 = 5kN
V3-3 = - 5 + 16 = 11 kN V8-8 = 5 kN
V4-4 = 11 – 2 × 3 = +5 kN V9-9 = 5 – 5 = 0 (Check)
V5-5 = 5 – 10 = - 5kN
 5kN 10kN 5kN
2kN/
m

C A D B E

2 3 3 2
m m m m
11kN
5kN 5kN 5kN
+
+

5kN 5kN 5kN

SFD 11kN
5kN 10kN 5kN
2kN/
m

C A D B E

2 3 3 2
m m m
RA=16kN RB m
= 16kN

Bending Moment Calculation:

MC = ME = 0 [Because Bending moment at free end is
zero]
MA = MB = - 5 × 2 = - 10 kNm
5kN 10kN 5kN
2kN/
m

C A D B E

2 3 3 2
m m m m
14kNm

BMD
10kNm
10kNm
5kN 10kN 5kN
2kN/
m
C A D B E
2 3 3 2
m 11kN m m m

+ 5kN 5kN 5kN

+

5kN 5kN
SFD 14kNm 11kN

BMD
10kNm 10kNm
5kN 10kN 5kN
2kN/
x
m

C Ax D B E
x x
2 3 3 2
m m m m

10kNm 10kNm
Points of contra
flexure
Let x be the distance of point of contra flexure from support A
Taking moments at the section x-x (Considering left portion)
x = 1 or
10