Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion

WAYS ON HOW TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT

DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

WAYS ON HOW TO SYSTEMATICALLY

COLLECT DATA :
Qualitative and Quantitative View
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
WAYS ON HOW TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT
DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the topic, you will be able to:
1. choose an appropriate research design;
2. plan the data collection and analysis
procedures that should be done in a
research paper; and
3. successfully gather the needed data from
the target respondents.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
WAYS ON HOW TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT
DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

Data are the fundamental thing that researchers

are searching for. They are subject for analysis,
statistical procedures, and interpretation so that
inferences, principles and generalizations are drawn,
in which unsatisfactory conditions that needs to be
improved is revealed. Furthermore the application of
newly acquired facts and principles helps to aid
unsatisfactory conditions for the progress and
improvement of the quality of human life which is the
very main goal of any research (Calderon & Gonzales,
2008).
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
WAYS ON HOW TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT
DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

DATA COLLECTION IN QUALITATIVE

RESEARCH
1. Qualitative Research Design
A research design is like a research
framework which serves as a guide in conducting
a study. Some describe it as the overall strategy
that a researcher chooses to incorporate in their
chosen field of study. It is written in a coherent
and logical way to ensure that the research
problem will effectively be addressed.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
WAYS ON HOW TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT
DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

Qualitative research designs consist of many

components and can be based on basic design. Flick (2007)
characterizes a good qualitative research design.

 Clear focus on the research questions

 Manageable in resources and time
 Clear in decisions about sampling and particular use of
methods
 Well-linked to the theoretical background and based on the
research perspective of the study
 Reflective to the aims of generalization and the audiences of
the study
 Sensitive, flexible, and adaptive to conditions in the field
 Open to new insights from the start or during the progress
of the research.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
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DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

FIVE APPROACHES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

DESIGN ACCORDING TO CRESWELL (2013)
1. Narrative Research
A narrative research is a method that begins
with the expressed lives and stories of individual.
The procedures for implementing this research
consist of focusing on studying one or two
individuals, gathering data through the collection of
their stories, reporting individual experiences, and
chronologically ordering the meaning of those
experiences.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
WAYS ON HOW TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT
DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

2. Phenomenological Research.
It describes a common meaning for several
individuals of their lived experiences of a
concept or a phenomenon. The researcher
then collects data from the persons who have
experienced the phenomenon (i.e. insomnia,
anger, undergoing organ transplant), and
develops a composite description of the
essence of the experience for all the
individuals.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
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DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

3. Grounded Theory Research

Its intention is to move beyond description
and to generate or discover a theory, a “unified
theoretical explanation” (Corbin & Strauss, in
Creswell, 2013) for a process or an action. The
researcher generates a general explanation (a
theory) of a process, and action, or an
interaction shaped by the views of a large
number of participants.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
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DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

4. Ethnographic Research
Ethnography focuses on an entire culture-
sharing group. Typically, it involves many people
who interact over time (such as teachers in an
entire school or a community social work
group). “The researcher describes and interprets
the shared and learned patterns of values,
behaviors, beliefs and language of a culture
sharing group (Harris, in Creswell, 2013).”
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
WAYS ON HOW TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT
DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

5.Action Research.
It seeks action to improve human
condition and study the effects of the action that
was taken. Solutions are sought to address
problems in a particular setting. In an action
research, the implementation of solutions occurs
as an actual part of the research process, where
the results are used to give an immediate action
to the problem (Nieswiadomy, 2008).
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
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DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View
LISTED BELOW ARE THE LISTS OF DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
PRESENTED BY CASELA & CUEVAS (2010)
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
WAYS ON HOW TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT
DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

DATA COLLECTION IN QUANTITATIVE

RESEARCH
Quantitative data collection is based on
random sampling or a structured data collection
which uses instruments that will fit diverse
experiences into predetermined response
categories. This type of research produces
results that are easy to summarize, compare,
and generalize, as well as testing hypotheses
derived from theory.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
WAYS ON HOW TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT
DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

QUANTITATIVE DATA GATHERING STRATEGIES

INCLUDE:
• Administering surveys with closed ended questions,
such as :
1. Pen and paper questionnaires
2. face to face interviews
3. telephone interviews
4. mail questionnaires, etc
• Experiments
• Observing and recording well defined events
• Obtaining relevant data from management information
systems.
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DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE PRESENTED BY

LEEDY AND ORMROD (2001)
1. Interview Method
In Quantitative research, interviews are more structured than
Qualitative research. In a structured interview, the researcher asks a
standard set of questions that is quantifiable, nothing more nothing
less.

a. Telephone interviews Advantages:

 Less time consuming
 Less expensive
 Researcher has ready access to anyone who has a landline
telephone.
 Gets higher response rate than the mail questionnaire.
 Can be fully automated using CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone
Interviewing) saving data processing time.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
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DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

Disadvantages:
 The response rate is not as high as the face to face interview.
 The sample may be biased as only those people who have landline
phones are contacted (excludes people who do not have a phone,
or only have cell phones).

b. Face to face interviews

Advantages:
 Enables the researcher to establish rapport with potential
participants and therefore gain their cooperation.
 Yields the highest response rate in survey research.
 Allows the researcher to clarify ambiguous answers and when
appropriate, seek follow up information.
Disadvantages:
 Impractical when large samples are involved
 Can be time consuming and expensive.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
WAYS ON HOW TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT
DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

2. Questionnaires Method
Questionnaires often make use of checklist
and rating scales. These devices help simplify and
quantify people's behaviors and attitudes. A
checklist is a list of behaviors, characteristics, or
other entities the researcher is looking for. Either
the researcher or survey participant simply checks
whether each item on the list is observed, present
or true or vice versa. A rating scale is more useful
when a behavior needs to be evaluated on a
continuum. They are also known as Likert scales.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
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DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

a. Mail questionnaires
Advantages:
 Can be sent to a large number of people.
 Saves the researcher time and money
compared to interviewing.
 People are more truthful while responding to
the questionnaires regarding controversial
issues in particular due to the fact that their
responses are anonymous.
 Allow the respondent to answer at their leisure.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
WAYS ON HOW TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT
DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

Disadvantages:
 In most cases, the majority of people who
receive questionnaires don't return them.
Therefore: Over‐sampling may be necessary if
doing a one‐time mail out in order to get
enough completed questionnaires to be
generalized to the population which increased
the time and cost to conduct the study.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
WAYS ON HOW TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT
DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

b. Web‐based questionnaires
 A new and innovative methodology that
maximizes the use of Internet is one of the
commonly used data gathering procedure as
of today. This would mean receiving an e‐mail
on which you would click on an address that
would take you to a secure web‐site to fill in
the questionnaire.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
WAYS ON HOW TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT
DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

Advantages:
 This type of research is often quicker and less detailed.
 Very cost effective.

Disadvantages:
 Excludes people who do not have a computer or are
unable to access a computer.
 Need to have access to email addresses.
 Many worksites have screening mechanisms in place
blocking access to employee emails.
 The validity of such surveys may be in question as
people might be in a hurry to complete it and so might
not give accurate responses.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
WAYS ON HOW TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT
DATA : Qualitative and Quantitative View

Reference/s:

• Baraceros, Esther L. (2017), Practical Research 2, Rex Book Store, Inc., First Edition

• Baraceros, Esther L. (2017), Practical Research 1, Rex Book Store, Inc., First Edition

• Boeije, H. (2010). Analysis in Qualitative Research. USA: Sage Publications, Inc.

• Calderon, J. & Gonzales, E. (2008).Methods Of Research And Thesis Writing. Mandaluyong, Philippines:
National Book Store

• Creswell, J. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design Choosing Among Five Approaches. USA:
Sage Publications, Inc

• Flick, U. (2007).Designing Qualitative Research. City Road, London: Sage Publications, Ltd..

• Nieswiadomy, R. M. (2008).Foundations Of Nursing Research Fifth Edition.NJ:Pearson/Prentice Hall

• Sarno, Emerlita G. (2010), Tips and Techniques in Writing Research, Rex Book Store, Inc.