QSL (Yasir Iqbal IIT Madras)

Quantum Spin Liquids
A se rch for fr ction liz tion nd g uge ields in qu ntum

m tter
Y sir Iqb l, Indi n Institute of Technology M dr s, 21st Dec 2020

a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
f
a
Outline
• Orders and Broken Symmetries - Landau paradigm and glimpses beyond

• Quantum Spin Liquids and Frustrated Magnets - Experiments and Theory
• Fractionalization and Projective Symmetry Groups
• Existence of Algebraic Spin Liquids - The U(1) Dirac Spin Liquid
• Stability of Dirac Spin Liquid - QED3 and relevance of monopoles
Classifying phases of matter

Orders & Broken symmetries
STATES OF MATTER AND THE C O N C E P T OF O R D E R
<latexit sha1_base64="YJyBIi2rvbLyZLUMp756mqQ5MGw=">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</latexit>
337
L. D. Landau, JETP 7, 1 (1937); JETP 7, 627 (1937)
Liquid
Solid
Gas
FIG. 8.1. The phase diagram of water.
one state into the other (by smoothly changing the Hamiltonian) without encoun-
tering a phase transition (i.e. without encountering a singularity in the free energy).
If there is no way to change one state into the other without a phase transition, then
the two states will have different orders. We note that our definition of order is a
definition of an equivalent class. Two states that can be connected without a phase
transition are defined to be equivalent. The equivalent class defined in this way is
Orders
called the universality class. Two states with different orders can aresaid
also be associated
to be with (broken) symmetries
two states belonging to different universality classes. According to our definition,
230 different crystals in three- 1651 magnetic space groups in three-
<latexit sha1_base64="o2dTgIWTGe50f9DGUC2jl6HAG6A=">AAACAXicbVDLSsNAFL3xWesr6kZwM1iEuimJKLosunFZwT6gCWUynbRDJ5kwMxFKqBt/xY0LRdz6F+78GydtFtp6YOBwzj3cuSdIOFPacb6tpeWV1bX10kZ5c2t7Z9fe228pkUpCm0RwITsBVpSzmDY105x2EklxFHDaDkY3ud9+oFIxEd/rcUL9CA9iFjKCtZF69qEnjJ2nM08ORTXzghDJyemkZ1ecmjMFWiRuQSpQoNGzv7y+IGlEY004VqrrOon2Myw1I5xOyl6qaILJCA9o19AYR1T52fSCCToxSh+FQpoXazRVfycyHCk1jgIzGWE9VPNeLv7ndVMdXvkZi5NU05jMFoUpR1qgvA7UZ5ISzceGYCKZ+SsiQywx0aa0sinBnT95kbTOau5Fzbk7r9SvizpKcATHUAUXLqEOt9CAJhB4hGd4hTfryXqx3q2P2eiSVWQO4A+szx+dMJb7</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="woHwvcRXO44i0R57ZBYiKJ3xhsk=">AAACBHicbVA7T8MwGHTKq5RXgLGLRYVUlipBIBgrWBiLRB9SG1WO67Smjh3ZDlIVZWDhr7AwgBArP4KNf4OTZoCWkyyf7r6T/Z0fMaq043xbpZXVtfWN8mZla3tnd8/eP+goEUtM2lgwIXs+UoRRTtqaakZ6kSQo9Bnp+tPrzO8+EKmo4Hd6FhEvRGNOA4qRNtLQrg6EsbN0kgz8AN6n9fyW6Uk6tGtOw8kBl4lbkBoo0BraX4ORwHFIuMYMKdV3nUh7CZKaYkbSyiBWJEJ4isakbyhHIVFeki+RwmOjjGAgpDlcw1z9nUhQqNQs9M1kiPRELXqZ+J/Xj3Vw6SWUR7EmHM8fCmIGtYBZI3BEJcGazQxBWFLzV4gnSCKsTW8VU4K7uPIy6Zw23POGc3tWa14VdZRBFRyBOnDBBWiCG9ACbYDBI3gGr+DNerJerHfrYz5asorMIfgD6/MHrtiYGg==</latexit>
water and ice have

⇢(r)different orders, while water and vapor have the same order j(r)
(see Fig. 8.1). dimensions dimensions
Orders beyond symmetry breaking
Fr ction l Qu ntum H ll Liquids
A new state of matter: 2D electron gas under strong magnetic elds
<latexit sha1_base64="kg4KrQZtz6+wSyb/K2i5YE2/Jeo=">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</latexit>
D. C. Tsui, H. L. Stormer, and A. C. Gossard, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1559 (1982)
density of electron
<latexit sha1_base64="uNsZJ5RVXKd/VscEFeP7bzehvRw=">AAACXHicbVHBThsxEPUutA0BSqASl16sBqQe0Go3VUQvSAguHKnUAFI2irzOLFh47cUeo0arzUdy48KvUCfZQwl9kqWn92bG4+eslMJiHD8H4dr6h4+fWhvtza3tzzud3b0rq53hMOBaanOTMQtSKBigQAk3pQFWZBKus/vzuX/9CMYKrX7jtIRRwW6VyAVn6KVxxx6kyp2kuWG8Sk1BJ6CswOlM5zOQwNFoVa8a8xGAgs9y6f7MHhxTyOqT5Gg5JamrH3XDe295vz6Kouhg3OnGUbwAfU+ShnRJg8tx5ymdaO4KUMgls3aYxCWOKmb8EhLqduoslIzfs1sYeqpYAXZULcKp6aFXJjTXxh+FdKH+21GxwtppkfnKguGdXfXm4v+8ocP856gSqnQIii8vyp2kqOk8aToRxgcop54wboTflfI75qNA/x9tH0Ky+uT35KoXJf0o/tXrnp41cbTIV/KNfCcJOSan5IJckgHh5Jm8Bq1gI3gJ18PNcHtZGgZNzxfyBuH+X0qct64=</latexit>
A xed and well-de ned density

1 2 2
⌫= density of magnetic flux quanta = 1, 3 , 3 , 5 , ... TOPOLOGICAL ORDER IN F R A C T I O N A L Q U A N T U M HAL
Internal “patterns” or “structures” ?
(1) All of the electrons do their own cyclotron motion in the rst Landau level
(2) An electron always takes an odd number of steps to go around another electron.
(3) Electrons try to stay away from each other, i.e. they try to take as many steps as possible to go around another FIG.
electron.
8.2. A particle wave on a circle has a quantized wavele
<latexit sha1_base64="qIdY0vk2FGpAyvFk5G5uQJjSvJ8=">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</latexit>
hY i 1 X
m l2 2
m = (zi zj ) e B |zi |
to have one difficulty—the FQH states
R. B. Laughlin, are
Phys. Rev. liquids,
Lett. and how can
50, 1395 (1983)
<latexit sha1_base64="xVxsqU5TlHYzMWZvMwlMUduO1YA=">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</latexit>
internal 'patterns'?
Despite the absence of crystal order, the quantum motions of electrons in an FQH state are highly organized
To gain some intuitive understanding of the internal order i
us try to visualize the quantum motion of electrons in an FQH
The internal order in FQH liquids is a new kind of ordering which cannot
that abeparticle
described by long-range
also behaves likeordersa wave, according to quantum
associated with broken symmetries
<latexit sha1_base64="gjfmL+4SefHL9yxpCgmNy3h5Aec=">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</latexit>
X.-G. Wen, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 4, 239 (1990)

first consider a particle moving on a circle with momentum p
fi
a
a
fi
a
a
fi
fi
Topological order
<latexit sha1_base64="GG8dFXeEdAFUen/Dr3gixlEbAQY=">AAAB+HicbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMjUY9eBoMQQcKuKHoMevEYwTwgu4TZyWwyZPbBTK8Ql3yJFw+KePVTvPk3TpI9aGJBQ1HVTXeXn0ih0ba/rZXVtfWNzcJWcXtnd69U3j9o6ThVjDdZLGPV8anmUkS8iQIl7ySK09CXvO2Pbqd++5ErLeLoAccJ90I6iEQgGEUj9colt6FFNXP9gKjJGZ72yhW7Zs9AlomTkwrkaPTKX24/ZmnII2SSat117AS9jCoUTPJJ0U01Tygb0QHvGhrRkGsvmx0+ISdG6ZMgVqYiJDP190RGQ63HoW86Q4pDvehNxf+8borBtZeJKEmRR2y+KEglwZhMUyB9oThDOTaEMiXMrYQNqaIMTVZFE4Kz+PIyaZ3XnMuafX9Rqd/kcRTgCI6hCg5cQR3uoAFNYJDCM7zCm/VkvVjv1se8dcXKZw7hD6zPH6O/kmw=</latexit>
Symmetries of complex ground state wave-function (r, t) ?

The existence of quantum numbers that are robust against any perturbations but which are di erent for di erent FQH liquids
The “ground state degeneracy” of FQH liquids depends on the topology of the space
1
<latexit sha1_base64="Tusy9kebMh30+a158EFx+f+QpB0=">AAAB+nicbVBNS8NAEJ34WetXqkcvi63gqSQF0YtQ9OKxgv2ANpTNdtMu3Wzi7kYpMT/FiwdFvPpLvPlv3LY5aOuDgcd7M8zM82POlHacb2tldW19Y7OwVdze2d3bt0sHLRUlktAmiXgkOz5WlDNBm5ppTjuxpDj0OW374+up336gUrFI3OlJTL0QDwULGMHaSH27VOmJ5LIXSExSN0vvs0rfLjtVZwa0TNyclCFHo29/9QYRSUIqNOFYqa7rxNpLsdSMcJoVe4miMSZjPKRdQwUOqfLS2ekZOjHKAAWRNCU0mqm/J1IcKjUJfdMZYj1Si95U/M/rJjq48FIm4kRTQeaLgoQjHaFpDmjAJCWaTwzBRDJzKyIjbGLQJq2iCcFdfHmZtGpV96zq3NbK9as8jgIcwTGcggvnUIcbaEATCDzCM7zCm/VkvVjv1se8dcXKZw7hD6zPH7fZk6U=</latexit>
⌫= g
q degenerate ground states on a Riemann surface of genus g
<latexit sha1_base64="mLR6dXg1CNUp/qOnjTYH5RTRJxA=">AAAB7nicbVDLTgJBEOzFF+IL9ehlIph4IrskRo9ELx4xkUcCK5kdBpgwO7vO9JqQDR/hxYPGePV7vPk3DrAHBSvppFLVne6uIJbCoOt+O7m19Y3Nrfx2YWd3b/+geHjUNFGiGW+wSEa6HVDDpVC8gQIlb8ea0zCQvBWMb2Z+64lrIyJ1j5OY+yEdKjEQjKKVWuXHh3Q4LfeKJbfizkFWiZeREmSo94pf3X7EkpArZJIa0/HcGP2UahRM8mmhmxgeUzamQ96xVNGQGz+dnzslZ1bpk0GkbSkkc/X3REpDYyZhYDtDiiOz7M3E/7xOgoMrPxUqTpArtlg0SCTBiMx+J32hOUM5sYQyLeythI2opgxtQgUbgrf88ippViveRcW9q5Zq11kceTiBUzgHDy6hBrdQhwYwGMMzvMKbEzsvzrvzsWjNOdnMMfyB8/kD0NaPOA==</latexit>
q Laughlin state has

<latexit sha1_base64="2hqO6Qn45yksTljHG5p7OhxZcFQ=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LLaCp5IURI9FLx4r2lpoQ9lsN+nSzSbsToRS+hO8eFDEq7/Im//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IJXCoOt+O4W19Y3NreJ2aWd3b/+gfHjUNkmmGW+xRCa6E1DDpVC8hQIl76Sa0ziQ/DEY3cz8xyeujUjUA45T7sc0UiIUjKKV7qtRtV+uuDV3DrJKvJxUIEezX/7qDRKWxVwhk9SYruem6E+oRsEkn5Z6meEpZSMa8a6lisbc+JP5qVNyZpUBCRNtSyGZq78nJjQ2ZhwHtjOmODTL3kz8z+tmGF75E6HSDLlii0VhJgkmZPY3GQjNGcqxJZRpYW8lbEg1ZWjTKdkQvOWXV0m7XvMuau5dvdK4zuMowgmcwjl4cAkNuIUmtIBBBM/wCm+OdF6cd+dj0Vpw8plj+APn8weEz41J</latexit>
The ground-state degeneracy in FQH liquids is not a consequence of the symmetry of the Hamiltonian
T O P O L O G I C A L ORDER IN F R A C T I O N A L Q U A N T U M HALL STATES 343
2i( ⇡
<latexit sha1_base64="YWxEMkEN72pX0uXtNlYeo7wdklw=">AAACH3icbZDLSgMxFIYz9VbrrerSzWAr1IVlpuBlIxTduKzgtIXeyKSZNjSTGZOMOIR5Eze+ihsXioi7vo1pO4i2/hD48p9zSM7vhpQIaVljI7O0vLK6ll3PbWxube/kd/fqIog4wg4KaMCbLhSYEoYdSSTFzZBj6LsUN9zR9aTeeMBckIDdyTjEHR8OGPEIglJbvfxZ0empOOmqEzvR9PhD8ex6ibuqQkptj0Ok2iFJ1H1ynBR7+YJVtqYyF8FOoQBS1Xr5r3Y/QJGPmUQUCtGyrVB2FOSSIIqTXDsSOIRoBAe4pZFBH4uOmu6XmEfa6ZtewPVh0py6vycU9IWIfVd3+lAOxXxtYv5Xa0XSu+gowsJIYoZmD3kRNWVgTsIy+4RjJGmsASJO9F9NNIQ6CqkjzekQ7PmVF6FeKdunZeu2UqhepXFkwQE4BCVgg3NQBTegBhyAwBN4AW/g3Xg2Xo0P43PWmjHSmX3wR8b4G9/Wo30=</latexit>
Uy 1 Ux 1 Uy Ux = e q)
The ground states form a representation of the algebra
The algebra has only one q-dimensional irreducible representation

<latexit sha1_base64="FZ2aR9GwHqYLShXuYyAdW8tnDtA=">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</latexit>
X.-G. Wen, Quantum Field Theory of Many-Body Systems (2004)

FIG. 8.3. (a) Tunneling in the x direction generates Ux- (b) Tunneling in the y direction generates
Uy. (c) The four tunnelings in the x, y, —x, and — y directions generate U^1U^lUyUx. (d) The
above four tunnelings can be deformed into two linked loops.
The 1/q Laughlin state has q x integer number of degenerate ground states —> Direct connection between quasiparticle statistics and ground state degeneracy
As Ux>y acts within the ground states, the ground states form the representation
of the above algebra. The algebra has only one m-dimensional irreducible repre-
ff
ff
Quantum orders
Non symmetry breaking orders in quantum ground states (including gapless ones)
Why do we need to introduce a new concept of quantum order ? What use can it have?
Projective symmetry group (PSG)

<latexit sha1_base64="7WGhNueXTM1COTq+mj/ekAcyp8M=">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</latexit>
X.-G. Wen, Physics Letters A 300, 175 (2002)
Symmetry breaking Quantum orders and PSG

description description
It leads to a complete classi cation of crystal orders A PSG can classify di erent quantum states that have the same symmetry
It determines the structure of low-energy excitations Quantum orders determine the structure of low-energy excitations
without the need to know the details of a system without the need to know the details of a system
Quantum orders can generate and protect gapless gauge bosons and gapless fermions
They generate and protect gapless Nambu-Goldstone
modes which are scalar bosonic excitations Fermion excitations can even emerge in pure local bosonic models, as long as
the boson ground state has a proper quantum order
ff
fi

conjecture that the ground state is, however, not a QSL but a VBS with that of the magnon. In Cs2CuCl4, this resona
a large, 36-site, unit cell61,62. However, all approaches indicate that many Instead, a broad scattering feature is mostly ob
competing states exist, and these states have extremely small energy dif- tion of this result is that the neutron’s spin flip c
ferences from this VBS state. Thus, the ‘real’ ground state in the kagomé which divide the neutron’s energy and momen
Quantum Spin Liquids

materials is probably strongly perturbed by spin–orbit coupling, dis- spinons were suggested to arise from an under
order, further-neighbour interactions and so on63. A similar situation A nagging doubt with respect to this picture
applies to the hyperkagomé lattice of Na4Ir3O8 (ref. 64). ity between some of the spectra in the experim
These models are difficult to connect directly, and in detail, to spin chain, in which 1D spinons indeed exist71.
experiments, which mainly measure low-energy properties at low tem- exchange energy along one ‘chain’ direction is
peratures. Instead, attempts to reconcile theory and experiment in detail along the diagonal bonds between chains (th
Frustr ted M gnetism have relied on more phenomenological low-energy effective theories Experimentally, however, the presence of subst
of QSLs. Such effective theories are similar in spirit to the Fermi liquid sion (that is, dependence of the neutron peak on
theory of interacting metals: they propose that the ground state has a ular to the chain axis in Cs2CuCl4), and the stron
certain structure and a set of elementary excitations that are consistent coupling on the magnetization curve, M(H), s
A state in which spins continue to uctuate and
with this evadeInorder
structure. contrasteven
to the at
FermiT=0 K case, however, the origin, despite an early theoretical suggestion72
liquid
REVIEW INSIGHT elementary excitations consist of spinons and other exotic particles, In the past few years, it has become clear tha
which are coupled by gauge fields. A theory of this type — that is, pro- 1D physics was premature73,74. It turns out that
posing a ‘spinon Fermi surface’ coupled to a U(1) gauge field — has coupling is substantial, and thus affects the M
Frustration had some success in explaining data from experimentsNon-magnetic
on κ-(BEDT- theground state
frustration built
markedly reduces interchain co
Box 1 | Elements of frustration TTF)2Cu2(CN)3 (refs 65, 66). Related theories have been proposed for state. As a result, the elementary excitations
from well formed localofmoments
ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2 (ref. 67) and Na4Ir3O8 (ref. 68). However, comparisons lar to those 1D chains, with one important
a
1 ( + )
2
+ +…
Anderson, 1973 (RVB paradigm) +…

Source:
<latexit sha1_base64="xuXCy4lUk1e2ILW7BeaxDQ/5oFU=">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</latexit>
L. Balents, Nature 464, 199 (2010)

Source:
A triangle of antiferromagnetically interacting Ising spins, which must
L. Balents, Nature 464, 199 (2010)

Figure 3 | Valence-bond states of frustrated antiferromagnets. In a VBS superposition of many different pairings of spins.
point upward or downward, is the simplest example of frustration. All state (a), a specific pattern of entangled pairs of spins — the valence bonds be short range (b) or long range (c). Spins in longe
Degeneracies, enhanced
three spins cannot uctuations,
be antiparallel. suppression
As a result, of ordering
instead of the two ground Classifying
— is formed. Entangled pairs are indicated patterns
by ovals that cover twoof long-range
points entanglement
(the longer, —> PSG
the lighter the colour) are less tightly b
states mandated by the Ising symmetry (up and down), there are six on the triangular lattice. By contrast, in a RVB state, the wavefunction is a more easily excited into a state with non-zero spin.
a
a
fl
fl
uantum Spin Liquids phonons, Chapter 4.
org/ on November 28, 2020

The presence of 12 in (nq + 12 ) in (6.99) tells us that, in analogy w
ick A. Lee 6.3 Quantum effects 99 crystals, Chapter 4, there exist zero-point fluctuations in quantum an
Skepticism on Antiferromagnetism
which reduce sublattice magnetization even at T = 0, and which can
pin-wave spectrum
decades of searching, several promising examples of a new quantum state of matter long-range have order completely. This is connected with the presence
! terms in (6.95): the initial Néel ground state |0$ is not an eigenstate
emerged. ωq = 2S J 2 (0) − J 2 (q) . (6.100) of spin excitations at neighbouring sites (in different sublattices) c
Néel AF P. A. Lee, Science 321, 1306 (2008)
<latexit sha1_base64="fH0lr3U3shzp3BTtviyjsyBeJ+c=">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</latexit>
(One can easily see that the fully ordered ferromagnetic state | ↑
0 ω i.e. we obtain
q ∼ |q|, possess here abehavior
linear spectrum (vs. quadratic in the
E
lectrons magnetic an eigenstate of the exchange Hamiltonian.) In an antiferromagnet
Greeted with skepticism − +
netic case). the
through There are two
quantum degenerate
mechanical modes, α and β. The last two
prop- in (6.68) gives S j Sl |↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑$ = |↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ · · · $, i.e. it reverse
" j lLong-range order
j l can be suppressed
1
(6.99)
ertycombine
of spin. Theandmagnetic term ∼2 ofq ωq (nq +
give the properties cf. the case of creates two excitations, leading to quantum COMPLETELY!
fluctuations. This means 2
),
Chapter
erials then4. arise from the collective interac- ground state of the antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model (6.21), (6.68
esence of 12 in on
of electrons + 12 ) inwithin
(nqatoms (6.99)the tellscrystal.
us that, inOrdered
analogy Xwith phonons in state |↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ · · · $ ≡ |0$ (the Néel state), but contains an adm <latexit sha1_base64="+uYptAlmI7I52KEq5JGWgBZu6fM=">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</latexit>
Ĥ = spins.
J ij Ŝ (Left)
i · Ŝ j Néel’s picture of with
antiferro-
different number of spin flips. In effect zero-point fluctuations a
Chapter 4, there exist zero-point fluctuations in quantum
ow a transition temperature, the electron magnethiji antiferromagnets,
ordering with an alternate spin-up–spin- 100 magnetization (S$ is less than S. Indeed M
at T = 0, and the sublattice
uce
s ofsublattice
normal magnetization
magnets “freeze” even atinto T =an 0, anddown
which can even
pattern acrosssuppress
the lattice. (Right) Quantum
of the average spin, e.g. in the b-sublattice from the nominal value
J > 0 that
Reduction all the
in the consequences
sublattice magnetization thereof,
at T=0disc
<latexit sha1_base64="Zz19pOofeisYFM7y7RHy35/N/x0=">AAAB73icbVDLSgNBEOyNrxhfUY9eBoPgKeyKoicJehFPEcwDkiXMTmaTMbOz60yvEJb8hBcPinj1d7z5N04eB00saCiquunuChIpDLrut5NbWl5ZXcuvFzY2t7Z3irt7dROnmvEai2WsmwE1XArFayhQ8maiOY0CyRvB4HrsN564NiJW9zhMuB/RnhKhYBSt1LztZOJhdOl2iiW37E5AFok3IyWYodopfrW7MUsjrpBJakzLcxP0M6pRMMlHhXZqeELZgPZ4y1JFI278bHLviBxZpUvCWNtSSCbq74mMRsYMo8B2RhT7Zt4bi/95rRTDCz8TKkmRKzZdFKaSYEzGz5Ou0JyhHFpCmRb2VsL6VFOGNqKCDcGbf3mR1E/K3lnZvTstVa5mceThAA7hGDw4hwrcQBVqwEDCM7zCm/PovDjvzse0NefMZvbhD5zPH52lj7A=</latexit>
ij
e order completely.
red array of magnetic This is connected
dipoles.
The correct application Whether
of QM with the fluctuations
the presence oflead nondiagonal
to mutual spin flips, which Landau
X 1 antiferromagnets. Thus 2 # deviation
the
<latexit sha1_base64="9cRBnnU/jsl+FKdvIy8HeaH+Byw=">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</latexit>
6.95):
ring isthe wouldNéel
initial
ferromagnetic lead to uctuations
ground
(all thestate |0$ ispoint
dipoles not an eigenstate
argued z ofzH
would , and
disorder pairs
+Néel’s state. + (δS z
$ = − (S z
$ = (b
†
$ = (b †
H= Jij [Si Sj + (Si Sj + Si Sj )] l S l l lb q bq $ .
ecitations which may completely
at neighbouring
same direction) randomize
sites (in different
or antiferromagnetic (the sublattices) can be 2created. tion at T = 0 in N
d-dimensional q spac
spin order hiji 3 2 2
easily
les onsee that thesites
adjacent fully point
ordered in ferromagnetic
opposite lowest state |temperatures. is
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ · · · $Experimental Q
evidence, (d q " q dq) or 2d (d q!" q dq) ca
ua
Using (6.96)–(6.98) we can express it in the † following way (see
n tum
ate of the exchange Hamiltonian.) In an antiferromagnet the term Sj Sl
ctions) is determined by the sign and which has until recently− + remained elusive, is
Ziman (1979) and In 1logarithmically,
Kitteldimension
(1987)): #bl bl $ ∼ dq/q, wh
uc
−the+ interaction between the elec- tua in a 1d antiferromagnet even at T =
gives Sj Sl |↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑$ = |↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ · · · $, i.e. it reverses two spins and
ngth of emerging in favor of this long-predicted state of tio
ns # J (0) $ %
s. Early theoretical j l work hasj indicated l a quantum matter. This
(δS z Logarithmic
$ =isconst.
due to 2 Divergence!
+ quantum fluctuations,
nq + 2 ,1
dr
o excitations, leading to quantum fluctuations. This means that the actual ω q "
rture from these ordered states, suggesting To understand the controversy surround- A model without q these terms, H =
te of the antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model (6.21), (6.68) Reverses

is not twothe
just spins and creates two excitations
quantum
There existmechanical fluctuations
zero-point uctuations of the ing this exotic quantum
in quantum antiferromagnets
leading tospin liquid
quantum where it
state,
uctuations ωqisis the spectrum
ThereIsing
is no model isorder
(6.100).
long-range in ain sense classical (vs.
a 1d antiferromagnet
↑ ↓which
↑ ↓ reduce ≡ |0$ (the
· · · $sublattice Néel state),
magnetization even at Tbut
= 0 contains an admixture of states evenquantum).
at T = 0 !
could be so strong that ordering would be instructive to go back to the description Check this,of using the relations (6.96), expressing the coefficients
rent number of spin flips. In effect zero-point fluctuations are present even
pressed and the spin ensemble would antiferromagnetism. Soon after the invention tanh 2θq (6.98), using theItbosonic is instructive
commutation at this pointfor
relations to the
elabo
op
and the sublattice magnetization (S$ is less than S. Indeed, the deviation and taking into accountlattice
that phonons.
the nondiagonal We have
terms ofseen
the that
type α †
ain in a liquid-like state, even down to the of quantum mechanics, Heisenberg pointed
fl
fl
fl
fl

S2 S3
mag.org/ on November 28, 2020

S3
uantum Spin Liquids

S2
Fig. 6.33 Fig. 6.33
ick A. Lee Defeating the Néel state in D>1

r decades of searching, several promising examples of a new quantum state of
SQUARE LATTICE
matter have
emerged.
Néel AF
<latexit sha1_base64="fH0lr3U3shzp3BTtviyjsyBeJ+c=">AAACKHicbVDLSgMxFM3Ud31VXboJFqFCGTItane+Ni5cVLRaaEvJpLdtaCYzJBmxDP0cN/6KGxFFuvVLTB8LtR4IHM65N/fe40eCa0PI0EnNzS8sLi2vpFfX1jc2M1vbdzqMFYMKC0Woqj7VILiEiuFGQDVSQANfwL3fuxj59w+gNA/lrelH0AhoR/I2Z9RYqZk5qcuQyxZIg+sGHs34x8QXMQySsovPXHwFkMc3jINkgIsFL4+9IjnCuQIhpYNBM5MlLhkDzxJvSrJoinIz81ZvhSwO7EQmqNY1j0SmkVBlOBMwSNdjDRFlPdqBmqWSBqAbyXitAd63Sgu3Q2Wf3Xis/uxIaKB1P/BtZUBNV//1RuJ/Xi027VIj4TKKjb1zMqgdC2xCPEoNt7gCZkTfEsoUt7ti1qWKMmOzTdsQvL8nz5K7gusduuS6kD09n8axjHbRHsohDx2jU3SJyqiCGHpCL+gdfTjPzqvz6QwnpSln2rODfsH5+gbFKKMm</latexit>
P. A. Lee, Science 321, 1306 (2008)
E
lectrons possess magnetic behavior Fig. 6.34
Parametric frustration Fig. 6.34
through the quantum mechanical prop- A quantum spin liquid is now known
up and down, then whatever we do here, one bond is always wrong; this is called
Jerty ofhigh
2/J1=1/2 spin. Thefrustration.
frustration magnetic Oneproperties up and
cannot subdivide ofadown,
triangularthenlattice
whatever
into two wesublattices
do here, one withbondspins is always wrong; this is called to exist on the square lattice
erials then arise from thedown
up and collective frustration.
interac-
so that every site of one is One cannot subdivide
surrounded by the sites a triangular
of the other lattice
(i.e. into two sublattices with spins
when all nearest neighbours upofandonedown
sublatticeso that every
belong siteother).
to the of one Thusis surrounded
the simple by the sites of the other (i.e.
of electrons on atoms within the crystal.
whenspinsallisnearest neighbours ofX one sublattice
to(Left) ofNéel’s belong toX the other). Thus the simple
Néel solution with collinear notOrdered
good, and we spins.
have think something picture of antiferro-
<latexit sha1_base64="3vhdExyxTEfotY2HQDkvTynA46o=">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</latexit>
ow a transition temperature, the electron

else. The best classical Néelissolution
state the one with
shown
magnet Ĥcollinear
=
in J1spins
Figs.
ordering 6.33 with Ŝnot
isand ·anŜjalternate
good,
i 6.34. In+and Jwe
this 2 have Ŝ · Ŝjof something
toithink
spin-up–spin-
6.4 Some magnetic models 115
s of normal magnets state the “freeze”
spins on the triangle
intoelse.are
an directed
The bestatclassical
the angle 2π/3statehijito
is each
the other.
one For such
shown in Figs.
hiji 6.33 and 6.34. In this
S 1 a state the whole lattice isstate subdivided down
into three pattern
sublattices, across
and
1
at the
each lattice.
triangle (Right) Quantum
2
the spins on the triangle are directed at the angle 2π/3 to each other. For such
red array of magnetic dipoles.
we have Whether
IQBAL,
the same HU, THOMALE,
situation, the
all the
a state fluctuations
theangles
wholePOILBLANC,
between leadAND
lattice isneighbouring to BECCA
subdivided mutual
spins
into spin
are
three the flips, which
sublattices, and Landau
at each triangle PHYSICAL REVIEW B 93, 144411 (2016)
TRIANGULAR LATTICE
ring is ferromagnetic (all the dipoles we
same, ±2π/3. The energy point
of such state
have thearguedis would disorder
same situation, all the angles Néel’s state.neighbouring spins are the
between
e same direction) or antiferromagnetic which vanishes (the
! same, 2π
in 1 Nz
the
±2π/3. entire 3 ! of such state
paramagnetic
The energy regime
is [47]. In
E2π/3 = J · cos · · =− J N , (6.121)
S3 addition, two !different3 4$ variational
2 8 Monte Carlo (VMC) studies
oles onS2adjacent sites point in opposite "# lowest temperatures.
!
J · cos
2π 1 Nz
·1=
Experimental 3 ! evidence, (6.121)
claimed for a gapless
(S ·S ) spin
i j 2π/3 =close
Eliquid
(z=6)
to J 2 /J · 1/8: = Kaneko
− JN,
ctions) is determined
Fig. 6.33 116 by the sign and Magnetism which has until
! "# 3 recently
4$ 2 8
remained elusive, is
andnumber
where z is the co-workers
of nearest [48] used a full optimization
neighbours. (S ·S )
of the (z=6)
pairing of a
ngth of the interaction between the shown
elec-in Fig.
Gutzwiller-projected
The valence bond state BCSemerging
6.35wave in favor
has thefunction
energy of this long-predicted
[obtaining a critical state of i j
s. Early theoretical work spin has liquid

indicated where
for az 3is the
0.10(1) ! number
quantumJ /J of! nearest
0.135(5)]
matter. neighbours.
and Mishmash
! N 2 31 !
EVBThe = −valenceJ · bond = − stateJ Nshown . in Fig. 6.35Ansätze has the energy
(6.122)
and collaborators [49]
arture from these ordered states, suggesting 4 2 To 8understand the controversy considered few variational to surround-
describe both magnetic and nonmagnetic phases
3 N (here, 3 they (a) 120 AF (b) Spin liquid (c) Stripe AF
Thus in a 2d triangular lattice the energy of the valence bond EVB state −EVB J !is· equal to
−theJ liquid
!
(6.122)0.08
quantum mechanical fluctuations
energy of theobtained
of
evidence
best classical
the ing
for aordered
long-range
this
gapless
exotic
nodal
state
=quantum
, i.e. 4
E2π/3d-wave spin
the valence
=spin
2 liquid 8 for
bond
N. state,
0 it is 0.16 J2/J1
could be so strongstate that(random
ordering
0.06 " Jwould
covering ofThus
2 /J "be
1the 0.17).
lattice
in a 2dby instructive
Insinglets),
the former
triangular evencase,
lattice to go
without
the the back
energy full to
ofoptimization
their resonance
the the bond
valence description of to the
state EVB is equal

Defeating the Néel state in D>1 J’ J’
Under-constr ined systems Pyrochlore lattice

c
<latexit sha1_base64="WgBFx6Jb0/A38VWV78i2lP1EEK0=">AAACIHicbZDLSsNAFIYn9VbrLerSzWARXJVElLoRim6Kq4r2Ak0Ik8mknXYyCTMToYQ8ihtfxY0LRXSnT+P0gmjrDwMf/zmHM+f3E0alsqxPo7C0vLK6VlwvbWxube+Yu3stGacCkyaOWSw6PpKEUU6aiipGOokgKPIZafvDq3G9fU+EpDG/U6OEuBHqcRpSjJS2PLNav7h2ZBp5mcMQ7zEC6cARE8ozxw/hbe5lNHdwECv4YwxyzyxbFWsiuAj2DMpgpoZnfjhBjNOIcIUZkrJrW4lyMyQUxXpXyUklSRAeoh7pauQoItLNJgfm8Eg7AQxjoR9XcOL+nshQJOUo8nVnhFRfztfG5n+1bqrCczejPEkV4Xi6KEwZVDEcpwUDKghWbKQBYUH1XyHuI4Gw0pmWdAj2/MmL0Dqp2GcV6+a0XLucxVEEB+AQHAMbVEEN1EEDNAEGD+AJvIBX49F4Nt6M92lrwZjN7IM/Mr6+AdxCpAg=</latexit>
X
<latexit sha1_base64="OoT3l2g0UHh/k2AckzYWpQu3JXA=">AAAB/HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/oj16CRahHixJUfQiFAXxJBXsB7SlbLabdulmE3c3Qgjxr3jxoIhXf4g3/43bNgdtfTDweG+GmXluyKhUtv1t5JaWV1bX8uuFjc2t7R1zd68pg0hg0sABC0TbRZIwyklDUcVIOxQE+S4jLXd8NfFbj0RIGvB7FYek56Mhpx7FSGmpbxavL7qeQDgp82Pn6OE2Tapp3yzZFXsKa5E4GSlBhnrf/OoOAhz5hCvMkJQdxw5VL0FCUcxIWuhGkoQIj9GQdDTlyCeyl0yPT61DrQwsLxC6uLKm6u+JBPlSxr6rO32kRnLem4j/eZ1Ieee9hPIwUoTj2SIvYpYKrEkS1oAKghWLNUFYUH2rhUdIZ6F0XgUdgjP/8iJpVivOacW+OynVLrM48rAPB1AGB86gBjdQhwZgiOEZXuHNeDJejHfjY9aaM7KZIvyB8fkDTDWT5g==</latexit>
(n 1)qN H=J Si · Sj
F = hiji
2
K = nN
<latexit sha1_base64="qJOp957G1M7JXyazclZyW/Cr81k=">AAAB63icbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRbBU9kVi16EohdBkAr2A9qlZNNsG5pklyQrlKV/wYsHRbz6h7z5b8y2e9DWBwOP92aYmRfEnGnjut9OYWV1bX2juFna2t7Z3SvvH7R0lChCmyTikeoEWFPOJG0aZjjtxIpiEXDaDsY3md9+okqzSD6aSUx9gYeShYxgk0l3V/K+X664VXcGtEy8nFQgR6Nf/uoNIpIIKg3hWOuu58bGT7EyjHA6LfUSTWNMxnhIu5ZKLKj209mtU3RilQEKI2VLGjRTf0+kWGg9EYHtFNiM9KKXif953cSEl37KZJwYKsl8UZhwZCKUPY4GTFFi+MQSTBSztyIywgoTY+Mp2RC8xZeXSeus6tWq7sN5pX6dx1GEIziGU/DgAupwCw1oAoERPMMrvDnCeXHenY95a8HJZw7hD5zPH41Ujeo=</latexit>
JX 2
<latexit sha1_base64="yYRUwOHtQWSnp0U08SwcP84NwBI=">AAACAXicbVA9SwNBEN2LXzF+ndoINouJEJtwFxFthKBNygjmA5Ij7G3mkiV7e8funhBCbPwrNhaK2Pov7Pw3bpIrNPHBwOO9GWbm+TFnSjvOt5VZWV1b38hu5ra2d3b37P2DhooSSaFOIx7Jlk8UcCagrpnm0IolkNDn0PSHt1O/+QBSsUjc61EMXkj6ggWMEm2krn1UENfnBVysAlMgfJB9rGIm1FnXzjslZwa8TNyU5FGKWtf+6vQimoQgNOVEqbbrxNobE6kZ5TDJdRIFMaFD0oe2oYKEoLzx7IMJPjVKDweRNCU0nqm/J8YkVGoU+qYzJHqgFr2p+J/XTnRw5Y2ZiBMNgs4XBQnHOsLTOHCPSaCajwwhVDJzK6YDIgnVJrScCcFdfHmZNMol96Lk3JXzlZs0jiw6RieoiFx0iSqoimqojih6RM/oFb1ZT9aL9W59zFszVjpziP7A+vwBPn+VfQ==</latexit>
n = 3 (Heisenberg spins)
<latexit sha1_base64="AzvMWGO9A+xtQOueB+a02MxwrsI=">AAACKnicbVDLSgMxFM3Ud31VXboJFsGNZaYouhF8bEQQFKwtdGrJpBkNTTJDckcoYb7Hjb/ixoUibv0Q0zoLbT0QODnnXu69J0oFN+D7H15panpmdm5+oby4tLyyWllbvzVJpilr0EQkuhURwwRXrAEcBGulmhEZCdaM+mdDv/nItOGJuoFByjqS3Csec0rASd3KyflRGGtC7UVu63loMtm1oSTwQImwN3l++fd754p2baglpokyQBTk3UrVr/kj4EkSFKSKClx1K69hL6GZZAqoIMa0Az+FjiUaOBUsL4eZYSmhfXLP2o4qIpnp2NGpOd52Sg/HiXZPAR6pvzsskcYMZOQqh2ubcW8o/ue1M4gPO5arNAOm6M+gOBMYEjzMDfe4ZhTEwBFCNXe7YvpAXHLg0i27EILxkyfJbb0W7Nf8673q8WkRxzzaRFtoBwXoAB2jc3SFGoiiJ/SC3tC79+y9eh/e509pySt6NtAfeF/frKupRA==</latexit>
H= MT constant
<latexit sha1_base64="v1SmvIz4szr5uI1caQ8Q6iRxI2s=">AAACAnicbVDLSgNBEJz1GeMr6km8DCZCvITdoOhFCHrxGCEvSEKYnXSSIbOz60yvEELw4q948aCIV7/Cm3/j5HHQxIKGoqqb7i4/ksKg6347S8srq2vriY3k5tb2zm5qb79iwlhzKPNQhrrmMwNSKCijQAm1SAMLfAlVv38z9qsPoI0IVQkHETQD1lWiIzhDK7VSh5n7q7MMzZYANetBWzNJYyXQnLZSaTfnTkAXiTcjaTJDsZX6arRDHgegkEtmTN1zI2wOmUbBJYySjdhAxHifdaFuqWIBmOZw8sKInlilTTuhtqWQTtTfE0MWGDMIfNsZMOyZeW8s/ufVY+xcNodCRTGC4tNFnVhSDOk4D9oWGjjKgSWMa2FvpbzHNONoU0vaELz5lxdJJZ/zznPuXT5duJ7FkSBH5JhkiUcuSIHckiIpE04eyTN5JW/Ok/PivDsf09YlZzZzQP7A+fwBLEuWBQ==</latexit>
2 Source:
Figure 1 | Frustrated magnetismNature
on 2D and464, 3D lattices. Two types
q = 4 (Tetrahedral units)
T L. Balents, 199 (2010)

lattice are depicted: a triangular lattice (a) and a kagomé lattice (b)
lattice depicted is a pyrochlore lattice (c). In experimental material
MT = S 1 + S 2 + S 3 + S 4 Order-by-disorder
three-fold rotational symmetry of the triangular and kagomé lattic
<latexit sha1_base64="4KQfilzsZRKrrNbgxuSxdVpxqlU=">AAACKHicbZDLSsNAFIYn9VbrLerSzWARBKEktaIbsejGjVCxrYUmhMl00g6dXJiZCCXkcdz4Km5EFOnWJ3HSBqmtPwx8/OcczpzfjRgV0jDGWmFpeWV1rbhe2tjc2t7Rd/faIow5Ji0cspB3XCQIowFpSSoZ6UScIN9l5NEd3mT1xyfCBQ2DphxFxPZRP6AexUgqy9Gv7pzE8pEcYMSSZppeJpbrwYfUScz05JerM3w6w7XU0ctGxZgILoKZQxnkajj6u9ULceyTQGKGhOiaRiTtBHFJMSNpyYoFiRAeoj7pKgyQT4SdTA5N4ZFyetALuXqBhBN3diJBvhAj31Wd2U1ivpaZ/9W6sfQu7IQGUSxJgKeLvJhBGcIsNdijnGDJRgoQ5lT9FeIB4ghLlW1JhWDOn7wI7WrFPKsY97Vy/TqPowgOwCE4BiY4B3VwCxqgBTB4Bq/gA3xqL9qb9qWNp60FLZ/ZB3+kff8A1eymaw==</latexit>
10 J.T. Chalke
not be perfect, allowing different exchange interactions, J and Jʹ, on
F K=N
<latexit sha1_base64="whUm6B5WYxEdPx0SIzcApb5uI8g=">AAAB7nicbVBNSwMxEJ34WetX1aOXYCt4sewWRC9CURBBkAr2A9qlZNNsG5rNLklWKEt/hBcPinj193jz35i2e9DWBwOP92aYmefHgmvjON9oaXlldW09t5Hf3Nre2S3s7Td0lCjK6jQSkWr5RDPBJasbbgRrxYqR0Bes6Q+vJ37ziSnNI/loRjHzQtKXPOCUGCs1Szend5f3pW6h6JSdKfAicTNShAy1buGr04toEjJpqCBat10nNl5KlOFUsHG+k2gWEzokfda2VJKQaS+dnjvGx1bp4SBStqTBU/X3REpCrUehbztDYgZ63puI/3ntxAQXXsplnBgm6WxRkAhsIjz5Hfe4YtSIkSWEKm5vxXRAFKHGJpS3IbjzLy+SRqXsnpWdh0qxepXFkYNDOIITcOEcqnALNagDhSE8wyu8oRi9oHf0MWtdQtnMAfwB+vwBcwWOUw==</latexit>
horizontal and diagonal bonds, as shown. Blue circles denote magn

Ground states arrows indicate the direction of spin and
Accessible black
states at lowlines
T indicate the sh
lattice. In b, ions and spins are depicted on only part of the illustrat
Extensive degeneracy ! MT = 0
<latexit sha1_base64="aLothTJioC+7iaE0Ivkp57/x7ww=">AAACAHicbVDLSsNAFL3xWesr6sKFm8EiuCqJKLoRim7cCBX6giaEyXTSDp08mJkIJWTjr7hxoYhbP8Odf+OkzUJbD1w4nHMv997jJ5xJZVnfxtLyyuraemWjurm1vbNr7u13ZJwKQtsk5rHo+VhSziLaVkxx2ksExaHPadcf3xZ+95EKyeKopSYJdUM8jFjACFZa8szDey9zQqxGBPOslefXmeMHyMo9s2bVrSnQIrFLUoMSTc/8cgYxSUMaKcKxlH3bSpSbYaEY4TSvOqmkCSZjPKR9TSMcUulm0wdydKKVAQpioStSaKr+nshwKOUk9HVncauc9wrxP6+fquDKzViUpIpGZLYoSDlSMSrSQAMmKFF8ogkmgulbERlhgYnSmVV1CPb8y4ukc1a3L+rWw3mtcVPGUYEjOIZTsOESGnAHTWgDgRye4RXejCfjxXg3PmatS0Y5cwB/YHz+AJaNlmQ=</latexit>
200
© 2010 Macm
There are local degrees of freedom which can Ground state

uctuate independently without the system manifold
leaving its ground state manifold Thermal uctuations fail to lift the degeneracy thus realizing
Source:
a classical spin liquid but one with non-trivial correlations Phase space
Fig. 1.6 Schematic view of phase space for a geometrically frustrated magnet
<latexit sha1_base64="wcwvDO70fu51hT+mqavGJuV/L5k=">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</latexit>
Moessner and Chalker, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2929 (1998)

<latexit sha1_base64="UeUat+86m9cSpdiIqZ45wZNsl80=">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</latexit>
J. T. Chalker, Introduction to Frustrated Magnetism, Chapter 1 (2011)

fl
fl
a
103/PhysRevLett.120.057201
trated magnetism, spinel compounds

(with X ¼ O, Se, S) have long been
Defeating the Néel state in D>1
single coplanar spin spiral by a momentum vector ⃗q
(indicating its direction and pitch), the degenerate
ce of novel physical phenomena [1]. ground-state manifold can be captured by a set of ⃗q vectors
magnetic B ions and nonmagnetic A that span a “spin spiral surface"Spir l surf
in momentum spaceces
[11]
4 or AV2 O4 (with A ¼ Mg, Zn, Cd), as illustrated in Fig. 1. While these spiral surfaces bear a
tiferromagnets where geometric frus- X
striking resemblance to Fermi surfaces [12], they are
<latexit sha1_base64="cLI2ighMgBupjZd7qgQLD9aIBKI=">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</latexit>
Hconsiderably
=N J(q)S q · Sobjects {Q 2 MGS | J(q)min }
<latexit sha1_base64="4PRFaLKbvALdZ2kmn7mpbnUSr10=">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</latexit>
elf in a vastly suppressed ordering more delicate q that can be easily

to the Curie-Weiss temperature. destroyed by small perturbations to the Hamiltonian (1)
q2BZ
rochlore Heisenberg antiferromagnet (such as further interactions) or even by fluctuations
xample of a three-dimensional spin [11,13] that will induce an order-by-disorder transition
its classical [4,5] and quantum [6,7] into a simple magnetically ordered state (typically captured
els, with nonmagnetic B ions and by a single ⃗q vector). Such a description of the magnetism
ming a diamond lattice, have caught of A-site spinels in terms of classical local moments has
me ten yearsOne-dimensional
ago with the synthesis Two-dimensional Complete BZ
Sc2 S4 [8], and CoAl2 O4 [9,10] that,
M K
PRL 120, 057201 (2018)

pinels, exhibit a dramatic suppression
J1 –J2 Diamond
perature. At first sight counterintuitive
J1 –J2 square
J1 Kagome
d nature of the diamond lattice, it was
that a sizable next-nearest neighbor
g spins on the fcc sublattices of the
duces strong geometric frustration.
shown that the classical Heisenberg
<latexit sha1_base64="zS1PCF8v/RdV5iYO5OqM7T48ZUM=">AAACCnicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEs3g63gqiRF0GXRjbiqYG2hDWEyuW2HTh7OTMQSsnXjr7hxoSBu/QJ3/o2TNgttPTBwOOde7pzjxZxJZVnfRmlpeWV1rbxe2djc2t4xd/duZZQICm0a8Uh0PSKBsxDaiikO3VgACTwOHW98kfudexCSReGNmsTgBGQYsgGjRGnJNXHtyk3trNZX8KAg9Ikc5Uojq2F5lxABrlm16tYUeJHYBamiAi3X/Or7EU0CCBXlRMqebcXKSYlQjHLIKv1EQkzomAyhp2lIApBOOk2S4SOt+HgQCf1Chafq742UBFJOAk9PBkSN5LyXi/95vUQNzpyUhXGiU9LZoUHCsYpwXgv2mQCq+EQTQgXTf8V0RAShSpdX0SXY85EXSadRt0/qtn3dqDbPiz7K6AAdomNko1PURJeohdqIokf0jF7Rm/FkvBjvxsdstGQUO/voD4zPH9oWmZw=</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="Huig5/UoxiidM+S3t+gOcwx2/9U=">AAACC3icbVBPS8MwHE39O+e/qkcv0U3wNJoh6HGoB/E0wbnBVkqaZltYmpYkFUfp2YtfxYsHBfHqF/DmtzHdetDNB4HHe78fv7znx5wp7Tjf1sLi0vLKammtvL6xubVt7+zeqSiRhLZIxCPZ8bGinAna0kxz2oklxaHPadsfXeR++55KxSJxq8cxdUM8EKzPCNZG8uyD6rWXoqza0/RBUxFgNcyVelaFlwyHkQg8u+LUnAngPEEFqYACTc/+6gURSUIqNOFYqS5yYu2mWGpGOM3KvUTRGJMRHtCuoQKHVLnpJEoGj4wSwH4kzRMaTtTfGykOlRqHvpkMsR6qWS8X//O6ie6fuSkTcWJikumhfsKhjmDeCwyYpETzsSGYSGb+CskQS0y0aa9sSkCzkedJu15DJzWEbuqVxnnRRwnsg0NwDBA4BQ1wBZqgBQh4BM/gFbxZT9aL9W59TEcXrGJnD/yB9fkDSs2Z0Q==</latexit>
(b) (c)
<latexit sha1_base64="zMy8+eqndZTPDB7PpXL4kPrwyTI=">AAAB9nicbVBNSwMxEJ31s9avqkcvwVbwVDZF0GPRi+ilgrWFdi3ZNG1Dk82SZJWy9H948aAgXv0t3vw3pu0etPXBwOO9GWbmhbHgxvr+t7e0vLK6tp7byG9ube/sFvb2741KNGV1qoTSzZAYJnjE6pZbwZqxZkSGgjXC4eXEbzwybbiK7uwoZoEk/Yj3OCXWSQ+l606KxyV0Q/pKsk6h6Jf9KdAiwRkpQoZap/DV7iqaSBZZKogxLezHNkiJtpwKNs63E8NiQoekz1qORkQyE6TTq8fo2Cld1FPaVWTRVP09kRJpzEiGrlMSOzDz3kT8z2sltncepDyKE8siOlvUSwSyCk0iQF2uGbVi5AihmrtbER0QTah1QeVdCHj+5UXSqJTxaRnj20qxepHlkYNDOIITwHAGVbiCGtSBgoZneIU378l78d69j1nrkpfNHMAfeJ8/rOORyw==</latexit>
nearest and next-nearest (a) neighbor (b) (c)
J1 Pyrochlore
FIG. 1. Frustrated diamond lattice antiferromagnet. Left:
X X Diamond lattice with nearest (J 1 ) and next-nearest neighbor
Si Sj þ J2 Si Sj ; ð1Þ coupling (J 2 ). A tetragonal distortion of the lattice along one
J1 FCC
FCC
1
hi;ji ⟪i;j⟫ spatial axis (orthogonal to the plane indicated in red) splits the 12
next-nearest neighbor couplings into a group of 4 in-plane terms
1
2
nerate coplanar spin spiral ground

=
(J −2 ) and 8 out-of-plane terms (J ⊥

2 ). Right: Spin spiral surface for
<latexit sha1_base64="p1iQSMUGSquUT9/SVlGk9rqN3wE=">AAAB83icbVBNSwMxEM3Wr1q/qh69BFvBU9ktgh6LBRFPFawtbJeSTbNtaDZZklmhLP0ZXjwoiFf/jDf/jWm7B219MPB4b4aZeWEiuAHX/XYKa+sbm1vF7dLO7t7+Qfnw6NGoVFPWpkoo3Q2JYYJL1gYOgnUTzUgcCtYJx82Z33li2nAlH2CSsCAmQ8kjTglYya/e9TNvWsU3zWa/XHFr7hx4lXg5qaAcrX75qzdQNI2ZBCqIMb7nJhBkRAOngk1LvdSwhNAxGTLfUkliZoJsfvIUn1llgCOlbUnAc/X3REZiYyZxaDtjAiOz7M3E/zw/hegqyLhMUmCSLhZFqcCg8Ox/POCaURATSwjV3N6K6YhoQsGmVLIheMsvr5JOveZd1Dzvvl5pXOd5FNEJOkXnyEOXqIFuUQu1EUUKPaNX9OaA8+K8Ox+L1oKTzxyjP3A+fwDew5Al</latexit>
J2
J1
magnetic J2 > jJ1 j=8. Describing a J 2 =jJ 1 j ¼ 0.73 plotted in the first Brillouin zone (solid lines).
<latexit sha1_base64="ZTW809TQ9P7KxwDBry/Xue81g78=">AAACD3icbZBPS8MwGMbT+W/Of1WPXoLbwNNohqAXYTgQ8TTBucFWRpqlW1ialiQVRukn8OJX8eJBQbx69ea3Md160M0XQh5+z/uSvI8Xcaa043xbhZXVtfWN4mZpa3tnd8/eP7hXYSwJbZOQh7LrYUU5E7Stmea0G0mKA4/TjjdpZn7ngUrFQnGnpxF1AzwSzGcEa4MGdrXS9yUmyc0gqadpdqE0vZgzlBpWgVfN5sAuOzVnVnBZoFyUQV6tgf3VH4YkDqjQhGOlesiJtJtgqRnhNC31Y0UjTCZ4RHtGChxQ5SazdVJYNWQI/VCaIzSc0d8TCQ6Umgae6QywHqtFL4P/eb1Y++duwkQUayrI/CE/5lCHMMsGDpmkRPOpEZhIZv4KyRibKLRJsGRCQIsrL4tOvYZOawjd1suNyzyPIjgCx+AEIHAGGuAatEAbEPAInsEreLOerBfr3fqYtxasfOYQ/Cnr8wefrJud</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="SxfhFzvJchnZGGFh4PbJCQwfMqo=">AAAB/HicbVDNSgMxGMzWv1r/1nr0EmwFT2VTBD0WvYinCtYW2mXJpmkbmk2WJCsuy76KFw8K4tUH8ebbmLZ70NaBwDAzH9+XCWPOtPG8b6e0tr6xuVXeruzs7u0fuIfVBy0TRWiHSC5VL8SaciZoxzDDaS9WFEchp91wej3zu49UaSbFvUlj6kd4LNiIEWysFLjV+m2QobwO26mSZGLjNHBrXsObA64SVJAaKNAO3K/BUJIkosIQjrXuIy82foaVYYTTvDJINI0xmeIx7VsqcES1n81vz+GpVYZwJJV9wsC5+nsiw5HWaRTaZITNRC97M/E/r5+Y0aWfMREnhgqyWDRKODQSzoqAQ6YoMTy1BBPF7K2QTLDCxNi6KrYEtPzlVdJtNtB5A6G7Zq11VfRRBsfgBJwBBC5AC9yANugAAp7AM3gFb07uvDjvzsciWnKKmSPwB87nD5TXk/c=</latexit>
a
a
Do quantum spin liquids really
exist in nature ?
What should we ideally be looking out for ?
Materials with spins on lattices that frustrate conventional Néel

order
Spin-1/2 systems are of particular interest because they are the
least classical
Fluctuations are enhanced in 2D and for low coordination
numbers

ARTICLES
Herbertsmithite
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-020-0792-1
Gapless ground state in the archetypal quantum

K gome L ttice kagome antiferromagnet ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2
P. Khuntia1,2, M. Velazquez3,4, Q. Barthélemy! !1, F. Bert! !1, E. Kermarrec! !1, A. Legros1, B. Bernu5,
L. Messio! !5,6, A. Zorko! !7,8 and P. Mendels! !1
RES EARCH | R E V I E W
B ZnCu3 (OH)6 Cl 2 C -RuCl 3
•
Spin liquids are exotic phases of quantum matter that challenge Landau’s paradigm of symmetry-breaking phase transitions.
Despite strong exchange interactions, spins do not order or freeze down to zero temperature. Although well established for
The entire low-energy spectrum is

one-dimensional quantum antiferromagnets, in higher dimensions where quantum fluctuations are less acute, realizing and
Inelastic Neutron Scattering

understanding such states is a major issue, both theoretically and experimentally. In this regard, the simplest nearest-neigh-
bour Heisenberg antiferromagnet Hamiltonian on the highly frustrated kagome lattice has proven to be a fascinating and inspir-
dominated by impurity spins !

ing model. The exact nature of its ground state remains elusive and the existence of a spin-gap is the first key issue to be
addressed to discriminate between the various classes of proposed spin liquids. Here, through low-temperature NMR contrast
experiments on high-quality single crystals, we single out the kagome susceptibility and the corresponding dynamics in the
kagome archetype, the mineral herbertsmithite, ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2. We firmly conclude that this material does not harbour any
•
spin-gap, which restores a convergence with recent numerical results promoting a gapless Dirac spin liquid as the ground state
Some of the properties are

of the Heisenberg kagome antiferromagnet.
I
n the context of magnetism, quantum spin liquids (QSLs) appear conclusion. The main reason for this is the existence of a prolifera-
reminiscent of random spin singlet

exotic, because they harbour a quantum-entangled ground state tion of states that are close in energy, which has led to theoretical
with no symmetry-breaking and unconventional excitations (for proposals ranging from valence bond crystals24 (made of local spin
example, fractional ones such as spinons or Majorana fermions)1. dimers) to spin liquids, either gapped (like the resonating valence
states which are not quantum spin

A large variety of such QSLs can be classified theoretically2,3. In bond state) or gapless (like the Dirac U(1) spin liquid)25–27. Each
parallel, the pool of experimental candidates built from a regular new round in the debate has resulted from challenging develop-
assembly of frustrated motifs and, more recently, bond-dependent ments in the available numerical techniques28–35. The density matrix
interactions in the Kitaev case, has been steadily increasing over the renormalization group (DMRG) technique first concluded that a
liquids as they are product wave

past 20 years, encompassing Mott–Hubbard organic materials and gapped resonating valence bond (RVB) state could be stabilized29,30,
deep Mott insulators in various two- (2D) and three-dimensional but variational Monte-Carlo (VMC)31 methods, exact diagonaliza-
(3D) geometries4–8. Among them, the kagome lattice is a promi- tions for a 48-spin cluster32, grand canonical analysis33 and further
functions states
nent 2D example in which frustrated triangles only share corners. works using DMRG have suggested that this is, in fact, not the case,
This reduced lattice connectivity, the frustration generated by recently pointing to a gapless Dirac state34 that is also found using
nearest-neighbour Heisenberg antiferromagnetic interactions and tensor network states (TNS)35. In this context, the issue of the gap in
the quantum character of S = 1/2 spins indeed conspire to stabilize the KHAF model that we address here experimentally is a corner-
•
a highly entangled QSL state in herbertsmithite9, ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2 stone in the investigations of this model.
Some indications of marginal Fermi

(Fig. 1). This compound has emerged as the first kagome-based 17
O NMR, being a local technique, can resolve that issue as it
Downloaded from http://sc

antiferromagnet featuring a perfect equilateral triangular geometry, is a unique and very sensitive probe of the copper–oxygen kagome
dominant nearest-neighbour Heisenberg antiferromagnetic inter- planes in the model compound herbertsmithite. Indeed, oxygens
actions J (~180–190 K)10 and without any ordering11 but instead an are on the exchange path connecting kagome spins (Fig. 1b) and,
liquid behavior (C. M. Verma)

unconventional excitations continuum12. Indeed, it has so far been
recognized as the closest material to the ideal model of a Heisenberg
antiferromagnetic Hamiltonian on a kagome lattice (KHAF)13, and
as we show here, are much less coupled to inter-plane coppers (the
ratio of the coupling constants is less than 1:29), which appear as
the main defects in herbertsmithite. These defects mask the physics
is now available in single-crystal form. Its discovery triggered a from the kagome spins through dominant Schottky36,37 and Curie-
burst of experimental activity (1) in the materials search for Cu2+- like38,39 contributions in low-T specific heat and susceptibility exper-
based S = 1/2 variants obtained either from a change of anions14–16 iments, respectively. Initially used on powders, 17O NMR gave the
or replacement of Zn2+ cations17–20 and Li+ intercalation in view of first hint about the low-T kagome susceptibility from shift measure-
charge doping21 and (2) with V4+-based S = 1/222,23 QSL candidates. ments and about spin dynamics from spin-lattice relaxation time
On the theoretical side, which was also revived by the discovery (T1) measurements and also revealed the existence of defect sites40.
of herbertsmithite, investigation of the ground state of the KHAF, Based on a more accurate study once single crystals became avail-
despite its apparently simple form, has long been lacking a definite able, others argued in favour of a gapped state in herbertsmithite
a
a

ARTICLES
Ca10Cr7O28
PUBLISHED ONLINE: 25 JULY 2016 | DOI: 10.1038/NPHYS3826
Physical realization of a quantum spin liquid based

Distorted K gome Bi-l yer on a complex frustration mechanism
Christian Balz1,2*, Bella Lake1,2, Johannes Reuther1,3, Hubertus Luetkens4, Rico Schönemann5,
Thomas Herrmannsdörfer5, Yogesh Singh6, A. T. M. Nazmul Islam1, Elisa M. Wheeler7,
Jose A. Rodriguez-Rivera8,9, Tatiana Guidi10, Giovanna G. Simeoni11, Chris Baines4 and Hanjo Ryll1
ATURE PHYSICS DOI: 10.1038/NPHYS3826 ARTICLES Unlike conventional magnets where the magnetic moments are partially or completely static in the ground state, in a quantum
spin liquid they remain in collective motion down to the lowest temperatures. The importance of this state is that it is
NATURE PHYSICS
coherent and highly entangled without breaking local symmetries. In the case of magnets with isotropic interactions, spin-
DOI: 10.1038/NPHYS3826
liquid behaviour is sought in simple lattices with antiferromagnetic interactions that favour antiparallel alignments of the
ARTICLES
a Inelastic neutron scattering, E = 0.25 meV b Nearest-neighbour dimers
3.0 3.0 magnetic moments and are incompatible with the lattice geometries. Despite an extensive search, experimental realizations
a remain very few. Here we investigateb the novel, unexplored magnet Ca Cr O c, which has a complex Hamiltonian consisting
10 7 28
Exchange
of several different isotropic interactions Coupling
and where the (meV) Type
ferromagnetic couplings are stronger than the antiferromagnetic
2.5 2.5
ones. We show bothJ31experimentally and theoretically
J0 that it displaysFMall the features expected of a quantum spin liquid. Thus
−0.08(4)
2.0 2.0 spin-liquid behaviour in isotropic magnetsJ11is not restricted
0 to the simple idealized models currently investigated, but can be
compatible with complex structures and ferromagnetic interactions.
[h, −h, 0]
[h, −h, 0]
J0 J12 0
1.5 1.5 J21 −0.76(5) FM
A
J22 J21 J22 −0.27(3) FM
1.0 1.0 spin liquid is built from a macroscopic lattice of interacting Specific lattices are required for the spin-liquid state in
J31 0.09(2) AFM
magnetic ions whose ground state has no static magnetism, Heisenberg antiferromagnets. Geometrical frustration is possible
Single crystal instead the magnetic moments fluctuate J32 coherently0.11(3) down when AFMthe magnetic ions are arranged on triangular or tetrahedral
0.5 0.5
90 mK to theJ32 lowest temperatures without breaking local ΣJ symmetries 1,2
−0.91(17). It units, here the antiferromagnetic coupling favours antiparallel spin
c
0.0 0.0 contrasts with the magnetically long-range ordered ground states alignment between nearest-neighbour spins, which can never be
−1.5 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 −1.5 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 b
observed in conventional magnets. Spin-liquid behaviour can arise satisfied on all magnetic bonds. This typically leads to highly
[h, h, 0] [h, h, 0] when competitionJ11 (known as frustration) between interactions degenerate grounda states and the tendency for static long-range
J12
and/or anisotropies suppresses long-range magnetic order. The order to be reduced. This tendency can be further suppressed
c d Functional renormalization group emergent states reveal new types of topological d order which manifest in quantum systems where the magnetic e ions have quantum
6 3.0
χ H || a = 0.1 T in the existence of excitations with fractional quantum numbers. spin number S = 1/2; here the Heisenberg uncertainty principle
χ H || c = 0.1 T 2.5 Several important spin liquids arise from anisotropic interactions produces zero-point motion that is comparable to the size of the spin
that are incompatible with the lattice geometries; such as spin ice, and which persists down to T = 0 K.
χ (e.m.u. mol−1 Oe−1)
χ FRG
4 2.0 where ferromagnetic interactions compete with local anisotropies Theoretical work on quantum spin liquids with isotropic
destroying long-range order and giving rise to free monopole antiferromagnetic interactions has resulted in a number of models.
[h, −h, 0]
1.5 excitations3,4 . Another example is the Kitaev spin liquid, where The most promising two-dimensional quantum spin liquid is
competition between highly directional interactions suppresses the kagome lattice consisting of corner-sharing triangles of
2
1.0 order andc
produces Majorana fermion excitations5,6 . In the absence antiferromagnetically coupled spin-1/2 ions7–11 . Experimental
of anisotropy, the possibilities for competition are reduced. While realizations are in contrast much more challenging because real
0.5 both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions c are capable materials usually have additional terms in their Hamiltonians, such
a b
0 of frustration if they are anisotropic, it is widely b believed that as further-neighbour interactions which can lift the degeneracy,
0 20 40 60 80 0.0 isotropic interactions (known as Heisenberg interactions) must be destroying the spin-liquid ground state12 . Among the many
−1.5 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 a
Temperature (K)/RG parameter Λ⋅J21 (K) predominantly antiferromagnetic to generate frustration. This is proposed physical realizations of the kagome lattice, the best
[h, h, 0] because, for ferromagnetic Heisenberg interactions, the spins can candidate is the mineral Herbertsmithite, which has recently been
rotate
Figure 1 | and align and
Structure parallel to each a,
Hamiltonian. other on any lattice,
Crystallographic unit satisfying
cell of Ca10all verified
Cr7 O28 asonly
showing a quantum Cr5+ ions,
spin liquid
the magnetic 13,14
. which
Herbertsmithite has by
are represented nothe
long-
black
gure 5 | Inelastic neutron scattering data measured in zero applied magnetic field compared to theory. a, Inelastic neutron scattering intensity in the the
and interactions
grey spheres (seesimultaneously and giving
Supplementary Methods rise toofferromagnetic
for details the crystal structurerange order down The
determination). to the lowest
seven temperatures, couplings
nearest-neighbour and its excitations
between are
5+
ne of the kagome bilayers ((hk0) plane) measured on MACS II at E = 0.25 meV, T = 90 mK. The black (red) lines are the boundaries of the first (fourth) Crlong-range order. by the coloured lines. b, Values of isotropic (Heisenberg)
ions are indicated spinons which
exchange have fractional
interactions quantum
corresponding spin
to the number
magnetic S = 1/2,
couplings and
in a, FM
means ferromagnetic and AFM means antiferromagnetic (see Supplementary Methods for details on how the Hamiltonian and its error bars were
llouin zone. The red high-intensity points are phonons dispersing from Bragg peaks. b, Equal-time structure factor for dimers randomly arranged on a
5+ 5+ deduced). c, The crystal structure consists of distorted kagome bilayers of Cr5+ ions lying in the ab plane. The two layers which form the bilayer both
angular lattice using the method described in ref. 13. The lattice spacing is assumed to be twice the average in-plane nearest-neighbour Cr –Cr
a
a
PbCuTe2O6
Hyper-hyperk gome l ttice ARTICLE
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15594-1 OPEN
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15594-1 ARTICLE Evidence for a three-dimensional quantum spin

a b ~Q  (Å–1)
liquid in PbCuTe2O6
4 250
2.6 2 1.4 0.8 0.2 0.8 1.4 2 2.6
T = 0.1 K
40 Shravani Chillal 1 ✉, Yasir Iqbal 2, Harald O. Jeschke 3, Jose A. Rodriguez-Rivera 4,5, Robert Bewley6,
4 !E
3
!E 200 Pascal Manuel6, Dmitry Khalyavin6, Paul Steffens 7, Ronny Thomale 8, A. T. M. Nazmul Islam1,
30 Johannes Reuther1,9 & BellaNATURE 1,10
Lake COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15594-1
Intensity (a.u.)
Energy (meV)
3
150
Intensity (a.u.)
Energy (meV)
2 meV
2
20
1.5 meV 2
1234567890():,;
100
a b T ~ 1 K whose origin is not
1 0.75 meV 10
The quantum spin liquid is a highly entangled magnetic state characterized by the absence of known that these single c
50 1
static magnetism in its ground state. Instead, the spins fluctuate in a highly correlated way 5–10% of the chemical com
J mentary Note 3). This is in
down to the lowest temperatures. Quantum spin2 liquids are very rare and are confined J4 to a
0 0 0 J1
0 1 2 3
0
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 few specific cases where the interactions between the magnetic ions cannot be simulta- samples which do not show
–1
Q  (Å ) [0.3,0.3,/] (r.l.u) neously satisfied (known as frustration). Lattices with magnetic ions in triangular or tetra- J2 K, hence, supporting the vie
hedral arrangements, which interact via isotropic antiferromagnetic interactions, can in single crystals results fro
c d 25 J1 this transition could, in pr
powder single crystal generate such a frustration. Three-dimensional
Cu 2+ isotropic spin liquids have mostly been sought
T<100 mK T<100 mK order, our analysis (Supplem
E< 0.15 meV
80 20 Q = (±0.3, ±0.3, –1.67)

in materials where the magnetic ions form pyrochlore or hyperkagome lattices. Here we
Ei = 1.6 meV most obvious types of order
Ei = 1.3 meV present a three-dimensional lattice called the hyper-hyperkagome that enables spin liquid
J3 the transition is of structura
Intensity (a.u.)
Intensity (a.u.)
15 behaviour and manifests in the compound c PbCuTe2O6. Using a combination ofbexperiment

Ei = 2.7 meV not focus on possible effects
and theory, we show that this system aexhibits signs of being a quantum spin liquid witha no 2+ physics of the cleaner powd
b c Cu
Ei = 2.3 meV
40 10 detectable static magnetism together with the presence of diffuse continua in the magnetic the temperature/energy scal
Ei = 5.6 meV Ei = 5.4 meV
c
spectrum suggestive of fractional spinon excitations.
2 –20
5 J1
J2 Diffuse continuum of exc
0 0 1.5 J3 –25 excitations of PbCuTe2O6, w
0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Energy (meV) Energy (meV) J4 tering. This technique direc
Jk (meV)
factor S(Q, E), which is the
!CW (K)
!CW
4 1 –30
e f g 40 of the spin–spin correlation
2 excitation spectrum to be m
Intensity (a.u.)
0
30
0.5 –35
and momentum (or waveve
[0,k,0]
20
excitation spectrum of a pow
–2
dispersionless, broad diffuse
–4 10 0 –40 visible around momentum
T = 0.1 K T = 0.1 K T = 0.1 K 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
E = 0.75 meV E = 1.5 meV E = 2 meV excitations extend up to 3 m
–6 0 U (eV)
1 Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany. 2 Department of Physics, Indianinstrumental resolution. Fig
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4
Institute of −1
[h,0,0] [h,0,0] [h,0,0]
Technology Madras, Chennai 600036,Fig. 1 3The
India. magnetic
Research Instituteinteractions andScience,
for Interdisciplinary Hamiltonian
Okayamaof PbCuTe3-1-1
University, 2O6Tsushima-naka,
. a The |Q| ≈ 0.8
Kita-ku, Å plotted as a
Okayama
Fig. 3 Magnetic inelastic neutron scattering data of PbCuTe2O6 measured at temperatures of T < 0.1 K. a, b Excitation spectra obtained on powder and 700-8530, Japan. 4 NIST Center for Neutron
magnetic Research, National
structure drawnInstitute
fromof the
Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
crystallographically equivalent MD greatest
20899, USA.
magnetic at Eof = 0.5 meV and
5 Department
single crystal using the time-of-flight spectrometer LET, with an incident energy of E = 5.6 meV and E = 5.4 meV respectively. These plots clearly show Materials Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. 6 ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK.
a
a
ARTICLES
NaCaNi2F7
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-018-0317-3
Pyrochlore l ttice Continuum of quantum fluctuations in a three-

dimensional S!=!1 Heisenberg magnet
S = 1 Quantum Spin Liquid
ARTICLES
K. W. Plumb# #1,2*, Hitesh J. Changlani2, A. Scheie2, Shu Zhang2, J. W. Krizan3, J. A. Rodriguez-Rivera4,5,
NATURE PHYSICS Yiming Qiu4, B. Winn6, R. J. Cava3 and C. L. Broholm2,4,7
NATURE PHYSICS
Conventional crystalline magnets are characterized by symmetry breaking and normal modes of excitation called magnons,
with quantized angular momentum μν ħ. Neutron scattering correspondingly features extra magnetic Bragg diffraction at low tem-
a interaction matrix J is parameterized by four independent terms:
a
peratures and dispersive inelastic b Exceptions are antici-
scattering associated with single magnon creation and annihilation.
SF NSF
2
Data
the diagonal components J and J , and off-diagonal components
1 2
50
pated in so-called quantum spin liquids, as exemplified by the one-dimensional spin-1/2 chain, which has no magnetic order (2
and where magnons accordingly fractionalize into spinons with angular momentum ħ/2. This is spectacularly revealed by a
1.0 J and J (ref. ). For the next-nearest-neighbour interactions J
29 (2
(0, 0, )
12
continuum of
4 inelastic neutron scattering associated with two-spinon processes. Here, we report NNN
evidence for these key fea-
Ki
Kf dΩ
3
0 tures of a quantum spin liquid in the three-dimensional antiferromagnet NaCaNi2F7. We show that despite the complication of
we retain only the isotropic part. We find the best global fit of the
kf dΩdE ′
ki d2σ ↑↓
dσ
random Na1+–Ca2+ charge disorder, NaCaNi2F7 is an almost ideal realization of the spin-1 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model
–2
measured equal-time structure factor with the SCGA using the
on a pyrochlore lattice. Magnetic Bragg diffraction is absent and 90% of the neutron spectral weight forms a continuum of
barn sr–1 per Ni

×2 ×2 magnetic scattering with low-energy pinch points, indicating NaCaNi2F7 is in a Coulomb-like phase. Our results demonstrate
b 0.5 exchange parameters: J = J = 3.2(1) meV, J = 0.019(3) meV, J = −
that disorder can act to freeze only
8 the 1 lowest-energy magnetic degrees of freedom; at higher energies, a magnetic excitation
Energy (meV)
SCGA SF NSF 2 3 4
barn sr–1 per Ni

2 0.070(4) meV and J = −0.025(5) meV. Details of the neutron
continuum characteristic of fractionalized excitations persists.
NNN 25
0 4 8
Energy (meV)
(0, 0, )
measurements, fitting procedure and the goodness of fit diagnostics c
T
0
0.0 he existence of a spin liquid for isotropically interacting clas- ing to the second- and third-nearest neighbours . Magnetic frus- 15 2.5
–2 are sical
provided
spins on the inpyrochlore
the Methods lattice was firstandproposed
Supplementary Information.
by tration is manifest through self-organizedThe independent hexagonal 7.5
Jacques Villain nearly 40 years 4 ago . Since then, it has been clusters , but a magneto-structural transition severely impacts
1 16–19
resulting calculated neutron intensity is shown in Fig.
established that the classical (S → ∞) Heisenberg antiferromag- almost half of the magnetic bandwidth. 1b. Although 11.5
–4 –2 0 2 4 –2 0 2 –2 0 2 –2 0 2 the
net SCGA
does is
not undergo an anyapproximate
magnetic ordering procedure,
transition . The we Extrinsic
2–6
find exceptional
disorder, in the form agree-
magnetic interaction energy is minimized by all spin configura- magnetic exchange interactions caused by chemical disorder may
of impurity ions, or variations in
(h, 0, 0) (h, h, 0) (h, h, 0) (h, h, 0)
ment
tions with between the model
vanishing magnetization on everyand data,andand
tetrahedron, the alsowedisrupt
shall later
the spin liquid.see thatthese
Generally, a perturbations result in
ensemble of these configurations forms1.8 a macroscopically degener- 1.8 a spin-freezing
< < 2.2 transition at 0 low temperatures . For example, in 20–22
classical Monte Carlo
ate, but highly correlated, ground-state 0 calculation
< hh < 2.2
of the specific heat
manifold. Such a collective the Heisenberg pyrochlore Y Mo based on O , the
weak disorder results in a fully
Fig. 1 | Equal-time structure factor in NaCaNi2F7. a, Measured neutron 2 2 7
inferred
state is termed spin
a Coulomb Hamiltonian –1
is
phase because coarse-grained 0
consistent
spin with
1 con- 2frozen state
our measurements.
0 with isotropic
–2 –2
short-range spin correlations 0
. Here,
23,24
cross-section integrated over the range 0!<!E!<!14!meV at T!=!1.8(2) figurations within the manifold form a divergence-free vector field, we (h,
(2, 2, ) (r.l.u.) demonstrate that disorder is not necessarily fatal to the(2,
h, 2) (r.l.u.) search
2, )for
(r.l.u.)
Although
implying dipolarthe effective
correlations moment
. Experiments
7–9
probing 3.7(1) μquantum
of magnetic B implies an orbital
spin liquids, as it can act con-
to freeze only the lowest energy
K. Polarized neutron measurements are labelled by NSF, which correlations, and hence the solenoidal field, should include sharp magnetic degrees of freedom. At higher energies a magnetic excita-
tribution
Fig.point
pinch to
3 | Momentum- the magnetism
and energy-resolved
features, as in related
26
, we find
inelastic
classical spin-ice materials, thattionthe
neutron
where effect
scattering
continuum of spin–orbit
probing
characteristic magnetic excitations
of fractionalized persists. 2F7. a,
in NaCaNi
excitations
measures components of the dynamic spin correlation function that are
coupling
ferromagnetic
the spin-flip on
Ising the
portion ofexchange
interactions
thedominate
polarized . Hamiltonian
Both
10
classical
neutron spin ice iscross-section
scattering very
NaCaNi small.
F isatone
2 7 We
T!= member conclude
!1.8!K. of adata
The family of recently
were discovered
symmetrized by foldin
perpendicular to the (h, h, ℓ) scattering plane, and SF, which measures the and the classical Heisenberg antiferromagnet may be classified as transition metal pyrochlore fluorides where charge balance in the
(2, 2, but,
for thephases ℓ)-energy slice and the line along (h, h, 0) forneutral
the (h, h, 2)-energy slice. No ansmoothing or interpolation was
that
Coulomb the spin Hamiltonian
whereas for NaCaNi
there is much activity and progress in F
2 7 closely approximates
chemical structure requires theequal mixture of Na and 1+
component of the dynamics spin correlation function polarized within the momentum
exploring quantum cuts ofice,
spin theless
spin-flip cross-section
is understood through
about the quantum a Ca
pinch(refs
2+ point at ). q!= !(2, 2, 0)
Diffraction
25–27 and nodal point
measurements probing at the
(2, 2, 1) integrat
average
S =of1theHeisenberg
limit antiferromagnet
antiferromagnetic Heisenberg on thecrystal
model. There is theoreti- pyrochlore
structure indicate lattice,
that Na and per-
1+
Ca (n + 1)2
are=uniformly
2+ ΓE ran-
and
(h, h, ℓ) scattering plane and perpendicular to momentum transfer. Before calthe sum of thatapinch
Lorentzian function survive
centred on, but S (E )
turbed
evidence
only atpoint
the percent
correlations
level the bytheelastic
spe- line
symmetric anddistributed
domly a damped on oscillator
the A-site ofform
and antisymmetric the pyrochlore(Elattice.
− Eq2) Magnetic
2 , where
2,3,11–13
2
+ (2ΓE )2
a
Spin-Charge separation
The origin of g uge structure
Pseudo spin-charge separation True spin-charge separation
e + S=0
<latexit sha1_base64="CfmldpHzleeVsO53vGHoIBc8BgY=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE0YtQ9OKxUvsBbSib7aZdutmE3YlQQn+CFw+KePUXefPfuG1z0OqDgcd7M8zMCxIpDLrul1NYWV1b3yhulra2d3b3yvsHLROnmvEmi2WsOwE1XArFmyhQ8k6iOY0CydvB+Hbmtx+5NiJWDzhJuB/RoRKhYBSt1Ghcu/1yxa26c5C/xMtJBXLU++XP3iBmacQVMkmN6Xpugn5GNQom+bTUSw1PKBvTIe9aqmjEjZ/NT52SE6sMSBhrWwrJXP05kdHImEkU2M6I4sgsezPxP6+bYnjlZ0IlKXLFFovCVBKMyexvMhCaM5QTSyjTwt5K2IhqytCmU7IheMsv/yWts6p3UXXvzyu1mzyOIhzBMZyCB5dQgzuoQxMYDOEJXuDVkc6z8+a8L1oLTj5zCL/gfHwDn2eNXA==</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="opNRv3MUW14Nmqf1Tqdj7S9/4TI=">AAAB7HicbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRbBU90til6EohePFd220C4lm2bb0GyyJFmhLP0NXjwo4tUf5M1/Y9ruQVsfDDzem2FmXphwpo3rfjuFldW19Y3iZmlre2d3r7x/0NQyVYT6RHKp2iHWlDNBfcMMp+1EURyHnLbC0e3Ubz1RpZkUj2ac0CDGA8EiRrCxkv9w7Z3VeuWKW3VnQMvEy0kFcjR65a9uX5I0psIQjrXueG5iggwrwwink1I31TTBZIQHtGOpwDHVQTY7doJOrNJHkVS2hEEz9fdEhmOtx3FoO2NshnrRm4r/eZ3URFdBxkSSGirIfFGUcmQkmn6O+kxRYvjYEkwUs7ciMsQKE2PzKdkQvMWXl0mzVvUuqu79eaV+k8dRhCM4hlPw4BLqcAcN8IEAg2d4hTdHOC/Ou/Mxby04+cwh/IHz+QN/gY3S</latexit>
S = 1/2
<latexit sha1_base64="doR319/GG3IpbdoCDVPjdkocsVc=">AAAB7HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBiyURRY9FLx4rmLbQxrLZTtulm03Y3Qgl9Dd48aCIV3+QN/+N2zYHbX0w8Hhvhpl5YSK4Nq777RRWVtfWN4qbpa3tnd298v5BQ8epYuizWMSqFVKNgkv0DTcCW4lCGoUCm+Hoduo3n1BpHssHM04wiOhA8j5n1FjJx8fsbNItV9yqOwNZJl5OKpCj3i1/dXoxSyOUhgmqddtzExNkVBnOBE5KnVRjQtmIDrBtqaQR6iCbHTshJ1bpkX6sbElDZurviYxGWo+j0HZG1Az1ojcV//PaqelfBxmXSWpQsvmifiqIicn0c9LjCpkRY0soU9zeStiQKsqMzadkQ/AWX14mjfOqd1l17y8qtZs8jiIcwTGcggdXUIM7qIMPDDg8wyu8OdJ5cd6dj3lrwclnDuEPnM8frOWOmA==</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="Z0eTr26xWi2Dvemf01Dk+75zj4s=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXxSIIQklE0WPRi8cW7Ae0oWy2k3btZhN2N0IJ/QVePCji1Z/kzX/jts1BWx8MPN6bYWZekAiujet+Oyura+sbm4Wt4vbO7t5+6eCwqeNUMWywWMSqHVCNgktsGG4EthOFNAoEtoLR3dRvPaHSPJYPZpygH9GB5CFn1Fipft4rld2KOwNZJl5OypCj1it9dfsxSyOUhgmqdcdzE+NnVBnOBE6K3VRjQtmIDrBjqaQRaj+bHTohp1bpkzBWtqQhM/X3REYjrcdRYDsjaoZ60ZuK/3md1IQ3fsZlkhqUbL4oTAUxMZl+TfpcITNibAllittbCRtSRZmx2RRtCN7iy8ukeVHxripu/bJcvc3jKMAxnMAZeHANVbiHGjSAAcIzvMKb8+i8OO/Ox7x1xclnjuAPnM8fcteMsw==</latexit>
e + S=0
<latexit sha1_base64="CfmldpHzleeVsO53vGHoIBc8BgY=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE0YtQ9OKxUvsBbSib7aZdutmE3YlQQn+CFw+KePUXefPfuG1z0OqDgcd7M8zMCxIpDLrul1NYWV1b3yhulra2d3b3yvsHLROnmvEmi2WsOwE1XArFmyhQ8k6iOY0CydvB+Hbmtx+5NiJWDzhJuB/RoRKhYBSt1Ghcu/1yxa26c5C/xMtJBXLU++XP3iBmacQVMkmN6Xpugn5GNQom+bTUSw1PKBvTIe9aqmjEjZ/NT52SE6sMSBhrWwrJXP05kdHImEkU2M6I4sgsezPxP6+bYnjlZ0IlKXLFFovCVBKMyexvMhCaM5QTSyjTwt5K2IhqytCmU7IheMsv/yWts6p3UXXvzyu1mzyOIhzBMZyCB5dQgzuoQxMYDOEJXuDVkc6z8+a8L1oLTj5zCL/gfHwDn2eNXA==</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="opNRv3MUW14Nmqf1Tqdj7S9/4TI=">AAAB7HicbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRbBU90til6EohePFd220C4lm2bb0GyyJFmhLP0NXjwo4tUf5M1/Y9ruQVsfDDzem2FmXphwpo3rfjuFldW19Y3iZmlre2d3r7x/0NQyVYT6RHKp2iHWlDNBfcMMp+1EURyHnLbC0e3Ubz1RpZkUj2ac0CDGA8EiRrCxkv9w7Z3VeuWKW3VnQMvEy0kFcjR65a9uX5I0psIQjrXueG5iggwrwwink1I31TTBZIQHtGOpwDHVQTY7doJOrNJHkVS2hEEz9fdEhmOtx3FoO2NshnrRm4r/eZ3URFdBxkSSGirIfFGUcmQkmn6O+kxRYvjYEkwUs7ciMsQKE2PzKdkQvMWXl0mzVvUuqu79eaV+k8dRhCM4hlPw4BLqcAcN8IEAg2d4hTdHOC/Ou/Mxby04+cwh/IHz+QN/gY3S</latexit>
S = 1/2
<latexit sha1_base64="doR319/GG3IpbdoCDVPjdkocsVc=">AAAB7HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBiyURRY9FLx4rmLbQxrLZTtulm03Y3Qgl9Dd48aCIV3+QN/+N2zYHbX0w8Hhvhpl5YSK4Nq777RRWVtfWN4qbpa3tnd298v5BQ8epYuizWMSqFVKNgkv0DTcCW4lCGoUCm+Hoduo3n1BpHssHM04wiOhA8j5n1FjJx8fsbNItV9yqOwNZJl5OKpCj3i1/dXoxSyOUhgmqddtzExNkVBnOBE5KnVRjQtmIDrBtqaQR6iCbHTshJ1bpkX6sbElDZurviYxGWo+j0HZG1Az1ojcV//PaqelfBxmXSWpQsvmifiqIicn0c9LjCpkRY0soU9zeStiQKsqMzadkQ/AWX14mjfOqd1l17y8qtZs8jiIcwTGcggdXUIM7qIMPDDg8wyu8OdJ5cd6dj3lrwclnDuEPnM8frOWOmA==</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="Z0eTr26xWi2Dvemf01Dk+75zj4s=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXxSIIQklE0WPRi8cW7Ae0oWy2k3btZhN2N0IJ/QVePCji1Z/kzX/jts1BWx8MPN6bYWZekAiujet+Oyura+sbm4Wt4vbO7t5+6eCwqeNUMWywWMSqHVCNgktsGG4EthOFNAoEtoLR3dRvPaHSPJYPZpygH9GB5CFn1Fipft4rld2KOwNZJl5OypCj1it9dfsxSyOUhgmqdcdzE+NnVBnOBE6K3VRjQtmIDrBjqaQRaj+bHTohp1bpkzBWtqQhM/X3REYjrcdRYDsjaoZ60ZuK/3md1IQ3fsZlkhqUbL4oTAUxMZl+TfpcITNibAllittbCRtSRZmx2RRtCN7iy8ukeVHxripu/bJcvc3jKMAxnMAZeHANVbiHGjSAAcIzvMKb8+i8OO/Ox7x1xclnjuAPnM8fcteMsw==</latexit>
q=0 q 6= 0
<latexit sha1_base64="OjZvPcgmbjQEZbaXbYeoQ7qVcNY=">AAAB7nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE0WPRi8cK9gPaUDbbSbt0s0l3N0IJ/RFePCji1d/jzX/jts1BWx8MPN6bYWZekAiujet+O4W19Y3NreJ2aWd3b/+gfHjU1HGqGDZYLGLVDqhGwSU2DDcC24lCGgUCW8Hobua3nlBpHstHM0nQj+hA8pAzaqzUGncljonbK1fcqjsHWSVeTiqQo94rf3X7MUsjlIYJqnXHcxPjZ1QZzgROS91UY0LZiA6wY6mkEWo/m587JWdW6ZMwVrakIXP190RGI60nUWA7I2qGetmbif95ndSEN37GZZIalGyxKEwFMTGZ/U76XCEzYmIJZYrbWwkbUkWZsQmVbAje8surpHlR9a6q7sNlpXabx1GEEziFc/DgGmpwD3VoAIMRPMMrvDmJ8+K8Ox+L1oKTzxzDHzifP7K8jyU=</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="Omg/YRWCvr5T+oemPax8VPFlGtg=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE0YtQ9OKxov2ANpTNdtIu3Wzi7kYooT/BiwdFvPqLvPlv3LY5aPXBwOO9GWbmBYng2rjul1NYWl5ZXSuulzY2t7Z3yrt7TR2nimGDxSJW7YBqFFxiw3AjsJ0opFEgsBWMrqd+6xGV5rG8N+ME/YgOJA85o8ZKdw+Xbq9ccavuDOQv8XJSgRz1Xvmz249ZGqE0TFCtO56bGD+jynAmcFLqphoTykZ0gB1LJY1Q+9ns1Ak5skqfhLGyJQ2ZqT8nMhppPY4C2xlRM9SL3lT8z+ukJrzwMy6T1KBk80VhKoiJyfRv0ucKmRFjSyhT3N5K2JAqyoxNp2RD8BZf/kuaJ1XvrOrenlZqV3kcRTiAQzgGD86hBjdQhwYwGMATvMCrI5xn5815n7cWnHxmH37B+fgGzRuNeg==</latexit>
q=0 q 6= 0
<latexit sha1_base64="OjZvPcgmbjQEZbaXbYeoQ7qVcNY=">AAAB7nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE0WPRi8cK9gPaUDbbSbt0s0l3N0IJ/RFePCji1d/jzX/jts1BWx8MPN6bYWZekAiujet+O4W19Y3NreJ2aWd3b/+gfHjU1HGqGDZYLGLVDqhGwSU2DDcC24lCGgUCW8Hobua3nlBpHstHM0nQj+hA8pAzaqzUGncljonbK1fcqjsHWSVeTiqQo94rf3X7MUsjlIYJqnXHcxPjZ1QZzgROS91UY0LZiA6wY6mkEWo/m587JWdW6ZMwVrakIXP190RGI60nUWA7I2qGetmbif95ndSEN37GZZIalGyxKEwFMTGZ/U76XCEzYmIJZYrbWwkbUkWZsQmVbAje8surpHlR9a6q7sNlpXabx1GEEziFc/DgGmpwD3VoAIMRPMMrvDmJ8+K8Ox+L1oKTzxzDHzifP7K8jyU=</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="Omg/YRWCvr5T+oemPax8VPFlGtg=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE0YtQ9OKxov2ANpTNdtIu3Wzi7kYooT/BiwdFvPqLvPlv3LY5aPXBwOO9GWbmBYng2rjul1NYWl5ZXSuulzY2t7Z3yrt7TR2nimGDxSJW7YBqFFxiw3AjsJ0opFEgsBWMrqd+6xGV5rG8N+ME/YgOJA85o8ZKdw+Xbq9ccavuDOQv8XJSgRz1Xvmz249ZGqE0TFCtO56bGD+jynAmcFLqphoTykZ0gB1LJY1Q+9ns1Ak5skqfhLGyJQ2ZqT8nMhppPY4C2xlRM9SL3lT8z+ukJrzwMy6T1KBk80VhKoiJyfRv0ucKmRFjSyhT3N5K2JAqyoxNp2RD8BZf/kuaJ1XvrOrenlZqV3kcRTiAQzgGD86hBjdQhwYwGMATvMCrI5xn5815n7cWnHxmH37B+fgGzRuNeg==</latexit>
The electron operator is not a good

Spinon Holon starting point to describe such states
Spinon Holon
ˆ m (z) = ˆ0 (z) â↵ (z) ˆb (z)✏ab C↵m

<latexit sha1_base64="yPjDNoduRFthms/sd1BuFRkOMVU=">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</latexit>
Short-range interactions
Long-range interactions
Well de ned quasi-particles
Possibly con ning ?
Parton operators
Gapless excitations cannot be described Gapless excitations can be described

by free fermions or bosons Gauge structure by free fermions or bosons
Most general transformation between

Algebraic spin Liquids partons that leaves the electron Chiral spin liquids
operator unchanged
<latexit sha1_base64="HRignqY4jcVsJr2tvDinArmeNuQ=">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</latexit>
X.-G. Wen, Phys. Rev. B 60, 8827 (1999)

<latexit sha1_base64="QOBdOf25m8OAF/F/+T9dZzOU3hg=">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</latexit>
W. Rantner and X.-G. Wen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3871 (2001)
<latexit sha1_base64="iAKXfS0HGm5QTt3OXYOK0cMhgrQ=">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</latexit>
V. Kalmeyer and R. B. Laughlin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2095 (1987)

fi
fi

C 2
, while the fermionic of Fock space
Kalmeyer-Laughlin, is but must vanish in i(
staggered f ε f +
flux f ε
CSL f ) = 0, be convenient (3c) to
quantum spin liquids on the triangular lattice that four-dimensional. We call
y
broken (even
s core
appeared in the
classification are open problems in these cases.
if spin rotation
interactions
literature
is respected).
on those lattices We
states.
[91,92].
also comment
[13–18,30,57,84–90]. We hope Let us introduce the fermionic fracti
e call that our exhaustivebe
on the Chern number that can nontrivial only in the
listing may trigger further investigations case with ε = iσ2 the antisymmetric S
of f = (f↑ ,f↓ ) = 1/2 tensor. In
operators,
T and thediscuss
following, the
(2)
itresult
will
The spin one-half operator S (a = 1,2,3; or a = x,y,z)
Spin Fractionalization
a
ec. II)
discuss
of some generalbut
Kalmeyer-Laughlin,
sstates.
characterizing microscopica
properties
must
spin
spin-rotation
vanish
models,
of inthe
This
symmetric
paperSU(2)
staggered
potentiallyQSL
is organized
flux CSL
identifying
be convenient
as
some follows.
of the
to introduce
In the next a gauge
section, doublet
gauge structure. Related fractionalization
f = (f ,f ) T
(2)
can be written in terms of two flavors of complex fermions,
we review some a
notation spin doublet
and because
results on of theits transformation
fermionic
discussed for frac-
higherunder SU(2)
In
values spin
analogy
of spin with
[93–
acitly
†
o beThis new.paper classified
↑ ↓ states as viable ground-state candidates.
In theis fully gaugeasinvariant formalism, ψ = (f ↑ ,f ) T
. (4)
organized follows.
tionalization In the of next
spin section,
rotation
= 1/2.as Wef #→introduce
U f. quadratic
classification spinon
are
↓
open problems in these c
have a far This
richer paper is meant
f = (f ) = (f ,f ) , as
structure than the to be
familiar largely T
U(1)SU(2) frac- GIt uge
S
self-contained structure
in its core
r, the
we review
stionalization
some
se of its transformation
results.
notation
(e.g., of electromagnetism). Some
of spin S = 1/2.InWe
and
ofα results
under
the
on
Hamiltonians,
presented
Sec.
↑ the
SU(2) ↓ fermionic
spin
and
material
II E, we quadratic
introduce derive spinon their follows
characterization
(especially
† in
from
In analogy
Sec.
Eq.
II)
with(1)
by Eq.that
SU(2) (1), S
Thegaugewe2
= 3
define n(2
spin 4one-half
fluxes − n), where n
operator S (a = 1 =a
.der f f is the spinon occupation can number.

be written For
† in spin 2, 5 one-half,
terms of two weflavors of
w, and and the invariant gauge group (IGG). In Sec. III, we
2G present the (5)
a Physique
may therefore be known to specialists, and is sometimes tacitly =
<latexit sha1_base64="Tbo+b8BmwabAH/z14feERxrl76o=">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</latexit>
A. A. Abrikosov, Physics Fizika (1965)

parameter and
Hamiltonians, corresponding to the SU(2)
their characterization by SU(2) gauge gauge fluxes ψ σ a ψ, and the constrain
†
q.and(1)
ree-site thatassumed
the invariant
loops, S
the
2
=
gauge
same
3
ingroup
publications.
result
n(2 −
(IGG).
is2S = f σ f ,
general
obtained
n), theory
where
In Sec.To our
III,
in we of
the
nknowledge,
=
present
a
projective (1)
therefore see that the fillingf must
symmetry
the however, a therepresentations, = (f be
α2 ) =n =
(f
and
1.,f
↑ the
States
↓ ) T
, aswith other
ovide
general
lism [2],theory
butexplicit
itofdiffers
projective
4
andforgeneral presentation
constraints
symmetry
higher-order they
representations,
loops. ofimpose
In this
fillings, nand
andpaperon
the
= 0the
is new, and
quadratic
orconstraints
n = 2, lead(3)toare
spinon Hamiltonians
S elegantly
and
written as we
= 0. Henceforth,
a
G will = 0.
†
ccupation number. For spin
PROJECTIVE one-half,SYMMETRY we call
GROUP theseCLASSIFICATION
fermionic states OF unphysical,
. . . because they 2S doa
= not f σaPHYSI f, A
ent on
constraints
further where σ are Pauli matrices [35,36]. The fermions f are
can therefore
theysymmetry
discuss be
impose onconstraintsuseful
quadratic
a on to
spinon
on
fluxes. a wider
the Ingauge audience.
Hamiltonians
Secs. IV and
and WeV,
Hilbert
correspond
also
we
space
to
provide
exemplify
spin states. Spinon
these operators
A. Emergent SU(2)gre-
theoretical symmetry
α
filling
on
turn out tomust
fluxes. In list be
a Secs.
depend IV
of nthe=V,
and
onreferences 1.
we States
exemplify
projective for
sults with
further these
representation
in the caseother
theoretical
reading,of and re-we comment on
triangular and kagome where
lattices, are
respectively.
σ Pauli matrices The [35,36].
enlarged Th
metric
sults in
2, list
ntrast
=We lead
to the
the called spinon operators. Note that Eq. (1) is only formal,
case
to
recent S
simplerof 2triangular
U(1)
= 0. does
and not
kagome
Henceforth,
developments
case, SU(2) in affect
the the
lattices,
gauge we
field.form
fluxes (1)
respectively.
will
For C 2 of The
the
example,
requirement
spin
Four The
operator.
dimensional
symmetric
n
enlarged=
Note 1 is only
fermionic
that
called
one
this
a
spinon
of
Hilbertthree equivalent
space
operators. leads C.
Note
internal
ways
to additional
Quadratic
that
symmet Eq. s
<latexit sha1_base64="1mp5w/VprxEUNUjV8j5WqsG9RP0=">AAAB9XicbVDLSsNAFL2pr1pfVZduBovgqiTFostiNy4r2Ae0aZlMJ+3QySTMTJQS8h9uXCji1n9x5984abPQ1gMDh3Pu5Z45XsSZ0rb9bRU2Nre2d4q7pb39g8Oj8vFJR4WxJLRNQh7KnocV5UzQtmaa014kKQ48TrverJn53UcqFQvFg55H1A3wRDCfEayNNBwEWE89L2mmw6SWjsoVu2ovgNaJk5MK5GiNyl+DcUjigApNOFaq79iRdhMsNSOcpqVBrGiEyQxPaN9QgQOq3GSROkUXRhkjP5TmCY0W6u+NBAdKzQPPTGYp1aqXif95/Vj7N27CRBRrKsjykB9zpEOUVYDGTFKi+dwQTCQzWRGZYomJNkWVTAnO6pfXSadWdepV+/6q0rjN6yjCGZzDJThwDQ24gxa0gYCEZ3iFN+vJerHerY/laMHKd07hD6zPH6Btkpc=</latexit>
We list all possible symmetric

to specify the
internal and
physical chiral
symmetriesspin spin
space.
that liquids,
areThey
not are and
present in spin space [35]. For
eneral
ally additive.
states
we give
all possible
That is,spin
quantum
unphysical,
concrete
symmetric
recipes
the total
liquids
because
on how we
and
fluxare
to
chiral
angle
give merely
they
construct
spin
meaning that the operators on both sides follow the same SU(2)
symmetry is absent
through
do
concrete
liquids,
in bosonic
not recipes
corresponding
and fractionalization
special cases in our general
on how
example, to
schemes.
construct
the U(1)
meaning
phase
that
corresponding the operators
A main goalon
example,
of the spinon is clearly arbitrary, and
both
of the sides
PSG
the fo
U( co
ice loop is,framework,in general,and Since
nottheir these
the classification transformations
sum of fluxesis included here. We take do not commute, a particle-
commutation relations.
tum Heisenberg However, iθthey act
models
e take
ates.
quadratic commutation relations. However, they act in different Hilbert
Hamiltonians.
mentary plaquettes.
this
We
This fact
opportunity hole
to
quadratic
discuss
is
correct
some
transformation
responsible Hamiltonians.
special
incomplete for cases
can be PSG
that We
preceded fdiscuss
→
#
classifications
e
and followed
α
iθ
f α
of
does
some by not f
special
†
a phase
spaces:
f
affect − 1
the
cases
spin
= 0,
U(1)
spinthat
space
phase
operator
lattices, is C
f
2
,
where
in
α →
#
while
(3a)
(1). eHowever,
the
f α
fractionalize
doe
ferm
H
are known in the literature. The reader
are known Not
primarily present
in in spin
interested
the literature.
2 in in
The the
Additional fermionic
reader internal
primarily representation
interested of spin
in S in
= 1/2,
the there
fermionic is a
ons of
† ∗
of
= a 1 is
“CPT spaces: spin space is C , while the fermionic Fock space is
only
Theorem”
symmetricone of
in Z change.
three
quantum
2 quantum spinThis
equivalentspin is
liquids compactly
ways
liquids,
on the written
triangular in terms
lattice of the
that f
gauge ε f doublet
− f T
four-dimensional.ε f = 0,
to We
arise. call
However, (3b) replacing
the list of chiral spin liquidsψonasthe theselist lattices mayspacedirectly go further particle-hole
symmetries redundancy. Due to anticommutation,
further particle- it
on symmetry combined with time reversal of chiral
may be spin liquids on these lattices ∗ may T directly go
alto spin
Secs. space.
ne ifthat
IV C or VThey
have recently
four-dimensional. are
appeared
We
A, respectively. call in the literature
Finally, in the remainder [91,92]. i( f †
ε f +
is easy to see that a transformation f ε f ) = in
0, the
Particle-hole fσ #→ fσ fcos
Heisenberg ϕ model
(3c)
+
= (f ,f ) σf
†
sin
T res
ϕ
spin rotation is respected). to
WeSecs.
also IV C or
comment V A, respectively.
We also discuss some general properties Finally, in the remainder
of the SU(2) terms, and is
noteasy↑tois
much see
↓ tha
gained
σ̄
n number that can be nontrivial only in the case iθσ3 with = 3iσ2 the antisymmetric tensor. In the following,
iϕσ2 εiψσ Absent initBosonic
will
gauge fluxes characterizing a ψspin-rotation !→ e e 094437-2 symmetric
e ψ = gψ,QSL a spin (6)
doublet field decoupling
because of its the spinons
transformatio
r-Laughlin,fthat †
butf must
− 1 to
seem = be
vanish 0,new. In the fully gauge
in staggered flux CSL (3a)finvariant
be= (f
convenient ,f to) T
introduce
formalism,
a gauge doublet
transformation (2)
fractionalization
and using a
SU(2) these fluxes have a far richer structure than the familiar U(1) ↑ ↓ rotation as
† T
f →
#
To
094437-2
U f
lowest
.
order (i.e., 2 at a 3sad
† ∗ ψ = (f
It )
follows from Eq. (1) that (4)S =
fQSL
er ε forganized
is A−local f
T
as
ε f =
follows. 0,
and g
In theis an SU(2)
next section, (3b)
matrix. We call this a “gauge transformation”↑ ,f ↓ . 4
n
some
gauge
independently
notation a
SU(2)
and spin
g gauge
fluxes
onresults doublet
transformation
(e.g.,
or
each site of
on
of
SU(2)
the
which
lattice
the because
can be
g , since
which
performed
electromagnetism).
keeps it
fermionic a ofIn its
Sec.
is local,Ini.e.,
Sfrac-
invariant transformation
II E, we
it canwith
analogy
derive
SU(2) matrix
be performed
Eq. (1),
† under
findepen-and P. W. SU(2)
producePhys. spin
quadratic
f is the spinon occupation number. Fo
G. Baskaran
we define
Anderson, Rev. spinon
B 37, 580 (1988) th <latexit sha1_base64="R7Q1pxNGd1HXhp9nbubJrxnUN5Y=">AAACQHicbVBNSyNBEO1x/YjxK+4evRQGQUGGmYgYb5o96DGKMUISQk9PxTTp6R66e8Qw5KftZX+CN89ePCjidU/biTn49aDh8epVddWLUsGNDYJ7b+bH7Nz8QmGxuLS8srpWWv95aVSmGTaYEkpfRdSg4BIblluBV6lGmkQCm9Hg97jevEFtuJIXdphiJ6HXkvc4o9ZJ3VKzLRWXMUoLbYu3djIxj0SGo/zEhxo1A6qpBCpjqPvQ9OHYubVRchfq/aHx4RxvnA/2DnZhvxrAdnhYre6MuqVy4AcTwFcSTkmZTFHvlu7asWJZ4jZhghrTCoPUdnKqLWcCR8V2ZjClbECvseWopAmaTj5ZdwRbTomhp7R77pKJ+r4jp4kxwyRyzoTavvlcG4vf1VqZ7VU7OZdpZlGyt496mQCrYJwmxFwjs2LoCGWau12B9V1gzLqMii6E8PPJX8llxQ/3/eCsUj6qTeMokA2ySbZJSA7IETklddIgjPwhD+SJPHt/vUfvxXt9s854055f5AO8f/8BCW+sJw==</latexit>
† ∗ theTspin order parameter corresponding to the SU(2) gauge this paper, we do not want t a
a
Projective symmetry groups
The additional gauge redundancy in spinon space means that there is some freedom in how physical (spin) symmetries act in the spinon Hilbert space.
A symmetry transformation — say x— may be accompanied by an SU(2) gauge transformation gx
In mathematical terms, we say that the symmetry group is represented projectively in the spinon Hilbert space
Projective implementation of spin rotation Linear implementation of spin rotation
Majorana spin Symmetric spin

liquids liquids
<latexit sha1_base64="w7nW53EJtRYF8m0GfmBzzWP462E=">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</latexit>
X.-G. Wen, Phys. Rev. B 65, 165113 (2002)

G. Chen, A. Essin, and M. Hermele, Majorana spin liquids and projective
realization of SU(2) spin symmetry, Phys. Rev. B 85, 094418 (2012)
R. R. Biswas, L. Fu, C. R. Laumann, and S. Sachdev, SU(2)-invariant SLs on the

triangular lattice with spinful Majorana excitations, Phys. Rev. B 83, 245131 (2011)
nt
(u)&how
ns (6) written
ofphysical
starting manifestly
H0 (or in(spin)
definition, terms
excited commute:
invariant ofand
symmetries
and the
Lattice
% ◦gauge
therefore
gauge
doublet
g = a characteristic
sification
ij
transformations In of
ψ j
possible
this
ofas an[103]
paper,
equivalence
(10) theory
cancel
symmetric
we focus
class.for quantum
out
saddle
on onthe thepoints
caseinterme- for
when
j spin
Pthe
Heisenberg
the
=link u(i,j
ij
full
phases,
kl =). uIn jj2this .or . . ujit
uj2 j3language, qj
. may the ansatz serve
(12)read
C SU(2)
µ
e. rotation
Hilbert
acting
(denotedA symmetry
ents by applying tospace.
bythe symmetry ThisTo
transformation—
right)
) may
the is
construct
[98].beis
at unbroken.
the
Note conserve
core
microscopic
that of the spin
To
spin PSG rotation,
see
wave that we
classification
functions real may fromu consider
and
H , we the generator around ! "
nwe erve
by
aver, will
an
convenient
], for spin
SU(2)
chiral
g %
rotation,
discuss gauge
starting
spin proceed
it in we more
transforma-
liquids,
diate
by
may
definition, takingSsites,
y
,
consider
details
and thef but
models.
ground
→
! later.
thespin
the
ε f SU(2).
state rotation
Under
generator
In |ψ
the
flux (u)& depends
this
0 following, symmetry
ofaround
H 0
for ijon the
transformation,
(or
0
constructing
is
excited
we
gauge
unbroken. of
the the To
gauge base microscopic
see dou- that
" real u µ wave functions
ξ
" ij " ij for
Goal of the PSG framework
j j † Lattice gauge transformations † ij(10) cancel
SAMUEL BIERI,
u = out on LHUILLIER,
CLAIRE the ainterme- † , AND
j
states) " andsite as
remove P unphysical
→
$ The
g conserve
P PSGg .
componentsallows
However—as
" spin to by classify
rotation, variational
we
applying
† we and
will may
the construct
discuss
consider energy
in quadratic
more
theH† generator
= spinon
calculations ψ around u ψ + in H.c.
ij
spin + models.
∗ λ ψ∗ σ ψ .
−ξ a E
is
ormations
f not
ntroduce
relevant
→
! arbitrary,
ε f (denoted
the
.
freedom Under since
representations
in by the
this
theg %gauge
) may
† of
transformation,
blet be
j
symmetries
goes ψj # →
! j jtheεψ that ∗
, act
gauge
hence on † ψ a
dou- single
u ψ + H.c. diate
= u µ
(ψ
sites, but
τ 0 ψ the + SU(2) flux
i ij dependsj on the "
gauge ij of jthe j
ij base j
&.
tsite.
j
the algebraic
j H 0Gutzwiller
(11)
relations= ψprojector
details
among u later—trace
ψ P Hamiltonians
+ = H.c.
j y n [2 −
S , +
andf →
! j n that
determinant
H 0ε λ],
f
a
ψ
. respect
Under
σ i
of
ψ ij
Pall
.this are (8)
j or some symmetries
gauge
transformation, invariant
ij i µ
of
the j a given
gauge † dou-
ersal. However, for chiral spin liquids, physical properties of a spin phase specified b
G j j the link (i,jwe ). Inwill this language, themoreansatz re
point is discussed∗ in more † ψ τ † ψspin i ij
† j j † j j
† j a j j site as P →
$ g P i,j g . However—as discussj2 in
goes ψ →
! εψ , hence andψ independent
u ψ + ) →
! H.c.
latticeψ
ofPGithe = u model.
iju ψ µ
base (ψ+ H.c.
Such
site. τ ψ isa∗ invariant.
spinon
+ † Here,
Hamiltonian we have
isj
used
conveniently j
and
µ
j
we
j
† have det[u ] = −|ξ | − ! |" | 2
. "
mathematical
enerally
ctation values j no terms,
relevant
in such
j we i,jsay
freedom that inj µ|ψ(u)&
ij thej i
blet
= goes
|ψ (u)&.
j j
ψ →
! µεψj , hence (11) ψ u details
ψ + later—trace
H.c. = u (ψ and τ determinant
ψ + ijof P areijgauge invariant ij
Cl ssify qu dr tic spinon H miltoni ns
i 0 ij i ∗
the fermionic anticommutation always
and independent Similarly, it ofis the chosen gauge. We deno
ij µ j ξ "
† An interesting written in
use terms of the
j
of the
SU(2) gaugej
flux doublet
τ
is =
the i ετ ε. as
j
determination
ψ µ and [103]
independent
ij
of There
the
i
base are j two
site. important aspects =
ij
of the ij
spino
ented
n†
versal.
is
ted
ψ ) (projectively)
→
!
implementedThis
numerically ψ point
u is
in
using
ψ In in
the the
H.c.
discussed
+
spinon spinon
case is
of in invariant.
more
fermionic spinons,Here,
† we
† expectation
) →
! have † used
values + H.c.
in
µ
such is
j
invariant. Here, we have used
u ij ∗
"ijas a−ξlow-e ∗ ,
µ i i ij j of theclear that
invariant ψ
imaginary τ
jgauge ψ
µ i group u
µ ψ u
change of ψ an sign ansatz. under As this spin
discussed
An rotation,
interesting H in
use of the Eq. (8). It
SU(2) flux is is either viewed
the three determination ij
of lattice gauge transformations 0
by with
ij j
ore
he ques of
SU(2)
ermionic the PSG
[108,109].rotation classification
anticommutationThismatrix.
wave functionsand and can efficiently
τ ∗
= the
ετ be Similarly,
computed
fermionic
ε. ij i
numerically it
anticommutation is using In
and τ the
∗
= path-integral
ετ ε. Similarly,
theory for approach,
it is
quantum spin theG =
phases, {g} or real
it may pa s
B. Time previously,
reversal so they
and µ IGGcorrespond
spin contains
µ
u rotation to " triplet
important terms. information " of the
about
µ invariant
the µ gauge groupand we of havean ansatz.
det[u ] = As
−|ξ discussed
| 2
− |" | 2
.
etails
spin
otation
rof because
that In later.
rotationmay the
imaginary
In
only is
also path-integral
the be following,
implemented
variational
Slater imple-
µ
change
in
Montewe approach,
spinon
sign
Carlo
under
(VMC)
clear the
this that three
techniques
spin imaginary real
[108,109].
rotation,
†
The parameters
µ This
SU(2)
change λsign
a
are †Lagrange
transformations
under
previously, this
IGG for
spin multipliers,
constructing
containsrotation, g There
important act are enforcing ij
independently
microscopic
two important
information wavethe
ij
aspects
about constra
ij
function
of
the theon sp
ere symmetries is the that
SU(2)
u
act
works on a
best
rotation low-energy
single for Particular
singlet
matrix. degrees
wave sets
H of
0
functions, = of
freedom link
ψ
because u and
i ij onlyand
ψ u gauge
+ on-site
H.c.
j ij Slater structure
+ jparameters
λ a
g j j a j ψ of σ the ψ . u u= (8) j
hey
ated
case The Ugauge
λ of a
correspond are
triplet
antiunitary Lagrange
transformation
pairing
to
ij
time
triplet multipliers,
reversal
terms. [u transformation
] enforcing
so
[u
µthey correspond the
%
] are constraints
inverts to
called the
triplet a (3).
terms. In
mean-field the
low-energy present degrees context,
variational
(or of freedom 0 they
Henergy in Eq. and correspond
(8). It is either
calculations
gauge structure viewed
in to
spinof on-sit
as mode
the a low
theory. To determine the IGG , we mayas proceed in the .
follow- In
ansatz terms of the
theoryansatz the elemen
a
that spin
j
rotation determinants
may also be needimple-
ij to ,λ be j =
evaluated. τ µ ,λ
In the σ i,j
acase u of triplet ψ
pairing →
$ g j ψ for quantumu, spin phases, or it ma
spinSU(2)
Pfaffians In spin
direction, is
the rotation
generally
presentS [99].context, For they
spin- 1
correspond
ij
operators,
j
to
time-reversal on-site spinon theory.
chemicalj To determine
potentials physical the IGG
(λ properties
) u and complex s-wave specifi
, we may of a
proceed spin in phase
the follow- pairi
Microscopic wave functions

j j z
→
! −S. Particular sets of link and on-site parameters =
Low energy e ective theory
articular sets of
terms, link
moreing andans
way.
resourceful ätze
Let
on-site for
us
2calculation plural).
pick a
parameters field
of From
Pfaffians
u 12 now
on u isthe
= on,
generally we restrict
(1,2). For ourselves
gauge to u for constructing microscopic wave funct
haan associated
Laughlin
new class states
of gauge for
Majorana transformation ∗ µ aas † ing way. yLet usalways pick a field independent u on the of link
the (1,2).
chosen For gauge
gauge. We
s implemented
] chemical
= [u
µ as
potentials
arequired %] :
are f →
! (λ
[95,110–112].
transformations
called
z
real
ε) f and
u or µ
a ψ
Incomplex
with [u→
!
analogy
in
mean-field full
IGG
ij ,λ εψ j ]
SU(2)=
with
, we in[u
s-wave terms
spin
Laughlin
have
ansatz τ µ ,λ
g of
pairing
rotation
(or
u σ ] the
states
a g are
= terms
called
symmetry
for u (λ
by
x a
+ mean-field
[107].
iλ
definition. ). In the ansatz (or 12
variational energy calculations in spin mo
n” λ
nctions with
lternative the
can SU(2)
τ
ijbe used ,λ
fractionalization σspin rotation
jtheinquantum Hall effect, [99]. ij
In the
u
path-integral
ij 1 j
approach,
SAMUEL 12 2
the
12
BIERI, transformations
three
CLAIRE real of
in
parameters
LHUILLIER, IGGlattice , we
AND gauge
have
physical
LAURA gtransformations
properties
u g
†
MESSIO = u of by
a by
definition.
spin Gphase= {g}spec
Mean Field Ansatz
j µ a
gauge (λ doublet
x
+ iλ y
).(ε = iσ ).
This However,
equation
widely these
used inans
always ätze
wave
the
notation, for
functions
present
has the plural).
the can
context
solution
real From
be used
parameters
g it= nowinu gon, µ
u In we,
are whererestrict
general,
written ourselves
the
as link u
to
matrices 1 12
can 2
be 12
written as u
atze
al
ceity
aper,and
spin for
leads spin
wemodels. plural).
to a
rotation
restrict new Apart From
class
ourselves of2 now
Majorana
variational investigations on, λwe
a
areof restrict
real Lagrange
actual u
µ ourselves
lattice
with multipliers,
spin
full models.
SU(2) to 2
enforcing
Apart
spin g :
21
u
rotation
u 1This
=
ij 12
the equation
[u ;
constraints
symmetry λ The
always
] →
$
[107].
SU(2)
(3). has
g(u)
In
the
g transformations
always
the
solution
= independent
[g g †
2
u = uof
g
g 21j gact
the1
;u chosen
g12 †
independen
, where
λ gauge.
g
ij
].W
s
SIO
dsal convenient
light
µ
uinteresting
resented with on In general,
alternative
full
linearly [70]
SU(2)
properties infrom
tothe supplement
we
link
fractionalization
spinon spin
energetics,
assume
matrices
(u
rotation
µ
various ) = time
u
j †
(ξ u
symmetry
other
2 can
=
,+ reversal
PHYSICAL 11 2 be
,+
physically
for
ij 2written
[107].
,ξ by
simplicity.
1
), a
interesting
(particle-
REVIEW
where
In as theThe
u ξ
properties
same
== B u
ξ
µ
93,
1 argument
τ
+with ,
094437
we
iξ 2 (τ
assume
are on
ij) =
complexa
(2016)
u †
u(i1
j as
= ψ
21 ,σ
2j afor
→
$ ) gandof
simplicity.
ψ lattice
. u In
µ gauge
The
terms are i same
of four
transformations
ijthe j complex
argument
ansatz j by
u,onj G
the a j
= pa
ele{g
ij transformation % inverts third the ij
site In
gives the ij
widely present
ij ij
used context,
ij
notation, the they ij
link
ij
the correspond
(i,j
real ij).
ij Inµ this
parameters
, etc.
ij
thirdWe
to µ
site can
on-site
language, gives
µ
are spinon
the ansatz
written
j j
reads
Theas SU(2) ij g transformations gj act As independ me
hole) gauge transformation , such = that = u 3 = u32 g2 u23 = u32 u21 g1 u12 u23 , etc. We can
T gas
he e wavepresentwith
transformation).
1 paper,
function, (τ ) we
such
= may restrict
(i1 be ourselves
calculated
) g
and =
hopping, ε
from µ
chemical
g
the
are
and 3 u
projected
four 32
=
potentials
g 2 u 123
wave
complex + (λ
u
)
322
function, u
and
21 g 1
parameters
singlet
u 12
such
complex
u 23
on
pairing each
amplitudes link.
pairing
ij
Without
on terms loss of generality, we choose
Different are therefore unitary equivalent un
spin- operators, time-reversal µ
ans ätze as . In terms of the the
,σ u + + i+z ! " ansatz
ely used notation,
µ the 2 real
propagate
a parameters the gauge µ u ij are
transformation 2 written
ij 1 2 ij as
in 1IGG to any s-wave
propagate
site, 1 the gauge
2 transformation
ψ j →
$ g
in
j ψ
IGG
j
to any site, respect =
u, sp
ation
tors, is 2
represented
excitation ∗ as
gaps, linearly
static or in spinon
dynamic ij
spin (u
structure ) ij = (ξfactors,,+ ,+
excitation ,ξ ), where
gaps,
u ξ ij = ξ g q+ = iξ ξ are " complex as u †
g q †
ε f oron ψ !→1εψlink.
2 each 2in terms
1 Without of the loss (λ
of
x
+ iλ
generality,
1
ij y
). 2
ij
we
ij ij
choose
ij
1 [u ] † u
2 =is closed . Equation
ij ij
ij
(8) is
g ij : the
u = most
[u ;. λ general
When ] →
$ g(u)
the path
(9) quadratic
= is[g transform
closedu g toHam
; g λ
=
trivial (ξ
wever,ijin the
,+
gauge ,+ As modular
,ξ
transformation).
ij present ij ij context mentioned
), where
u
matrices,
qq−1
094437-3 it
.ξ .ij .
etc. u= 32 previously,
u 21
In
g
[15,66,113–120].
ξ +
hopping,
1
∗ij general,
u iξ
12 u 23 are
.
and. . u a
ij the linkij matricescomplex
+ q−1q spinon
=. When
transformations.
+ +
ij can ij
theHamiltonian
i+ ij path
be
ju
singlet
i
invariant
a
qq−1
written
u
loop,
.
ij
. .
=
pairing
as
the
u to
32
under For
SU(2)
u
u
" may
21
∗
=
g 1 u
example,
amplitudes
global
flux
u
12
µ
−ξ
u
τ
23
∗
matrix,
. .,.
spin
u
on q−1q ij
:the
rotations
appears.g u
j
= [u
For spectrum
; ]
around →
$
consistency
λ g(u)
i
gauge
= of
ij
[g
.
reason,
z
†
Such
u
j
Hgtra
j
j; g0
a
u . Equation The
1 (8) a
is% loop,
invariant 2:
the ψ →
!
the
most
gauge ψ
SU(2) group general flux(IGG) matrixquadratic
is an appears.
important For (7)
Hamiltonian
conceptconsistency reason, ij ijDifferent ij µ ij ans ätze are
ij
therefore
j
unitary S i
equivale
ij
ping,
mentan important
time andreversal
j i +respect
ijconcept
=inby +the a space
ij + i+
(particle-
phenomenology
the ij group
singlet
gauge with symmetries
pairing
of quantum
transformation (τ ) = amplitudes
(i1
spin ,σ
2 liquid
on or
athe) andtime on
invariant
phases
first u µ
site reversal
are
whenmust four and
acts the
again whentherefore
gauge
complex
as beψ the →
! those
transformation
parameters
2e
iα a
transformations.
ψ characteristic
, and on the
Different
this first
is
For
site
ansätze
obviously
example, are of
must thereforean
again
a
the equivale
u be
unitary
symmetry
spectrum
along
the equiv w
o
ε invariant under global spin rotations around . Such a rotation
µ z 2
n=liquid , suchphases that when 094437-3 S and we
ij have det[u same, ] = −|ξ
j
ij and weij have the | − |" j | .
ijconstrainttransformations. † For example,
, or invariant
the spectrum
transformations are accompanied by appropriate SU(2) lattice
T g = P g P
ortheory. (9)
f acts!→ Itas f isψ
∗
. Andefined
j !→
we view
asadvantage
iα
H
same,
0
j , and
ethe ψsubgroup
as a
and
of this
low-energy
on
we
of ugaugeis
each
have
choice obviously
effective
link.
the
is that
transformations
Without
constraint a
theory.
symmetry
time g
G
It
loss To =
reversal
1
is of
There
that
P construct
defined
generality,
†
1ofg are
1
leave
P
(8). 1 , fact,
twoor
In
we microscopic
real
important chooseparameters
aspects [u
invariant
ij ] †
of = u
the
µ
spin
and
ij
therefore
correspond
spinon
invariant wave
1
Hamiltonian
and a
therefore
1
functions
1
1 characteristic of an eq
to singlet,
a characteristic while
The PSGu fro
of anim
gauge transformations . Equation in G. (8) The is the most
symmetries general quadratic
µof an Hamiltonian
ansatz To construct [g To microscopic
construct
] 0, microscopic spin wave spin wave function
(13) functi
ations G Invariant
that Gauge
leave Group µ j i H proceed
0 u for all by
in Eq. (8). u It taking
is either
correspond the
viewed to ground
as
triplet a 1low-energy
hopping
,P 1
state
= effective
and
|ψ (u)&
pairing ofterms
have H the [1 (
sa
and
ψi.e., !→ g(u) fact,
gauge ∗
ψ = u forg all real parameters
transformations
the spinon u(7)(6)
Hamiltonian correspond
manifestly H
invariant under global
0 to
invariant, singlet,
commute: [g i.e.,
1 1 spin
,P ] while
g(u)
= % 0,= ◦
theory
gimaginary
rotations= for around Sspin
quantum
ij z (13)
. Such proceed
a rotation
phases, or it by proceed
may taking serve
bythe taking
asground a
the0
tool
ground
state state
|ψ 0 (u)&
|ψ 0 0
(u)&of
T ∗µ
(ε guε) correspond u
◦ % = gglobal along ∈ IGG
◦ %; to
with
u . IGG
(acting
triplet
ij
gauge
SU(2),
hopping
U(1), Z2 transformations,
u always
to acts the contains Ziα
as right)
and
ψ →
! pairinge 2 as a subgroup
[98]. ψ , Note
terms
and this SG
states) that
[104–106].
is !
since
obviously G,
and is
for In
a called
this
remove
all
symmetry g 1 ∈ paper,
IGG the
ofunphysical
.
states)
(8). Inwe focus
principle,
In and states)
remove on
and
all the
remove
components
flux
unphysical case
matrices +
unphysical when
components
#P 1
the
can classifi
the
component
by be ap fub
as a subgroup since transformations = ±1 j leave any j ansatz for constructing
invariant. microscopic wave
u
functions
#
Gutzwiller for rigorous
projector #PGsite = isjthen making
nj [2 the − nj ], re
he choice
ij
invariant
(7) is only projective
for
a all
convenientg ∈
1 fact,
g
symmetry
IGG
j .
starting
real In
2
u parameters principle, group,
definition, µ all and
flux
correspond and denoted
matrices to spin
singlet,P 1 rotation
calculated by
canwhile be PSG
for a symmetry
given .
Gutzwiller
imaginary ansatz. Theis
projector unbroken.
IGG P on = this To
n [2 see
− n that
],
[2 ],
u
onianthisCharacterizes
any choice
ansatz In this is that paper,
the
invariant. However,
emergent
time reversal weIGG focus
low-energy
calculated u may be on bigger
gauge
for the
µ a given ansatz.
and case contain when
The
(H0) The
PSG
globalu ij the
is
IGG
a
Gutzwiller
variational
U(1) way
fullto
or even
on SU(2)
this
energy
distinguish
site projector
subgroup
conserve is
calculations
between
then
phases
of
the
spin SU(2) Puinthat
rotation, G
spin = models.
commuteswe j may n Either
with
j
G
−
the
consider
way,
n
flux
|ψ(u)&
j
j
j
matrices
=
the P The |ψ
generato
0
j
corres
for
(u)&.
The PSG ◦is a way to distinguish ) between
that have the
berealphases
same physical
(H
symmetries.
) that
G
additional
) manifestly
in global uctuations
spinU(1) gauge
rotationin
commute:the
or even SU(2) transformations
effective transformations.
symmetry theory
%usubgroup g= u (denoted
The
isofijunbroken.correspond IGG u by to
characterizes
To triplet
g%see may
hopping
physical
the that
u
emergent properties
and pairing
u µ
all of
pathsterms a
starting
0 spin
[104–106]. phase
from that specified
site [123]. by H are
|ψ(u)&0 = PG |ψ0 (u)&.
low-energy gauge fluctuations in the effectivealways SU(2) that commutes with the
theory. independent
For flux S matrices
y
ij , f →
! for ε f . Under
of the chosen gauge. We denote the set
Inthisthe case of fermionic spinons,the
transformation, expectati gau
fl
a
ff
a
a
a
a
Spinons in 1D
Néel state RVB picture
6.4 Some magnetic models 109
112 Magnetism
(a)
The curse of
+
<latexit sha1_base64="jste7lux3J0u41YbkVFyaL4uX5A=">AAAB8XicbVDLSgMxFL3js9ZX1aWbYBEEscyIosuiG5cV7QPbsWTSTBuaZIYkI5Rh/sKNC0Xc+jfu/BvTdhbaeiDhcM693HtPEHOmjet+OwuLS8srq4W14vrG5tZ2aWe3oaNEEVonEY9UK8CaciZp3TDDaStWFIuA02YwvB77zSeqNIvkvRnF1Be4L1nICDZWerh7TI8z+51k3VLZrbgToHni5aQMOWrd0lenF5FEUGkIx1q3PTc2foqVYYTTrNhJNI0xGeI+bVsqsaDaTycbZ+jQKj0URso+adBE/d2RYqH1SAS2UmAz0LPeWPzPaycmvPRTJuPEUEmmg8KEIxOh8fmoxxQlho8swUQxuysiA6wwMTakog3Bmz15njROK955xb09K1ev8jgKsA8HcAQeXEAVbqAGdSAg4Rle4c3Rzovz7nxMSxecvGcP/sD5/AEcPJCM</latexit>
(b) S S Fig. 6.27
terms
(c)
p Volume 85A, number 6,7 PHYSICS LETTERS 12 October 1981
(d)
x WHAT IS THE SPIN OF A SPIN WAVE?
LD. FADDEEV and L.A. TAKHTAJAN Fig. 6.28

Fig. 6.24 Leningrad Branch of the Steklov Mathematical Institute, Leningrad, USSR
Received 15 July 1981
Domain walls/solitons can be shown that this mixing indeed decreases the energy still further. This mecha-
Spinons
4 4
as a number of interesting features, some of which will be discussed in thespinnext We argue that the of a spin wave in the Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain of spins
is generally considered to be true. nism of extra stabilization of such a state due to resonance between
is equal to rather than 1 as
! different config-
"
tion. Source:
urations is known to work, e.g. in the benzene molecule, .
The one-dimensional isotropic Heisenberg antiferro- We claim that all this is not true. More exactly, we
4
magnetic chain of spins ÷ is a system with the argue that the only one-particle excitation is a doublet +
D. I. Khomskii, Basic Aspects of the Quantum Theory of Solids
<latexit sha1_base64="UqFYV+IszTFj8PbPWRUVgCA5Mcw=">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</latexit>
hamiltonian of spin- spin waves with the dispersion law

H—~ 12nsrnlc, 0~k~ir. (2)
_l n ~n~n+1 —
ed(
This excitation is a kink rather than an ordinary par-
ARTICLES NATURE PHYSICS DOI: 10.1038/NPHYS2652
Experimental signatures of Spinons in 1D week ending

a Fully polarized state
PRL 111, 137205 (2013) PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 27 SEPTEMBER 2013 〈Snz〉 = S H
z
y
Multispinon Continua at Zero and Finite Temperature in a Near-Ideal Heisenberg Chain Time 0 Time t
x
Spin wave σy Sn+S¬n + 1
1,2,* 1,2 3 4 4 5 6 H H H
B. Lake, D. A. Tennant, J.-S. Caux, T. Barthel, U. Schollwöck, S. E. Nagler, and C. D. Frost σx
1
Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany =
2
Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, week
3 PRL 111, 137205 (2013) PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
Institute for Theoretical Physics, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Germany
ending
27 SEPTEMBER 2013 ARTICLES
4 PUBLISHED ONLINE: 16 JUNE 2013 | DOI: 10.1038/NPHYS2652
Department of Physics and Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München,
5
Multispinon Continua atTheresienstraße
Zero and Finite 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
Temperature in a Near-Ideal Heisenberg Chain b Zero magnetic field state
Quantum Condensed Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6475, USA
6
Fractional spinon excitations in the quantum

B. Lake,ISIS1,2,Facility, Rutherford
* D. A. Tennant, 1,2 Appleton 3Laboratory,4 Chilton OX11 4
J.-S. Caux, T. Barthel, U. Schollwöck,0QX, S. E. United
Nagler,5Kingdom
and C. D. Frost6 〈Snx, y, z〉 = 0 〈S0αSnα〉 ~ (¬1)nn¬1
(Received 22 April1Helmholtz-Zentrum
2013; revised manuscript received 15
Berlin, Hahn-Meitner July
Platz 2013; published
1, D-14109 26 September 2013)
Berlin, Germany
2
Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain
The3 space-and time-dependent response of many-body quantum systems is the most informative aspect
Institute for Theoretical Physics, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
of
4 their emergent behavior. The dynamical structure factor, experimentally measurable using neutron
Department of Physics and Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Time 0 Time t
scattering, can map this response Theresienstraße
in wave vector37,and energy
80333 with
Munich, great detail, allowing theories to be
Germany
*, Mechthild Enderle1, Axel Klöpperpieper4, Jean-Sébastien
5
Individual spinon
Martin Mourigal 1,2,3 5
Sn¬SCaux ,
Quantum Condensed
quantitatively tested to Matter Division, Oak
high accuracy. Ridgewe
Here, National Laboratory,
present Oak Ridge,
a comparison Tennesseeneutron
between 37831-6475, USA
scattering + S+mS¬m + 1
6 n+1
ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
measurements (Received the
on one-dimensional
22 April spin-1=2received
2013; revised manuscript Heisenberg antiferromagnet
15 July 2013; KCuF3 , 2013)
published 26 September and recent Anne Stunault1 and Henrik M. + Rønnow
2
state-of-the-art theoretical methods based on integrability and density matrix renormalization group
The space-and time-dependent response of many-body quantum systems is the most informative aspect
simulations. Theemergent
unprecedented quantitative ¬
of their behavior. The dynamicalagreement shows
structure factor, that precise
experimentally descriptions
measurable of strongly
using neutron One of the simplest quantum many-body systems is the 1spin-1/2
=
2 Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain, a linear 2 array of
correlatedscattering,
states atcan all map
distance, time, and temperature 1
this response in wave vector andscales
energyare
withnow
greatpossible, and highlights
detail, allowing theories tothe
be need interacting magnetic moments. Its exact ground state is a macroscopic singlet entangling all spins in the chain. Its elementary
to apply these novel techniques
quantitatively tested to highto other problems
accuracy. Here, wein low-dimensional magnetism.
present a comparison between neutron scattering Ising Δspinons,
excitations, called →∞ are fractional spin-1/2 quasiparticles created and detected in pairs by neutron scattering.
measurements on the one-dimensional spin-1=2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet KCuF3 , and recent Theoretical predictions show that two-spinon states exhaust only 71% of the spectral weight and higher-order spinon states,
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.137205 PACS numbers:
matrix 75.10.Pq, 75.40.Gb, 75.50.Ee week ending
yet to be experimentally located, are predicted to participate in the remaining. Here, by accurate absolute normalization of our
state-of-the-art theoretical methods based on integrability and
PRL 111, 137205 (2013) PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
density renormalization
simulations. The unprecedented quantitative agreement shows that precise descriptions of strongly
group ≈
inelastic neutron scattering data on a spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnetic
27 SEPTEMBER 2013
1 2
chain compound, we account
1
≈
for the full
2 spectral
+
weight to within 99(8)%. Our data thus establish
correlated states at all distance, time, and temperature scales are now possible, and highlights the need c2 and quantify the existence of higher-orderc2 spinon states. The observation
that, within error bars, the experimental line shape resembles a rescaled two-spinon one with similar boundaries allows us to
to apply these novel techniques to other problems in low-dimensional magnetism. ¬ + +
develop a simple picture for understanding multi-spinon excitations.
Understanding the emergent properties of many-body HAF which we compare with the measured spectra of a
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.137205
quantum states is a central challenge of condensed matter PACS numbers:
model material. These75.10.Pq,
new75.40.Gb,
methods 75.50.Ee were combined into a phenomenological formula at
provide accurate cor- Heisenberg Δ = 1
c4
1 3 4 2
c4
2
+... 1 3 4 +...
T ¼ 0 K—the so-called Müller ansatz [18],
O
physics. Their response behavior, encoded in dynamical respondence over the entire observable parameter range, ne hundred years ago, Max von Laue and co-workers to certain spin arrays with local spin larger than 1/2 (refs 25,
structure factors, carries all the intricacies of strong corre- including finite temperatures, and allow for an unambig- c discovered X-ray diffraction1 , thereby giving birth9 to the 26). d For the prototypical spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnetic 1.2
lations even Understanding
in relatively the emergent properties of many-body
simple systems. In this context, HAF which we compare with the measured spectra of a
uous diagnosis of discrepancies in both experiments and 1.0 field of crystallography to which we owe much of our un- chain, exact 1.0 calculations of the dynamic structure factor over 0.8
5T 6 0T
quantum states is a central challenge of condensed matter model material. These new methods provide accurate cor- derstanding of materials on the atomic scale. The very first diffrac- the whole range of the spectrum have become available. They
one-dimensional
physics. (1D)
Their magnets have long
response behavior, been ainpreemi-
encoded dynamical other approximate
respondence over thetheoretical approaches.
entire observable parameter The combined
range, tion image was recorded from a single l !ð! $ ! ðkÞÞ!ð! ðkÞ $ !Þ
crystal of copper u
4
sulphate reveal that two-spinon states exhaust 71% of the first frequency 0.4
S (Q, ω) (meV¬1 per Cu1)
S (Q, ω) (meV¬1 per Cu1)

S ðk; !Þ ¼ A 0.8
; 0.8
(4)
Energy transfer (meV)
Energy transfer (meV)

1,2 27
nent laboratory forfactors,
structure developing
carries allnew, more widely
the intricacies appli-
of strong corre- insights
including from
finitethese techniques
temperatures, and have
allowwide
for anapplicability
unambig- and pentahydrate . In addition to vast practical use including 2 herbi- moment sum rule . Including four-spinon states brings that level
MA MA 2 control in2swimming1=2
cable approaches
lations evenandin relatively
one-dimensional
correspondence
methods,simple
between (1D)theorymagnets
as well as for
systems.
have long been
and experiments
seeking
In this context,
a preemi-
[1]. The
provide a moreofgeneral
uous diagnosis
other approximate
quantum properties theoretical
quantitative
discrepancies
of strongly approaches.
understanding
in both experiments
correlatedThe 1D
and of the
combined
systems.
cide, wood impregnation and algae
½! $ ! ðkÞ'
0.6copper sulphate also carries great educational importance.
l
pools, to 98(1)% (ref. 28). The qualitative characteristics of two-spinon 0.2
1 Gener- excitations,0.6 a continuum-like spectrum with linearly dispersing
ations of school children have been inspired in chemistry classes low-energy onset, are evidenced by inelastic neutron scattering
nent laboratory for developing new,
prototypical example is the spin-1=2 (S-1=2) Heisenbergmore widely appli- insights from these techniques have wide
Experimental details and methods.—To compare the applicability and across the globe by growing from evaporating solution beautiful on numerous compounds29–43 . Among them, there are various 0.1
cable approaches and methods, as well as for seeking provide a more general quantitative understanding of the 0.4blue crystals of copper sulphate (in 2008, artist Roger Hiorns created quantitative 0.4 attempts of an absolute comparison to theory30,37,41 .
antiferromagnet (HAF), described by the Hamiltonian [2]
correspondence between theory and experiments [1]. The
X
different theoretical approaches with
quantum properties of strongly correlated 1D systems.
we Experimental
performed inelastic neutron scattering on
where A ¼ 289:6=!. This formula, though historically
high-accuracy
the
data,
prototyp- MA an installation called Seizure3 covering an entire apartment in cop- However, none was sufficiently accurate to distinguish between
prototypical example is the spin-1=2 (S-1=2) Heisenberg details and methods.—To compare the per sulphate crystals). When cooled close to absolute zero tempera- an excitation continuum made of only two-spinon states and that
H ¼ J Sj " Sjþ1 ; (1)
antiferromagnet (HAF), described by the Hamiltonian [2]
j
ical 1D S-1=2
different theoretical KCuF3 . Inwith
HAF approaches this high-accuracy important due to its simplicity, is inexact.
compound, orbitaldata, order 0.2 ture, copper sulphate has even more fascinating lessons to teach—it composed 0.2 of two- and higher-order spinon states, bearing a ∼30%
X [4]
weprovides
performedstrong
inelasticHeisenberg coupling
neutron scattering ¼ 33:5 meV)
on the(Jprototyp- becomes a quantum spin liquid. Moreover, it materializes one of the larger spectral weight. The main sources of uncertainty come from
Experiment Theory Experiment Theory
H ¼ J Sj " Sjþ1 ;
with nearest-neighbor exchange interaction
j J. Equation (1)
(1) ical 1D S-1=2
between the Cu 2þ
HAF KCuF 3 . In this
(S-1=2) ionscompound,
in the c orbital Bosonization [1] can also be used to approximate the
orderKCuF3
direction. 0.0 simplest models
one-dimensional
0
hosting
1/4 spin-1/2
complex quantum
1/2Heisenberg
many-body
3/4antiferromagnet,
1
physics,
0 the the need
0.0to
for which reference Vanadium
normalize
0
the neutron
standard
1/4
scattering
and 1/2
intensity to that of a 0.0
from the role
3/4of other intrinsic
1
[4] aprovides strong Heisenberg coupling (J ¼ S-1=2
33:5 meV)
embodies the combined challenges of nonlinearity,
with nearest-neighbor exchange interaction J. Equation (1)
embedded embodies
in the spin commutation relations, and strong
has long history in the study of the 1D
between the Cu2þ (S-1=2) ions in the c direction. KCuF3
energy and wave vector dependence of the characteristic
DSF at k ¼ 0, !, where the spinon dispersion is linear and
HAF. The there exists an exact analytic
Momentum transfersolution—namely
(h, ¬1/2, 1/2) the Bethe ansatz .
4
and extrinsic sources of bias such
Momentum as covalency,
transfer
Quantum spin liquid ground states entangle a macroscopic atomic zero point and thermal motion, and the limits of the dipole
self-absorption,
(h, ¬1/2, 1/2)
the combined challenges of nonlinearity, has a long history in the study of the 1D S-1=2 HAF. The
ground-state fluctuations
embedded in the due
spin to the small relations,
commutation spin value.
andThis
strong spinon
energy continuum
and wave vector [5–8], as well asofthe
dependence the presence the system can be described as a Luttinger liquid (LL) [19].
of univer-Figure 1 | Schematic
characteristic
number of spins and give rise to astonishing and counter- approximation used in the interpretation of the neutron cross-
representation
intuitive of the magnetic
phenomena. Quantum excitations
spin liquids occur in ainvariety
a spin-1/2 (Heisenberg)
of section. The recentantiferromagnetic
most accurate study, chain andcuprate
on the overview of the neutron
compound
model wasground-state
first tackled in 1931
fluctuations bytheHans
due to Bethe
small spin who
value. This sal scaling behavior indicating proximity
spinon continuum [5–8], as well as the presence of univer- to the Luttinger scattering results for CuSO
contexts 4 ·5D
ranging 2 O. a,
from theFully polarized
quantum spin (saturated)
Hall effect state.
5,6
and high-The creation
Sr2 CuO3of a magnon
, finds only 80% byofinelastic scattering
the predicted spectralof a neutron
intensity 41
. can be imagined as a
FIG.
obtained its 1 was(color
eigenstates
model firstwith online).
the
tackled Bethe
in 1931 ansatzINS
by Hans Adata
[3].Bethe
full
who compared
liquid quantum
sal scaling behavior toindicating
critical theory.
pointproximity (a)
were established Finite temperatures are then straightforwardly treated,
for the firstsingle spin flip. The
to the Luttinger Tc superconductivity 7–9
Zeeman energy prevents to confined ultracold
any growth of gases and carbon
the flipped section that Here we presentlike
propagates a totally different
a single entity.approach to quantifying
This magnon the
can classically be visualized
10
Here, we uncover an unexpected connection between band topology and the description of competing
mmetry. In addition to the discussed.
U(1) Dirac Spin Liquid

orders
t, a defining feature of the in a quantum magnet. Specifically, we show that aspects of band topology protected by crystalline
symmetries
metry at low energies, whichdetermine Results key properties of the Dirac spin liquid (DSL), which can be defined on the
metries. NATURE honeycomb, square,
Gauge triangular,
theory and
description kagome of lattices.
spin At
systems low andenergies,
monopoles.the DSL
We on all of these
ARTICLE lattices is
sion is the Luttinger The quintessenti
COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11727-3
liquid,
described by anwill emergent quantum l “mother”
electrodynamics
systems on (QED of ll spin liquids
be interested in spin-1/2 various 3 ) two-dimensional
with N f ¼ 4 flavors of Dirac fermions
uantum liquidscoupled in 1 +to1D. a Uð1Þ lattices.
gauge Let us However,
field. briefly review the the fermionic
symmetry spinonof
properties decomposition
the magnetic monopoles, an important
s threatened aby instanton of spin-1/2 operators on theR lattice which b will lead us to the
class of critical degrees of freedom, behave very differently on
0.5 different lattices. In particular, we show that
1.0
nneling events. Symmetry desired gauge theory description. We first 0.0
decompose the spin
the lattice
anton insertion operators operator 0momentum and angular momentum 0 of monopoles can be determined from the1 charge (or
Wannier)
bility and the nature of the! centers
–! of the
! corresponding
! spinon
0 insulator.
0 We also show that for DSLs on bipartite lattices,
there always exists a0monopole that
R
transforms 1
! y trivially under all microscopic symmetries owing to the
ng instanton proliferation. 0 Si ¼ f σ f
i;α αβ i;β ; ð1Þ 0
hains1,15 and the superfluid

–! !
existence of a parent SUð2Þ gauge theory. We connect
! 0 2 0
our results to generalized Lieb-Schultz-Mattis
16
osons can be T understood T 0 on site i with spin α ∈ {↑, ↓} and σ
–1
2 where fi,α is a fermion2 (spinon)
theorems and also derive the time-reversal and reflection properties of monopoles. Our results indicate that
rrelevant, the gaplessT Lut- are Pauli matrices. This re-writingcan is exact –1.0
ifguide –0.5
we implement 0.0 0.5 1.0
the of strongly correlated
recent insights into free-fermion
1 P band
T 1 topology also the description
they proliferate, a gapped constraint f y
f ¼ 1. To make progress, we consider a mean
quantum
Fig. 1 Mean-field
ystal or Mott insulator matter. α i;α i;α
ansatzisand band structure. a Mean-field ansatz of Dirac spin liquid on the square, triangular, and kagome lattice. Mean-field Hamiltonian
has only nearest hopping withfield a flux approximation
in each plaquette. b Band that only ofimposes
structure the square the latticeconstraint
π-flux mean field onansatz
average,
with two Dirac cones at the
heory canmomentum
be reformulated
DOI:points
10.1103/PhysRevX.10.011033
π/2) by a discussion of fluctuationsSubject 2), Condensed Matter Physics
Areas:
followed
(k1, k2) = (±π/2, (see ref.
o a U(1) gauge field, and X y
mensional spin,
versionat halfoffilling.
U(1)Such Dirac dispersions, with four H flavors of monopoles play a key role in descriptions of the Neel to valence
MF ¼ $ t ij f fj :
Dirac fermions (with two spin and two ‘valley’ labels) can be bond solid (VBS) transition in square ð2Þ
i lattice quantum antiferro-
realized on the honeycomb lattice with only nearest hopping, as magnets. ij The case of fermionic QED3 is in many ways richer, one
nopole quantum numbers
well
Nf = 4 Dirac as on
spinons I.
otherINTRODUCTION
+ emergentlattices
photon(square, kagome,
[U(1) gauge eld] and triangular lattice)
gauge
of which is the iαpresence of monopoles
Low-energies
of tij as shown in Fig. 1. We note that the that thisi allows for a in
There is a redundancy f ! e if
widerthe
X 4 zero modes. We will see
partonof physical phenomena.1 2
the Diracwith spin liquid
appropriate
Emergent Quantum
be
choicea
Electrodynamics
description
L ∂magnetic
ψ̄ i ði=
¼non-collinear −=aÞψ iorders
þ 2 f μν ;
e its mean-field
key experimental Hamiltonian
sig- decomposition
actually breaks lattice Eq. (1),
symmetry, which
but the results
For in
example, the
both emergence
collinear and of a
Quantum spin liquids
QED
spin liquid state has represent
all thedynamical a
lattice symmetry class
after of exotic
we incorporate qua-
can couples
be capturedtowithin a single theory,
i¼1
4e
in contrast gauge theories
y alternate phases that 3
are U(1) gauge field a μ that the fermions f, i.e.
ntum phases of matter beyond
the gauge constraint. For example,
t ! t e space
the
the
ia traditional
triangular lattice Landau
ansatz of bosonic spinons capture one or the other, depending on the
ij . The non-bipartite nature (second-neighbor
erlying difference between
can be C invariant if we supplement group operation with nature of the gauge group3,11,48hopping .
a
fi

a
Original discussions on the U(1) DSL
Square Lattice: High-Tc curates Unifying competing orders (The “mother” state)
Candidate for the pseudo-gap regime
REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS, VOLUME 78, JANUARY 2006

PHYSICAL REVIEW B 72, 104404 !2005"
Doping a Mott insulator: Physics of high-temperature superconductivity
Patrick A. Lee
Algebraic spin liquid as the mother of many competing orders
Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, USA
Michael Hermele,1 T. Senthil,2,3 and Matthew P. A. Fisher4
Naoto Nagaosa 1Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
CREST, Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, 2Center for Condensed Matter Theory, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
Stability guaranteed whenofphysical spinCambridge,
SU(2) —> SU(N)
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan and Correlated Electron Research Center, AIST,
3
Tsukuba Central 4, Tsukuba 305-8562, Japan Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute Technology, Massachusetts 02139, USA
4Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, US
Xiao-Gang Wen
Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Compact QED83 has
!Received Aprila decon ned phase
2005; published for large number
2 September 2005" of
Massachusetts 02139, USA
fermion elds
!Published 6 January 2006"
We study the properties of a class of two-dimensional interacting critical states—dubbed algebraic
This article reviews the physics of high-temperature superconductors from the point of view of the
doping of a Mott insulator. The basic electronic structure of cuprates is reviewed, emphasizing the
Monopole ucutations
liquids—that can arise in two-dimensional quantum irrelevant
magnets. Aatparticular
low-energies
example that we focus on is
physics of strong correlation and establishing the model of a doped Mott insulator as a starting point.
A variety of experiments are discussed, focusing on the region of the phase diagram close to the Mott
staggered flux spin liquid, which plays a key role in some theories of underdoped cuprate superconductors.
insulator !the underdoped region" where the behavior is most anomalous. The normal state in this show that the low-energy theory of such states has much higher symmetry than the underlying microsc
PHYSICAL REVIEW B 70, 214437 (2004)
region exhibits pseudogap phenomenon. In contrast, the quasiparticles in the superconducting state
are well defined and behave according to theory. This review introduces Anderson’s idea of the spin system. This symmetry has remarkable consequences, leading in particular to the unification of a num
resonating valence bond and argues that it gives a qualitative account of the data. The importance of
phase fluctuations is discussed, leading to a theory of the transition temperature, which is driven by
of seemingly unrelated competing
Stability orders. The spin
of U„1… correlations
liquids of in these orders—including, in the staggered
two dimensions
phase fluctuations and the thermal excitation of quasiparticles. However, an argument is made that state, the Néel vector, and the order parameter for the columnar and box valence-bond solid states—all exh
phase fluctuations can only explain pseudogap phenomenology over a limited temperature range, and 1 2 3 2 4 2
some additional physics is needed to explain the onset of singlet formation at very high temperatures. the same slowHermele,
Michael power-law decay.
T. Senthil, Implications
Matthew P. A.for experiments
Fisher, Patrick A.inLee,
the pseudogap regime
Naoto Nagaosa, andofXiao-Gang
1Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
the cuprates
Wenand
A description of the numerical method of the projected wave function is presented, which turns out
to be a very useful technique for implementing the strong correlation constraint and leads to a number numerical calculations
2Departmenton model systems are discussed.
of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
of predictions which are in agreement with experiments. The remainder of the paper deals with an 3Kavli
analytic treatment of the t-J model, with the goal of putting the resonating valence bond idea on a
Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.104404
4 PACS number!s": 75.10.Jm, 75.40.Cx, 75.40
fi
fl
fi

Numerical evidence for U(1) DSL

K gome nd Tri ngul r L ttices
Ground state for the S=1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet Ground state for the S=1/2 J1-J2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet
RAPID COMMUNICATIONS
PHYSICAL REVIEW B 84, 020407(R) (2011)

Projected wave function study of Z2 spin liquids on the kagome lattice for the spin- 12 quantum
Heisenberg antiferromagnet Spin liquid nature in the Heisenberg J1 - J2 triangular antiferromagnet
Yasir Iqbal,1 Federico Becca,2 and Didier Poilblanc1 RAPID COMMUNICATIONS
1
Laboratoire de Physique Théorique UMR-5152, CNRS and Université de Toulouse, F-31062 France Yasir Iqbal,1,* Wen-Jun Hu,2,† Ronny Thomale,1,‡ Didier Poilblanc,3,§ and Federico Becca4,!
1
2
Democritos National Simulation Center, Istituto Officina dei Materiali del CNR and Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati
PHYSICAL REVIEW B 87, 060405(R) (2013) Institute for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Julius-Maximilian’s University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg
(SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy 2
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1827, USA
(Received 6 May 2011; revised manuscript received 7 June 2011; published 20 July 2011) 3 PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 123, 207203 (2019)
1 Laboratoire de Physique Théorique UMR-5152, CNRS and Université de Toulouse, F-31062 Toulouse, France
Gapless spin-liquid phase in the kagome
Motivated by recent density-matrix renormalization group (DMRG) spin- Heisenberg antiferromagnet
2 calculations [Yan, Huse, and White, 4
Democritos National
Editors' Simulation
Suggestion Center, Istituto Officina dei Materiali del CNR and SISSA-International School for Advanced
Science 332, 1173 (2011)], which claimed that the ground state of the nearest-neighbor spin-1/2 Heisenberg
antiferromagnet on the1,2,* Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
Yasir Iqbal, kagome lattice geometry3,†is a fully gapped spin3,‡
Federico Becca, Sandro Sorella, liquid andwith numerical signatures
Didier Poilblanc2,§ of Z2
1 gauge structure, and a further theoretical work [Lu, Ran, and Lee, Phys. Rev. B 83, 224413 (2011)], which gave a (Received 9 February 2016; published 11 April 2016)
The Abdus
classification
Salam
of all
International
Schwinger-fermion
Centre for
mean-field
Theoretical
fully symmetric
Physics,
Z
P.O. Box 586, I-34151 Trieste,
2 spin liquids on the kagome lattice, we have
Italy Dirac Spin Liquid on the Spin-1=2 Triangular Heisenberg Antiferromagnet
2
Laboratoire de Physique
thoroughly Théorique UMR-5152,
studied Gutzwiller-projected CNRS
fermionic waveand Université
functions by usingde quantum
Toulouse, F-31062Monte
variational Toulouse,
Carlo France We investigate the spin- 1
Heisenberg model on the triangular lattice in the presence of nearest-neighbor J1
critos National Simulation
techniques, henceCenter,
implementing
PHYSICAL
Istitutoexactly
Officina REVIEW
dei Materiali
the constraint
X
of onedel
7, 031020
CNRper
fermion
(2017)
andsite.
SISSA–International Schoolthe
In particular, we investigated for Advanced Studies, 2Shijie Hu ,1,* W. Zhu,2,† Sebastian Eggert,1 and Yin-Chen He3,‡
and next-nearest-neighbor
1
DepartmentJ2ofantiferromagnetic
Physics and Research couplings. Motivated
Center Optimas, by recent
Technische findings
Universitat from density-matrix
Kaiserslautern,
energetics of all Z2 candidates (gappedVia Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
and gapless) that lie in the neighborhood of the energetically competitive
HE, ZALETEL,renormalization
OSHIKAWA, and POLLMANN SIGNATURES OFPHYS.DIRACREV. CONES
7, 031020
X with IN A DMRG STUDY OF
(2017)
U(1) gapless
(Received spin liquids.
13 September 2012; By revised
using a state-of-the-art optimization
manuscript received method, we
9 December were published
2012; able to conclusively
14 Februaryshow2013) group (DMRG) claiming the existence
67663 of a gapped
Kaiserslautern, spin
Germany liquid signatures of spontaneously
2
Signatures of Dirac
that the U(1) Dirac stateCones in astable
is remarkably DMRG Study
with respect to allof
Z2 the Kagome
spin liquids Heisenberg
in its neighborhood, Model
and in broken
(a)
lattice point Institute
group of Natural[Zhu
symmetry Sciences,
and Westlake
White, InstituteRev.
Phys. of Advanced
B 92, Study, School
041105
(b) Westlake University, Hangzhou, 030024, People’s Republic of China
(2015) ofand
Science,
Hu, Gong, Zhu, and
We study the energy
particular and athe
for opening gapstatic spin
toward thestructure
so-called Zfactor of state,
2 [0,π ]β the ground
which wasstateconjectured
of the spin-1/2 quantum
to describe Heisenberg
the ground Sheng, Phys. Rev. B 92, degeneracy arises for a long (infinite) cylinder—one can
3 140403 (2015)], we employ the variational Monte Carlo (VMC) approach to analyze sc
state obtainedmodel
by the1,2,3
DMRG method. 4,3,6 addition5,3 steps1,3,7 Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
picture the ends of the cylinder as identified into a torus at
Yin-Chen
antiferromagnetic He, on Michael
the kagome P.Finally,
Zaletel,
lattice.weBy
also
theconsidered
Masaki
iterative the
Oshikawa,
application of of
aand
small
a fewsecond
Frank nearest-neighbor
Pollmann
Lanczos on accurate
the model from an alternative perspective that considers both magnetically ordered and paramagnetic trial states. o
1
projected exchange coupling of
fermionic wave functions
Max-Planck-Institut both antiferromagnetic
für Physik and and
the Green’s
komplexer ferromagnetic
Systeme,function type, and
MonteStraße
Nöthnitzer obtained
Carlo38, similar
technique, results, namely,
we findGermany
01187 Dresden, a
that a gapless infinity. The energy splitting between these “topological
120◦ coplanar (stripe collinear) in
(Received 12 June 2019; revised manuscript received 27 September 2019; published 15 November 2019)
U(1) Dirac
2
(algebraic) U (1) spin-liquid ground state.
Department
Dirac spin of Physics,
liquid isHarvard University,
competitive Cambridge, proposed
with previously Massachusetts
gapped 02138, USA
(topological) Z2 spin
We find a quantum paramagnet in the regime sectors” J2 /J1 ! 0.16,
0.08is!exponentially framed
small in thebycircumference.
Sliquids.
C I EKavli
3
NDOI:
C Institute
Eperforming
A D Vfor E S | Physics,
A Theoretical
Na Cfinite-size Rextrapolation
E S E University
A R C HofAofthe RCalifornia,
Tground-state
I PACS
C L Enumber(s):
Santaenergy,
Barbara, California 93106, USA antiferromagnetic Weorder
studyfor
the smaller (larger)
spin liquid J2In/J
candidate of the
1 . By
the Z2 -SL,
spin-1=2 the
considering topological
J 1 -J 2 Heisenberg degeneracy
the optimization canspin-liquid
of
antiferromagnet beonunder- wave functions
the triangular th
By 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.020407 we
75.10.Kt, obtain
75.10.Jm,an energy
75.40.Mg per site
4
Station Q, Microsoft Research, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA of a different lattice
gauge bygroup
means andof density matrix
lattice stood
point in terms
renormalization
group ofgroup
content theasboundary
(DMRG)
derived conditions
simulations.
from of
Bythe
Abrikosov fermionic
applying an externaltheory, we
mean-field an
E/J = −0.4365(2), which is equal, within three error bars, to the estimates given by the density-matrix
5
Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan Aharonov-Bohm flux insertion in partons.
an infinitely While
longthe boundary
cylinder, conditions
we find of the evidence
unambiguous spins arefor setgapless th
Introduction.
M The
renormalization nearest-neighbor
group
A T E R I A L S6Department
S CIEN (DMRG). (NN) spin-1/2 quantum variational energy among the class
Our estimate is obtained for a translationally invariant system, and, therefore,
C E of Physics, of U(1) gapless SLs, in obtain the gapless U(1) Dirac spin liquid as the
by θ, energetically most preferable state in comparison to all symmetric
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA Copyright © 2018
(c) Uð1Þ Dirac spin(d) liquid behavior. The fluxthe fermionic
insertion spinons
overcomes theare coupled
finite to an emergent
size restriction for energy gaps
Heisenberg
does notantiferromagnet
suffer
7
Technische
(QHAF) effects,
from boundary on the kagome
Universität München,
lattice Moreover,
like in DMRG.
Physics
Ref. 21, itonhas
Department T42,
beentoric
finite
85747
conjectured
clusters at
Garching,
thatthe
Germany
Z2 [0,π
thepure ]β state may
variational The Authors, someor nematic gapped Z2 spin liquids so far advocated
and clearly shows gapless behaviorgauge at thefield, by
andDMRG.
expected the
wave flux Moreover,
“ϕ”
vectors. ofUsing byDMRG
this gauge
the the
fieldapplication
through the of few
transfer matrix, the Lanczos
fe
provides
Entanglement signatures of emergent Dirac fermions:
ideal
level, our conditions
energies
(Received 30arefor the
November
amplification
lower compared
2016;
of
to those
revised
fluctuations and a consequent stabilization of an exotic
quantum
from DMRG
manuscript
describe
received 28
the
calculations.ground
April
in the DMRG study.
state
2017;
8
that has
published
been
28
numerically
July 2017)
observed rights reserved;
exclusive licensee
iterations, we find the energy
low-lying to be
excitation spectrum can cylinder
the same as
be the
extracted,effectively
DMRG
superconductor,
result
which
the
changes
shows within their
errorboundary
characteristic
fluxthat
bars.
is invisible
π methodological
DiracToconditions.
further
cone
toapproach
In aof both
resolve
structures
the condensate,
the intriguing D
disagreement spinon-bilinear
between VMC andand
monopole
DMRG, excitations.
we Finally,
complement we confirm
our the entanglement entropyby follows the
the pseudofermion θ
Kagome spin liquid and quantum criticality
magnetically
bond crystal
disordered
The
(VBC)in1–5the
models
ground
antiferromagnetic
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.87.060405
or context
state,
a spin liquid
of
which
spin-1=2
(SL)
spin
may be a valence-
Heisenberg
with fractionalized
liquids, yet the
model
PACS
precise
on a In this
kagome
number(s):
any ofof these
nature its
paper, we
lattice is
75.10.Jm,
Z2 SLs
ground
thoroughly
one
state
of
being
is not
the
75.10.Kt, investigate
most
stabilized
understood.
the
paradigmatic
75.40.Mg,
as We
possibility
75.50.Ee
the use
of
ground state
American Association
for the Advancement functional predicted universal
renormalization groupresponse undersothe
(PFFRG)
periodic
to compare
(a)
(PBC) and antiperiodic (APBC) will give nearly
flux insertion.the spin structure factorsdecay
(b)
for the paramagnetic regime ð2
6–8
Recent density
xcitations.large-scale experiments have unanimously pointed of the NN spin-1/2 QHAF, with a particular emphasis on degenerate energies—the splitting should exponen-
Wei Zhu 1,2
*, Xiao
9–16 Chen matrix 3 renormalization group
, Yin-Chen He 4
, simulations (DMRG) on infinitely
William Witczak-Krempa 5 long cylinders and find of Science. No claim to
calculated by DOI: VMC, DMRG, and PFFRG.tially
10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.207203 Thisinmodel promises
the cylinder to be an vs
circumference ideal test bed
coherence for future numerical
length. b
uction.
oward a The
SL behavior;
spin-1/2 in particular,
quantum Raman spectroscopic
Heisenberg antiferro- All
the Zexperimental
2 [0,π ]β state. In probes on
practice, herbertsmithite
we compute the energypoint towards
of a
original U.S. Government
indications for the formation of a gapless Dirac spin liquid. First, we use adiabatic flux insertion to FIG. 2. Diagramrefinements
for a spin liquid
in under the twist.
tracking the (a) The spinoncorrelations
long-range There is inan interesting
frustrated interplay between the topological
magnets. u
a
a
a
a
a
1
ds in frustrated
enon in contem-
states of matter
Jχ ∼ #t 3 /U 2 where J1 (resp. Jχ ) is the nearest-neighbor
Heisenberg (resp., scalar chirality) coupling.
Another open question in frustrated magnetism of the
triangular lattice is the nature of the intermediate phase in the
Further evidence
phase diagram of the S = 1/2 Heisenberg model with added
Tr nsform tion to chir l spin liquid nd L ttice G uge Theory
nge ground-state
tics of quasipar- next-nearest-neighbor couplings around J2 /J1 ≈ 1/8. Several
plementation of authors [20,33,34] found a spin disordered state. Recently
ery recently have several numerical studies [35–40] proposed that a topological
alistic local spin spin liquid state of some kind might be realized in this regime.
The exact nature of this phase yet remains unclear. In this paper
Heisenberg + Scalar spin chirality Hamiltonian Stable critical phase of QED3 with small Nf
∗
e a paradigm of we advocate the presence of a O(4) quantum critical point
[41–44] separating the 120◦ Néel order from a putative Z2
berg model with
spin liquid. The diverging correlation length at this quantum (In the absence of symmetry lowering perturbations and monopoles)
n to stabilize a
S · S + S · (S ⇥ S )
<latexit sha1_base64="/0+IhBroX4gKpExLcNNZNKSgXbE=">AAACGXicbZDLSsNAFIYn9VbrLerSzWArVISSFESXRTcuK9oLtKVMppN27OTCzIlQQl7Dja/ixoUiLnXl2zhpA2rrgYGP/z+HM+d3QsEVWNaXkVtaXlldy68XNja3tnfM3b2mCiJJWYMGIpBthygmuM8awEGwdigZ8RzBWs74MvVb90wqHvi3MAlZzyNDn7ucEtBS37RKN/2YJ106CABrvEtOfoTyVOgC95hKzXFyXOqbRatiTQsvgp1BEWVV75sf3UFAI4/5QAVRqmNbIfRiIoFTwZJCN1IsJHRMhqyj0Sd6WS+eXpbgI60MsBtI/XzAU/X3REw8pSaeozs9AiM176Xif14nAve8F3M/jID5dLbIjQSGAKcx4QGXjIKYaCBUcv1XTEdEEgo6zIIOwZ4/eRGa1Yp9WrGuq8XaRRZHHh2gQ1RGNjpDNXSF6qiBKHpAT+gFvRqPxrPxZrzPWnNGNrOP/pTx+Q1XI6B+</latexit>
further interac- critical point iand thejneighboring

i first-order
j phasektransition
nduce magnetic into the stripy collinear magnetic ordered phase render the
everal materials unambiguous identification of the intermediate spin liquid
ibit any sign of
phase challenging, however. Two-component massless fermions coupled to 3D Euclidean Abelian
ratures [24–27].
Chiral spin liquid and quantum criticality in extended S = 1
Heisenberg models Gauge Field
tt insulators like II. MODEL 2
3 Sb[Pd(dmit)2 ]2
on the triangular lattice
We investigate the Heisenberg model with nearest- and
liquid physics. next-nearest-neighbor interactions with an additional uniform PHYSICAL REVIEW D 93, 045020 (2016)
] introduced the Alexander Wietek* and Andreas M. Läuchli
ular lattice. This Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
(Received 10 June 2016; revised manuscript received 21 December 2016; published 24 January 2017)
in wave function No evidence for bilinear condensate in parity-invariant three-dimensional
as recently been
We investigate the J1 -J2 Heisenberg model on the triangular lattice with an additional scalar chirality term QED with massless fermions
nded and
Heisenberg
show that a chiral spin liquid is stabilized in a sizable region of the phase diagram. This topological phase is
question
situatedarises
in between a coplanar 120◦ Néel ordered and a noncoplanar tetrahedrally ordered phase. Furthermore we Nikhil Karthik* and Rajamani Narayanan†
n thediscuss
triangular
the nature of the spin-disordered intermediate phase in the J1 -J2 model. We compare the ground states
study [10] this Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
from exact diagonalization with a Dirac spin liquid wave function and propose a scenario where this wave function (Received 14 December 2015; published 17 February 2016)
n thisdescribes
paper we the quantum critical point between the 120◦ magnetically ordered phase and a putative Z2 spin liquid.
CSL is stabilized We present our numerical study of three-dimensional QED with two, four, six and eight flavors of
g a further scalar
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.95.035141 massless two-component fermions using a parity-preserving lattice regularization with Wilson fermions.
s. [6–8,10]. Such We study the behavior of low-lying eigenvalues of the massless improved Wilson-Dirac operator as a
ctive Heisenberg function of three-dimensional physical volume, after taking the continuum limit at fixed physical volumes.
I. INTRODUCTION
g # flux through J χ ∼ #t 3
/U 2
where J1 (resp. Jχ ) is RAPID the nearest-neighbor
COMMUNICATIONS PHYSICAL REVIEW D 94, 065026 (2016)
We find the following evidences against the presence of a bilinear condensate: the eigenvalues do not scale
Heisenberg (resp., scalar chirality) coupling.
emergence
a magnetic of fieldquantumFIG. spin1. liquids in
Approximate
PHYSICAL
frustrated
= 0 phaseBdiagram
T REVIEW of the Jopen
92, 140403(R) -J2 -Jχquestion
1(2015) model in frustrated magnetism of the asScale invariance
the inverse of parity-invariant
of the three-dimensional physical volume, and the three-dimensional QED
number variance associated with these
magnetism
ssible cold-atom is an exciting phenomenon in contem- Another
on the triangular lattice, cf. Eq. (1). Thetriangular
extent of phases
lattice isisinferred
the nature of the intermediate phase in the eigenvalues does not exhibit ergodic behavior. The inverse participation ratio (IPR) of the associated
ondensed
ts then relatematterto physics [1]. These
from excitation states
spectra of matter
fromspin-
ED onHeisenberg
1 aphase
periodic 36-site triangular eigenvectors exhibits a multifractal volume scaling. The relation satisfied by the number
† variance and IPR
Competing
ascinating 2 properties
J1 ∼ t /U and spin-liquid
such as states
long-range in the
ground-state 2
diagram modelof theonS= the1/2
triangular
Heisenberglattice
model with added *
Nikhil Karthik and Rajamani Narayanan
simulation cluster; see main text for details. Orange: S = 1 K.A1
next-nearest-neighbor couplings around J2 /J1 ≈ 1/8. Several suggests critical behavior.
ment [2,3] or anyonic(120 braiding
◦ statistics of quasipar-
Néel); light blue: S = 0 $.E2b *(CSL); green: S = 0 $.E2a, Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
itations, relevant for$.E2b Wen-Jun
a potential Hu, Shou-Shu
implementation Gong,
of authors
Wei Zhu,[20,33,34]
and found a spin disordered state. Recently
D. N. Sheng
degenerate (Dirac/Z2 spin liquid); dark numerical
blue:Northridge,
S = 0studies
$.A1, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.93.045020
(Received 20 June 2016; published 21 September 2016)
Department of Physics and Astronomy, California
cal quantum computation [4].$.E2b
Onlydegenerate
very recently have several
State University, [35–40]
California proposed
91330, USA that a topological
$.E2a, (stripy magnetic order); dark red / light red:
(Received 10 April 2015; revised manuscript received
ses been found to beSstabilized in realistic local spin spin7 August
liquid state
2015;of some kind
published might2015)
2 October be realized in this regime.
= 1 M.A / S = 0 $.E2a (tetrahedral magnetic order). We present numerical evidences using overlap fermions for a scale-invariant behavior of parity-invaria
5–19]. We study the spin- 21 Heisenberg model on the triangularThe exact nature of this phase yet remains unclear. In this paper
lattice with antiferromagnetic first- (J1 ) and∗ second- three-dimensional QED with two flavors of massless two-component fermions. Using finite-size scaling
Z
a
a
a
a
a
a
Experimental evidence of DSL
PHYSICAL REVIEW MATERIALS 2, 044403 (2018)
ARTICLES
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-020-0792-1
Mermin-Wagner physics, (H,T ) phase diagram, and candidate quantum spin-liquid phase
in the spin- 21 triangular-lattice antiferromagnet Ba8 CoNb6 O24
Gapless ground state in the archetypal quantum
kagome antiferromagnet ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2 Y. Cui,1 J. Dai,1 P. Zhou,1 P. S. Wang,1 T. R. Li,1 W. H. Song,1 J. C. Wang,1 L. Ma,2 Z. Zhang,3 S. Y. Li,3,4
G. M. Luke,5,6 B. Normand,7 T. Xiang,8,9 and W. Yu1,*
1
Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Opto-electronic Functional Materials & Micro-nano Devices,
P. Khuntia1,2, M. Velazquez3,4, Q. Barthélemy! !1, F. Bert! !1, E. Kermarrec! !1, A. Legros1, B. Bernu5, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
L. Messio! !5,6, A. Zorko! !7,8 and P. Mendels! !1 ✉
2
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Department of Physics, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials,
Spin liquids are exotic phases of quantum matter that challenge Landau’s paradigm of symmetry-breaking phase transitions. Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
1T-TaS2 as a quantum spin liquid

4
Despite strong exchange interactions, spins do not order or freeze down to zero temperature. Although well established for Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
one-dimensional quantum antiferromagnets, in higher dimensions where quantum fluctuations are less acute, realizing and 5
Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada L8S 4M1
understanding such states is a major issue, both theoretically and experimentally. In this regard, the simplest nearest-neigh- 6
a Canadian
b,1 Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada M5G 1Z8
bour Heisenberg antiferromagnet Hamiltonian on the highly frustrated kagome lattice has proven to be a fascinating and inspir- K. T. Law and 7 Patrick A. Lee
ing model. The exact nature of its ground state remains elusive and the existence of a spin-gap is the first key issue to be Neutrons and Muons Research Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
addressed to discriminate between the various classes of proposed spin liquids. Here, through low-temperature NMR contrast
a
Department of Physics, Hong 8Kong University
Institute of Science
of Physics, and Technology,
Chinese AcademyHong Kong, China;
of Sciences, and b Department
Beijing of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of
100190, China
Technology, Cambridge MA 02139
experiments on high-quality single crystals, we single out the kagome susceptibility and the corresponding dynamics in the 9
Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100190, China
kagome archetype, the mineral herbertsmithite, ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2. We firmly conclude that this material does not harbour any Contributed by Patrick A. Lee, May 26, 2017 (sent for review April 24, 2017; reviewed by Steven A. Kivelson and N. Phuan Ong)
spin-gap, which restores a convergence with recent numerical results promoting a gapless Dirac spin liquid as the ground state
of the Heisenberg kagome antiferromagnet. 1T-TaS2 is unique among transition metal (Received 25 September
dichalcogenides 2017;Mott
in that published 13 April
insulator. This2018)
fact was pointed out by Fazekas and Tosatti
it is understood to be a correlation-driven insulator, where the (8) in 1976. Band calculations show that band folding creates a
2+
I Dirac spin liquids appear

main reason fortothis isbe relevantof a prolifera- for candidate quantum spin liquid materials and
Ba8 CoNb
unpaired electron in 6aO13-site
24 presents a system
cluster whoseenough
experiences Co ions cluster ofspin
have an effective
correla- bands nearconstruct
1/2 and the Fermi surface.
a regular Rossnagel and Smith
triangular-
conclusion. The
n the context of magnetism, quantum spin liquids (QSLs) appear the existence tion to form
latticea antiferromagnet
Mott insulator. We argue, with
(TLAFM) based on existing
a very (9) found
data, spacing,
large interlayer that, due
ensuring to spin–orbit
purely interaction,
two-dimensional a very narrow band
character.
exotic, because they harbour a quantum-entangled ground state
tion of states that are close in energy, which has led to theoretical that this well-known material should be considered as a quantum is split off, whichof crosses
the S =the1/2Fermi levelwhich
with ais 0.1- to 0.2-eV
there is mounting theoretical evidence that it may be realized as a stable phase
We exploit this ideal realization to perform a detailed experimental analysis TLAFM,
with no symmetry-breaking and unconventional excitations (for
proposals ranging from valence bond crystals (made of local spin 24
spin liquid, either a fully gapped Z2 spin liquid or a Dirac spin liq- gap to the other subbands. The narrow bandwidth means that
example, fractional ones such as spinons or Majorana fermions)1.
dimers) to spin liquids, either gapped (like the resonating valence one of the keystone models in frustrated quantum
uid. We discuss the exotic states that emerge upon doping and magnetism. aWe findresidual
weak strong low-energy
repulsion is spin fluctuations
sufficient and anoMott insulator,
to form
A large variety of such QSLs can be classified theoretically2,3. In bond state) or gapless (like the Dirac U(1) spin liquid)25–27. Each proposemagnetic ordering, butprobes.
further experimental a diverging correlation length down tothus0.1 supporting
K, indicatingthe
a Mermin-Wagner trend and
proposal of Fazekas toward
Tosatti, and dis-
parallel, the pool of experimental candidates built from a regular new round in the debate has resulted from challenging develop- zero-temperature order. Below 0.1 K, however, our low-fieldtinguishes 1T-TaS
measurements 2 from
show an other TMD.magnetically
unexpected Apparently, the formation
assembly of frustrated motifs and, more recently, bond-dependent ments in the available numerical techniques28–35. The density matrix disordered
spin liquid state,| which
| Mott insulator is metal
transition a candidate quantum spin liquid. We
dichalcogenide of the commensurate
establish the (H,T )clusters is essential
phase diagram, for theinstrong correla-
mapping
interactions in the Kitaev case, has been steadily increasing over the renormalization group (DMRG) technique first concluded that a tion behavior in these 4d and 5d systems. Currently, the assign-
past 20 years, encompassing Mott–Hubbard organic materials and gapped resonating valence bond (RVB) state could be stabilized29,30, detail the quantum fluctuation corrections to the available theoretical analysis. These include a strong upshift in
ment of cluster Mott insulator to the undoped 1T-TaS2 ground
deep Mott insulators in various two- (2D) and three-dimensional
(3D) geometries4–8. Among them, the kagome lattice is a promi-
nent 2D example in which frustrated triangles only share corners.
but variational Monte-Carlo (VMC)31 methods, exact diagonaliza-
tions for a 48-spin cluster32, grand canonical analysis33 and further
works using DMRG have suggested that this is, in fact, not the case,
T field of themetal
he transition
thatan
topological
hasordered
enjoyed
maximum
regime
freshproperties
ordering temperature,
dichalcogenide
a revival
apparently
anddevelopment
input for the
(TMD) is an
recentlydominated
due to theby
unusual superconductivity.
qualitative
interests
changes
old subject to both
state
in its “up-up-down”
the collinear
low- and
is widely
energy has been
The layer to resolved
of theoretical approaches
state.
high-field
accepted.
Ba8 CoNb6as
interpreted
photo-emission
the field-induced quantum
phaseabout
A band
Othe
boundaries,
0.2 eVand
24 , therefore,
spectroscopy (ARPES)
phase transitions
below the Fermi
offers band in angle-
lower Hubbard
(10, 11), and the
of the
This reduced lattice connectivity, the frustration generated by recently pointing to a gapless Dirac state34 that is also found using structureS is= easy to cleave orTLAFM.
1/2 Heisenberg intercalate and can exist in single- electronic-driven nature of the 200 K transition has been con-
Deeper and rigorous understanding of monopoles of the U(1) gauge eld
nearest-neighbour Heisenberg antiferromagnetic interactions and tensor network states (TNS)35. In this context, the issue of the gap in layer form (1, 2). This material was studied intensively in the firmed by time-dependent ARPES on the basis of the fast relax-
the quantum character of S = 1/2 spins indeed conspire to stabilize the KHAF model that we address here experimentally is a corner- 1970s and 1980s and was considered the prototypical example ation time of the spectra (12).
a highly entangled QSL state in herbertsmithite9, ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2 stone in the investigations of this model. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.2.044403
of a charge density wave (CDW) system (3). Due to imperfect Surprisingly, with a few exceptions, the issue of magnetism
(Fig. 1). This compound has emerged as the first kagome-based 17
O NMR, being a local technique, can resolve that issue as it nesting in two dimensions, in most of these materials, the onset associated with the Mott insulator has not been discussed in the
antiferromagnet featuring a perfect equilateral triangular geometry, is a unique and very sensitive probe of the copper–oxygen kagome of CDW gaps out I. only part of the Fermi surface, leaving behind a energy
INTRODUCTION literature.
scales.In the
As astandard picture of
consequence, thea dynamical
Mott insulator,
and the spins
thermo-
fi
IR fate is not completely known. In this work, we assume
DSL), which can be defined on the the overall gauge that when monopole
charge) requires instantons
that exactlyare suppres
half
that when monopole instantons are suppressed (to be
What are monopoles?
ies, the DSL on all of these lattices is zero modes be filled
explained in more detail below), this QED t
[27]. This requirement gives a t
explained in more detail below), this QED theory flows to a stable critical fixed point in the IR, as su
th N f ¼ 4 flavors of Dirac fermions C 4 ¼ 6 distinct recent (but numerics
equally[20,21]. relevant) monopoles,
2
to a stable critical fixed point in the IR, as supported by
the magnetic monopoles,
recent numerics [20,21]. an important matically written Naively, there is a conserved current in the
as
ent lattices. In particular, we show that
Naively, there is a conserved current in the theory, Why re they import nt? 1
† † jμ ¼ ϵμνλ ∂ ν aλ ;
n be determined from the charge (or Φ ∼ f i f j M bare ;
2π
1 Global U(1) symmetry
ow Conserved
that for current
DSLsin on bipartite
the theory: jμ ¼ lattices,
ϵμνλ ∂ ν aλ ; ð5Þ U(1)top †
that corresponds to a global Uð1Þ symmetry
2π where f i creates called a fermion Uð1Þtopin theconserved
. The zero mode chargeassociate
is simp
microscopic symmetries owing to the ψ , and M creates
netic flux a “bare” flux
of thetransform
emergent quantum
Uð1Þ gauge without
field. O
Conserved charge: Magnetic ux ofUð1Þ
the emergent U(1) gauge sometimes
eld i bare They as linear
that corresponds
ts to generalized Lieb-Schultz-Mattisto a global symmetry define operators that
any zero mode. For later convenience, we define t
representations of carry
the this global
symmetry group Uð1Þtop
called Uð1Þ
of monopoles. Our top . Theindicate
results conserved that charge is simply the mag- operators(Integer
that create
monopoles as and these operators are known as monop
or annihilate the total gaug
spin representation)
netic fluxofofstrongly
he description the emergent Uð1Þ gauge field. One can then
correlated literature. We denote a 0 monopole operator b
Monopoles are “local” operators that carry this global U(1)top charge
† † αβ ss †
define operators that carry this global Uð1Þtop charge, i.e., Φ1=2=3 ¼ canfthink
α;s ðϵτ
1=2=3
f β;s0 Mbare
of M, inÞ theϵ path-integral ;
formulatio
operators that create or annihilate the total They gauge
create or flux by the
annihilate 2π,total gauge ux by Physics
2⇡ in space-time surrounded by a 2π flux. In the H <latexit sha1_base64="FASjQcVesHeO7vcix+WDG1hpAGI=">AAAB7XicbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMr6tHLYCJ4CrsB0WPQi8cI5gHJEmYns8mYeSwzs0JY8g9ePCji1f/x5t84SfagiQUNRVU33V1Rwpmxvv/tra1vbG5tF3aKu3v7B4elo+OWUakmtEkUV7oTYUM5k7RpmeW0k2iKRcRpOxrfzvz2E9WGKflgJwkNBR5KFjOCrZNalVovYZV+qexX/TnQKglyUoYcjX7pqzdQJBVUWsKxMd3AT2yYYW0Z4XRa7KWGJpiM8ZB2HZVYUBNm82un6NwpAxQr7UpaNFd/T2RYGDMRkesU2I7MsjcT//O6qY2vw4zJJLVUksWiOOXIKjR7HQ2YpsTyiSOYaOZuRWSENSbWBVR0IQTLL6+SVq0aXFb9+1q5fpPHUYBTOIMLCOAK6nAHDWgCgUd4hld485T34r17H4vWNS+fOYE/8D5/AHrVjmc=</latexit>
Nuclear † B120 (1977) 429-458 † αβ ss 0 †

s: Condensed Matter Physics Φ4=5=6
0 North-Holland ¼
Publishing if α;s ðϵÞ weðϵσ
formulation,
Company can thinkÞ of fit as0 M
1=2=3
bare ;
an operator
and these operators are known as monopoles in the X
β;s
Path integral formulation:
literature. WePoint in space-time
denote surrounded byoperator
a monopole a 2⇡ ux by M. One Hamiltonian formulation: M ¼ jΩ2πn ihΩ2πðn−1Þ j þ % % % ;
<latexit sha1_base64="FASjQcVesHeO7vcix+WDG1hpAGI=">AAAB7XicbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMr6tHLYCJ4CrsB0WPQi8cI5gHJEmYns8mYeSwzs0JY8g9ePCji1f/x5t84SfagiQUNRVU33V1Rwpmxvv/tra1vbG5tF3aKu3v7B4elo+OWUakmtEkUV7oTYUM5k7RpmeW0k2iKRcRpOxrfzvz2E9WGKflgJwkNBR5KFjOCrZNalVovYZV+qexX/TnQKglyUoYcjX7pqzdQJBVUWsKxMd3AT2yYYW0Z4XRa7KWGJpiM8ZB2HZVYUBNm82un6NwpAxQr7UpaNFd/T2RYGDMRkesU2I7MsjcT//O6qY2vw4zJJLVUksWiOOXIKjR7HQ2YpsTyiSOYaOZuRWSENSbWBVR0IQTLL6+SVq0aXFb9+1q5fpPHUYBTOIMLCOAK6nAHDWgCgUd4hld485T34r17H4vWNS+fOYE/8D5/AHrVjmc=</latexit>
where we refine the label of the zero n mode by valley i

can think of M, in the path-integral formulation, as a point α ¼ 1, 2QUARK andCONFINEMENT
spin indices s ¼ ↑; ↓; ϵ is the antisym
in space-time surrounded by a 2π flux. In the Hamiltonian where jΩAND
2πn i represents
TOPOLOGY OF the ground
GAUGE state
THEORIES of the
X 4 rank-2 tensor, which2πn is
flux necessary
background, because
and... of
representsthe an
les
formulation, we can think 1 of it as an operator, Gap out the photon A.M. POLYAKOV
mutation relations of f operators; such as and σ acts on stava
L¼ ∂ −=
ψ̄ i ði= aÞψ i þ 2 f μν ;+ Monopoleð1Þ
2 terms contributions thoseτ,from excited
<latexit sha1_base64="pTN4pL6xAmR4JLGQPwRCW9D53M8=">AAAB+3icbVBNSwMxEM3Wr1q/aj16CbaCIJTdguix6MWLUMF+QLuUbDrbhmaTJcmKZelf8eJBEa/+EW/+G9N2D9r6YODx3gwz84KYM21c99vJra1vbG7ltws7u3v7B8XDUkvLRFFoUsml6gREA2cCmoYZDp1YAYkCDu1gfDPz24+gNJPiwUxi8CMyFCxklBgr9YulynkF30khY8kBG1CR7hfLbtWdA68SLyNllKHRL371BpImEQhDOdG667mx8VOiDKMcpoVeoiEmdEyG0LVUkAi0n85vn+JTqwxwKJUtYfBc/T2RkkjrSRTYzoiYkV72ZuJ/Xjcx4ZWfMhEnBgRdLAoTjo3EsyDwgCmghk8sIVQxeyumI6IItSHogg3BW355lbRqVe+i6t7XyvXrLI48OkYn6Ax56BLV0S1qoCai6Ak9o1f05kydF+fd+Vi05pxs5gj9gfP5A53ok4g=</latexit>
Nordita, Copenhagen, Denmark

X4e Con ne gauge charges since we are
spin indices as the standard Pauli matrices formalism primarily interested in fluctuation and
i¼1 M¼ jΩ2πn ihΩ2πðn−1Þ j þ % % % ; ð6Þ flux background, we can focus on the effect o
L.D. Landau Institute of Theoretical Physics, Moscow B-334, USSR
factor iReceived in the second

term
25 October
line is necessary because t
1976for most of our purposes. All of these re
n
monopoles are related made moreby SUð4Þ
precise by using rotations
techniques ofinDiracon
first term
In wheredescribes
jΩof2πn
the presence Dirac
i represents
matter fermions
elds: at largethe
enough Nf ψ
ground minimally
stateavor),
(fermion of the
themonopole
system in a an irrelevant
becomes mionsperturbation,
(toThe be but
phenomenon
theories
explained
the lower
of
such inasNmore
quark critical
confinement f
radial
is
is not
known
quantization
detail
completely
to be connectedknownand
later).
with the
the
Fro st
restoratio
of apparently broken gauge symmetry. In this paper we focus on a special mechanism w correspondence [48], but for the purpose of th
fi
a
fi
fl
a

fl
fl
fi
fl

and is even under the SOð6Þ center. So the proper global

strong coupling at an energy scale below e2, and its ultimate filling of any of these four zero modes does not affect
a
Symmetries of QED3
R fate is not completely known. In this work, we assume energetics. However, gauge invariance (i.e., vanishing of
WANG symmetry group should be
hat when monopole instantons are suppressed (to be the PHYS.
overall gauge REV.
charge) X 10,
requires 011033
that (2020)
exactly half of the
co
explained in more detail below), this QED theory flows zero modes be filled [27]. This requirement gives a total of
o a stable critical fixed point in the IR, as isupported by C 2
¼ 6 distinct (but equally relevant) monopoles, sche-
tion Rx . As[20,21].we have j
by fσ τ g, we havematically T 0 U ¼written
4 †
U Tas0 . One can then show that
ecent numerics
nNaively,
of the theregauge flux current
is a conserved theinonly SOð6Þ × Uð1Þ
consistent implementations
the theory, top on† the monopoles are
mmetry known as 1the T 0 ∶Φ → $OT Φ , where †
†
Φ ∼ f i f j Mbare ; ð7Þ ð9Þ
flavor symmetry2π is jμ ¼ ϵμνλ ∂ ν aλ ; ð5Þ Z †2
where f i creates a fermion in the zero mode associated with
! "
∈ SUð4Þ,
ehatUcorresponds to abut
global + Lorentz symmetry + Charge
weUð1Þ symmetry sometimes any zero Imode.
ψ , and
Conjugation
i M bare+ Time-Reversal +flux
creates
3×3 For later
a “bare” Spacequantum
Re without filling
ection
0 convenience, we define the six W
Omonopoles : forming a SO(6) vector
tries, properlytogether with C, T , R and Lorentz. One can certainly
called Uð1Þtop . The conserved
defined, charge only
Accounting is simply
netic flux of the emergent Uð1Þ gauge field. One can then
the mag-
for the leading monopoles
x
T(ones¼ with theaslowest scaling dimension)
0 −I 3×3
ð11Þ
SO
ocal operators. Naively,
consider 2π monopoles in higher representations of SOð6Þ,
Fermion bilinear
define operators that carry this global Uð1Þtop charge, i.e., † †
Φ1=2=3 ¼ f α;s ðϵτ 1=2=3 αβ ss0 †
Þ ϵ f β;s0 Mbare ; Spin Singlets
operators
operators like orψ̄σ
that create μ ν
τ ψ the total
annihilate Thegaugebasis fluxisbychosen
2π, so that † Φ1;2;3 †rotates under ss0 the
† SOð3Þ C0
but in this work, we will that the leading monopoles (with
αβ
Φ4=5=6 ¼ if α;s ðϵÞ ðϵσ 1=2=3
Þ f β;s0 Mbare ; ð8Þ Spin Triplets
and these
ators, operators
which are SU(4)
transform
15-dimensional known as monopoles in the i
adjoint i
generated
iterature. We denote a monopole operator by M. One
by τ , and Φ 4;5;6 rotates under that by σ . ma
canHowever,
think of M, lowest scaling dimension) are the ones forming an SOð6Þ
the
How monop-
do
in the trImportantly,
monopoles formulation,
path-integral nsform under O ∈ where
microscopic
as a point T Oð6Þ we refine
but
symmetries?notthe label
SOð6Þ. of the
Wh t reOne
zero mode
their can
by
qu ntum
valley
likewise indices
numbers?
(8)] transform
n space-time asHow
surrounded a by
six- a 2π flux.consider a “bare”
In the Hamiltonian
α ¼ 1, 2 and spin indices s ¼ ↑; ↓; ϵ is the antisymmetric
reflection of
vector—this is physically reasonable and can be justified in
ormulation, we can think of re
, or more X precisely
microscopic
it as an operator,symmetries embedded
rank-2 tensor, which is necessary
into the enl rged symmetry group? because
mutation relations of f operators; and τ, σ acts on valley or
of the anticom-
the large-N limit.

s operatorMis¼oddjΩunder 2πn ihΩ2πðn−1Þ j þ % % % ;
PHYSICAL spin REVIEW X 10,
indices
ð6Þ R0 ∶ ψðxÞ → iγ 1 ψðRxÞ:
as011033 (2020) Pauli matrices formalism. The
the standard
ð12Þ
fro
f factor i in the second line is necessary because the six
a π rotation in Uð1Þtop .n
Instead of working with the explicit definition of

where jΩ2πn i represents the ground state of the system in a
monopoles are related by SUð4Þ rotations of Dirac fer-
mions (to be explained in more detail later). From our
wh
ny local operator has to From Since
Spinon this
Band symmetry
Topology to the commutes
Symmetry with
Quantum SOð6Þ
Numbers of rotations
Monopoles but
2πn flux background, and... represents less important in construction, it is straightforward to see that the first three
contributions monopoles from Eq. (7), we simply think of the monopoles
r the two operations—
such as those from excited flipsXue-Yang
Uð1ÞSong,
states. charge,
In 1fact,
top
Dirac Spin Liquids
we
monopoles
2,1
have, are for
spinthe monopoles,
1singlets, while the
Yin-Chen He, Ashvin Vishwanath, and Chong Wang
R
2,1 latter 0 : Φ
three i →
monop-
a
a
a
fl
a
a
a
Stability of DSL
Bip rtite vs Non-bip rtite l ttices
Honeycomb Lattice Square Lattice Triangular Lattice Kagome Lattice
There is always a 2pi monopole that transforms trivially under all physical All 2pi monopoles are non-trivial under some physical
symmetries and is an allowed perturbation to the QED3 Lagrangian. This symmetries. No trivial monopole!
will presumably drive the theory to strong coupling
QED3 could potentially represent a stable phase
If this monopole is also relevant in the RG sense, it will lead to instabilities
of the DSL
The most relevant monopoles pick speci c representations of the
One can continuously tune the DSL to the particle-hole symmetric point symmetry group thereby determining the nature of critical uctuations
which has an enlarged SU(2) gauge group.
The monopoles also dictate the nature of proximate symmetry breaking
orders, i.e., conventional Néel or VBS phases. They serve as natural order
parameters of symmetry breaking phases when the DSL is destabilized.
The DSL is likely to be unstable on bipartite lattices and its
eventual fate is likely to be a symmetry breaking state such
as Néel or VBS order
a
a
fi
a
fl
ei 3 Φ
My2i3 −Φy2 +3
!Φ Φ2 Mi1 Φ−M
y
i1 −y2
Φ !Φy2Mi3 Φ2 − !ei 3 +
Φy3 Φ−Mi1 −Mi1 −
!i2π π π First, the QED3 itheory discussed here could potent 2
i2π
2
2π
Stability of DSL
yy y i y y y y y y y y
e ΦΦ3 e !i
!Φ1
3 Φ e
!Φ1 13 Φ Φ3 !Φ e Φ2 Φ1 ΦΦ
3 2 Φ1 y3
!Φ y
Φ3 1 Φ !Φ1 !Φ !e Φ1 1 3 !Φ Φ!Φ 3 3
!i2π
1 3
yy i2π yy iπ3 y y
3
a stable phase, with i
an
y enlarged SU(4) × U(1)/Z4 glo y y y
1
i 2π y
3
2π
e ΦΦ3 e ΦΦ4=5=6
3 e 4/5/6
!Φ Φ2 !Φ4/5/6 Φ2 !e Φ3 Φ2 Φ!Φ 3 Φy4=5=6
Φ 2
y
Φ2
Φ4=5=6 !Φ4/5/6Φ2 e Φ4=5=6
3
y
!Φ2 !Φ Φ24/5/6 3
2 4=5=6
y !iπ3 y
2
!i2π y y which appears in ithey low-energy limit. We discuss 4=5=6
y y y 2π
Φ e Φ e 3 Φ !Φ !e Φ1 Φ3 !Φ Φ
1 transformation
3 Φ !Φ Φ !Φ1 3
3 mass terms. Their
fermion
y
wn followed by the i2π y
3 transformation under
corresponding table
2π
for
3 lattice and 1
they six magnetic y possibilities below. i y First, let us discuss the issue
Symmetry
# ψσ i τ j ψ. Translations
Mij!Φ
3
of fermion bilinears
are markedΦiny Fig. 1. Ry, C6 Φy
3 on the kagome
and monopoles
denotes reflection
3 lattice, where
ywith respect to y-axis 2π
Φ4=5=6 e Φ4=5=6
3 e 3Φ
!i
Φ e Φ4=5=6 !Φ4/5/6 4/5/6 !Φ 4/5/6 Φ !Φ4/5/6 3
operator scaling dimensions. For the triangular
Scmonopoles
ling dimension
be incorporated into theof monopole oper to the tors
R, C denote translation and reflection marked4=5=6
6 in Fig. 1, and 4=5=6 4=5=6 4=5=6 4=5=6
and six-fold rotation around center of hexagon. The six-fold rotation symmetry acting on
spectively cannot vector representation of SO(6) owing
The M ¼ ψσ τ ψ denotes the 16 fermion mass terms. Their transformation under lattice and
time reversal symmetry are shown followed by the corresponding table for the six magnetic
Symmetry transformation of translations
fermion
nontrivial Berry phase, which is in line with the magnetic pattern expected on bilinears and lattice
the kagome (see
monopoles on Table
the kagome2), note
lattice, wherethat Φ
M # ψσ τ ψ. Translations are marked in Fig. 1. R , C denotes reflection with respect to y-axis 1,2 have k1 = π ij
i j
i j
y 6
= −2π/3,
ij
monopoles Φ . Symmetries T , R, C denote translation and reflection marked in Fig. 1, and and six-fold rotation around center k
of1hexagon. and
The six-fold the
rotation lowest
symmetry acting order
on invariant monop
t break SU(4) symmetry, and that of
six-fold rotation around a site, respectively
i 1/2 6
monopoles cannot be incorporated into the vector representation of SO(6) owing to the
four fermion that breaks SU(4)
nontrivial symmetry, that
Berry phase, which is in can bethewritten
line with as expected on the kagome lattice
magnetic pattern
the scaling dimension

P3 2 2 ΔL ¼ Φ Φ Φ þ h:c:
terms thatof break the monopole a
! σ ψÞ of% ðψ a
! τ ψÞ . While this operator is irrelevant Triangular 1 2 3
interaction L4 ¼ and
SU(4) symmetry, a¼1 ðψthat
Nf approximation,
e magnetic monopoles. the scaling dimension at tree level, interactionsfour could changethat
fermion its breaks
scalingSU(4) dimension. symmetry, A that can be written as + O(1/Nf ) ⇠ 4.32
<latexit sha1_base64="HZdraXiV9vEIgOIxDr1wexqsvNo=">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</latexit>
83 +Let O(1/N ), Bipartite

so settinglattice
N = 4 yields Δ recent epsilon expansion L study P
51 reports
3 the 2scaling dimension 2
3 = 1.186N
ofthis operator is irrelevant
f 0.422
us f
begin with the f scaling 1
dimension of the monopole a a
(Single monopole operator) ¼ ð !
ψ σ ψÞ % ð ψ! τ ψÞ . While
ies that this operator is strongly relevant. this operator to be Δ = 4
3.17, a¼1
which means it Note,
would the
remain Dyer, mismatch
E., Mezei, M. & Pufu, in S. momentum
S. Monopole taxonomy inwith ferm
three-dimensional
<latexit sha1_base64="DOGMpo7kMJJry+HrlA5nIWG1HWU=">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</latexit>
operator. Within a large Nf approximation, the scaling dimension at tree level, interactions could change its scaling dimension. A
4f conformal field theories, arXiv:1309.1160 (2013)
dimension at N = 4 could be different,
is: Δ1 = 0.265Nf − 0.0383 + O(1/Nf), so setting
f this Nf = 4 yields Δ1 recent epsilon expansionwhich
ARTICLE although significant uncertainty is associated
irrelevant, only
with
51 thispick up phase factorsofthat are multiples
. We will therefore assume that the single study reports the scaling dimension
= 1.02 < 3, which implies that this operator is strongly scaling dimension, and other
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11727-3
relevant. approximations,
OPEN suchthat as large
there N
is ,no invariantIrrelevantterm at SU(4) symmetric
with a point mon
smaller
a relevant perturbation. For the bipartite imply that it is relevant35. This would decide whether this operator to be Δ 4f = 3.17, which f means it would remain
the Dirac
While
At N the =true4, scaling = dimension
1.02 < 3 at N = 4 Unifying
could be different, description
this irrelevant, of competing
although Although
significant orders zero
uncertainty modes
is associated for 6π
with (three-fold)
this monopole
<latexit sha1_base64="dneGI2aZU2z7hi1c3zLxnyCbFFM=">AAACCnicbVDJSgNBEO2JW4zbqEcvrYngQcJMVPRgIC4HTxLBLJCEoafTkzTpWeiuEcKQsxd/xYsHRbz6Bd78GzvLQRMfFDzeq6KqnhsJrsCyvo3U3PzC4lJ6ObOyura+YW5uVVUYS8oqNBShrLtEMcEDVgEOgtUjyYjvClZze1dDv/bApOJhcA/9iLV80gm4xykBLTnm7gXg3K2TeIPice4Q55rXTABxEntQtPNW4fwo55hZK2+NgGeJPSFZNEHZMb+a7ZDGPguACqJUw7YiaCVEAqeCDTLNWLGI0B7psIamAfGZaiWjVwZ4Xytt7IVSVwB4pP6eSIivVN93dadPoKumvaH4n9eIwTtrJTyIYmABHS/yYoEhxMNccJtLRkH0NSFUcn0rpl0iCQWdXkaHYE+/PEuqhbx9krfuCtnS5SSONNpBe+gA2egUldANKqMKougRPaNX9GY8GS/Gu/Exbk0Zk5lt9AfG5w8q7Zdf</latexit>
f
of a trivial monopole implies a single spin liquid a stable phase, with no relevant operators, or a critical
f 1
P
is unlikely to exceed 3. We will therefore assume that the single scaling dimension, and carries other approximations,
Lorentz spin-1, such 3as large
the ¯ N
leading-order, ¯ three-fo
<latexit sha1_base64="NhVKfHdPHZuP6wLaz8GnT6+B04o=">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</latexit>
erator is allowed on symmetry grounds in point

monopoleStrongly operator is
relevant! a relevant perturbation.in two-dimensional
with
For the a single
bipartite relevant operator, quantum which would
imply that it is relevant magnets
35 require tuning
. This would
L
decide
4 =
whether a=1 (
theand Dirac
a f ) 2
( ⌧ a
) 2
we do not expect the U(1) Dirac spin liquid of the four fermion term
lattices, the presence of a trivial monopole implies L to access 35 . In contain
either case lorentz
it is singlet ones transform formally
Song1,aChong single 4
Xue-Yang Wang1,2,spin Ashvinliquid a
Vishwanath stable phase,
1 & Yin-Chen He1,2with no relevant operators, or a critical
What does it flow to? The most likely expected to be relevant to understanding the phase term, detailed
structure on construction = 3.17 contained
Epsilon expansion in Suppleme
<latexit sha1_base64="uBWgVTbINrGxbl5LPXkH+GKMfKc=">AAAB+3icbVDLSsNAFJ34rPUV69LNYCu4KklV6kYo6sJlBfuANoTJdNIOnTyYuRFLyK+4caGIW3/EnX/jtM1CWw9cOJxzL/fe48WCK7Csb2NldW19Y7OwVdze2d3bNw9KbRUlkrIWjUQkux5RTPCQtYCDYN1YMhJ4gnW88c3U7zwyqXgUPsAkZk5AhiH3OSWgJdcsVfq3TABx03M/uzqr2vWKa5atqjUDXiZ2TsooR9M1v/qDiCYBC4EKolTPtmJwUiKBU8GyYj9RLCZ0TIasp2lIAqacdHZ7hk+0MsB+JHWFgGfq74mUBEpNAk93BgRGatGbiv95vQT8SyflYZwAC+l8kZ8IDBGeBoEHXDIKYqIJoZLrWzEdEUko6LiKOgR78eVl0q5V7YuqdV8rN67zOAroCB2jU2SjOmqgO9RELUTRE3pGr+jNyIwX4934mLeuGPnMIfoD4/MHrsiS5g==</latexit>
monopole insertion operator is allowed on symmetry grounds in point with a single relevant operator, which would require tuning
4f
symmetry is broken, i.e. a mass term is the triangular lattice. Within a large N calculation 53, the scaling dime
the Lagrangian. Then, we do not expect the U(1) Dirac spin liquid of the four fermion term L4 to access Pietro, 35 . In either
fL. Di & Stamou,case it
E. Scaling is
dimensions in QED from the epsilon-
<latexit sha1_base64="96re2qoMLe0T0qB5HaWjftZpjBg=">AAACc3icbVFNb9NAEF2brxK+AkhcemDUBFSkdGUHqnKsoJEqxCFVSVspiaL1Zmyvut61dtcIy8of4Odx419w4c46zQFanrTS05uZnZk3SSmFdVH0Mwhv3b5z997W/c6Dh48eP+k+fXZmdWU4TriW2lwkzKIUCidOOIkXpUFWJBLPk8uPbfz8KxortPri6hLnBcuUSAVnzkuL7veZ0kItUTkYC3RGD+AzhSMBs9dw6lihqwGMKJxy5jtksBQFqvYzC0LByeiov2jervqQGl2AyxGwtEJqtQf4rWTrTAqfKByLLIeRQpPVMM5rS2EYxQcD2H8Huy17Q6Gz6PYiGq0BN0m8IT2ywXjR/TFbal75iRyXzNppHJVu3jDjBJe46swqiyXjlyzDqaeKFWjnzdqzFbzyyhJSbfzzy6/VvysaVlhbF4nPLJjL7fVYK/4vNq1c+n7eCFVWDhW/apRWEpyG9gDeQoPcydoTxo3wswLPmWHc+TO1JsTXV75JzoY03qfRybB3+GFjxxbZJjtkl8TkgBySYzImE8LJr+BF8DKA4He4He6E/avUMNjUPCf/INz7A+K2tnU=</latexit>
ous symmetry breaking. This still leaves a In contrast, on the kagome lattice an inspection of the
3
to beMost likely ows

a stable phase.to a What
chiral does it 52
is removed by monopole proliferation . monopole
flow to? Themagnets
Quantum most providelikely
the simplest expected to
example of stronglybe relevant
interacting quantum triple
to monopole
understanding
matter, yet the is Δ
phase 3 = 1.186N
structure fon− 0.422
expansion. J. High Energy Phys. 2017, 54 (2017).
+ O(1/N f )
symmetry
scenario broken
is that phasesymmetry
chiral (mass is broken, they
i.e.continue
a mass and mass
term istermthe transformation laws imply (seeWeTable 3)
to resist a comprehensive
triangular lattice. makes it very likely to be an irrelevant perturbation
understanding above one spatial dimension.
1234567890():,;
that this does not lead to additional the following

a promising two invariant terms:
term )
developed by spontaneous symmetry breaking. explore
This still framework
leaves a in two dimensions, the Dirac spin liquid (DSL) — quantum
In contrast, on the symmetric kagome lattice anpoint. inspection of the
d conclude that the colinear Neel order or electrodynamics (QED ) with 4 Dirac fermions coupled to photons. Importantly,
52
! . thati2πmonopole
" its excita-
! transformation fixed The remaining operator to
2π " key
3
gapless photon, +which is removed by monopole proliferation
1 and Wemass
address term laws imply (see Table 3)
on bipartite lattices are likely to be realized tions include magnetic monopoles drive confinement. previously open
⇠ 3.84
<latexit sha1_base64="wsocAHk0Z3iX+dyXx5K0U/cPR2Q=">AAAB/XicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62v+Ni5GSyCuCiJVuyyqAuXFewDmhAm00k7dGYSZiZCDcVfceNCEbf+hzv/xmmbhbYeuHA4517uvSdMGFXacb6twtLyyupacb20sbm1vWPv7rVUnEpMmjhmseyESBFGBWlqqhnpJJIgHjLSDofXE7/9QKSisbjXo4T4HPUFjShG2kiBfeDdEKZRkLmnY09RDs8rtWpgl52KMwVcJG5OyiBHI7C/vF6MU06Exgwp1XWdRPsZkppiRsYlL1UkQXiI+qRrqECcKD+bXj+Gx0bpwSiWpoSGU/X3RIa4UiMemk6O9EDNexPxP6+b6qjmZ1QkqSYCzxZFKYM6hpMoYI9KgjUbGYKwpOZWiAdIIqxNYCUTgjv/8iJpnVXci4pzVy3Xr/I4iuAQHIET4IJLUAe3oAGaAINH8AxewZv1ZL1Y79bHrLVg5TP74A+szx+WV5QB</latexit>
%i
ΔL
questionskagome
— the
¼
We will argue below that this does not lead to additional the following two invariant terms:M
symmetry 01 Φ
actions 1 e 3
on
þ M
monopoles 02 ðΦ
on 2 Þ
square,
þ M 03
honeycomb,
Φ 3 e 3
triangular
þ
and
h:c: 1⇤
Gapless photon removed by
west energies. NATURE lattices COMMUNICATIONS | (2019)10:4254 | https://doi.org/10.1
symmetry breaking, and conclude that the colinear Neel
kagome lattices.
ΔL order
2 The stabilityor
e y 2is enhanced
ofi2πthe DSL
3 ðΦ Þ þ ðΦ Þ þ e
2 triangular
y on %i 2
2π and ykagome
3 ðΦ Þ þ h:c: ⇠ 2.50
<latexit sha1_base64="wuOr95ylP0AjFiWN5asggwBP53U=">AAAB/XicbVDLSsNAFJ34rPUVHzs3g0UQFyEpFl0WdeGygn1AE8JkOmmHzkzCzESoofgrblwo4tb/cOffOG2z0NYDFw7n3Mu990Qpo0q77re1tLyyurZe2ihvbm3v7Np7+y2VZBKTJk5YIjsRUoRRQZqaakY6qSSIR4y0o+H1xG8/EKloIu71KCUBR31BY4qRNlJoH/o3hGkU5tWzsa8oh1Wn5oZ2xXXcKeAi8QpSAQUaof3l9xKccSI0ZkipruemOsiR1BQzMi77mSIpwkPUJ11DBeJEBfn0+jE8MUoPxok0JTScqr8ncsSVGvHIdHKkB2rem4j/ed1Mx5dBTkWaaSLwbFGcMagTOIkC9qgkWLORIQhLam6FeIAkwtoEVjYhePMvL5JW1fFqjnt3XqlfFXGUwBE4BqfAAxegDm5BAzQBBo/gGbyCN+vJerHerY9Z65JVzByAP7A+fwCLwJP6</latexit>
nd for monopole proliferation lattice DSLs

the non-bipartite kagome ¼ 1
compared to bipartite (square and honeycomb) lattices. 2 We obtain the ! universal
3 2π "signatures ! 2⇤ 2π "
common VBS orders on bipartite lattices are oflikely to be realized 1 i3 %i 3
he triangular and kagome DSL, no such ΔL
the DSL on triangular and kagome lattices, including kagome ¼ M 01
those of monopole Φ e þ M
1excitations, as a02 ðΦ 2 Þ þ M 03 Φ 3 e þ h:c:
in this theory at the lowest energies. guide to numerics and experiments on existing materials. Even when unstable, the DSL helps
ð8Þ
esent. This has a number of consequences. ΔL 2 i2π
¼ e ðΦ1materials. y 2 y 2
Þ þ ðΦ2 Þ þ e ðΦ3 Þ þ h:c: %i 2π y 2
On the other hand for the
discussed here could potentially represent where M & ψ non-bipartite lattice
unify and organize DSLs
the plethora of ordered phases in correlated 3
kagometwo-dimensional
3
! τ i ψ. Note, the first term involves a combination of

a
fl

a
Measurable characteristic signatures
Numerics nd sc ttering experiments
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11727-3 ARTICLE
Kagome lattice: Triangular lattice:

fermion bilinears fermion bilinears
R:+1 R:–1
R:+1 R:–1 ¯ – Dim $

!! 1
¯
!"!
R:–1 R:–1
¯
!#! – Dim $2
R:+1 R:–1 ¯ i #j !
!"
Kagome lattice: monopoles Triangular lattice: monopoles
R:+1
& 2&
( , ) %i – Dim $3
2& 3 3
C6 : ei 3
R:+1
Spin singlet
monopoles
Spin triplet
monopoles
R:+1
Fig. 4 Symmetry quantum numbers of dominant operators of the DSL on kagome and triangular lattices Fermion bilinears and monopoles lead to
measurable characteristic signatures in numerics and scattering experiments. These include the 1 + 15 fermion bilinears and the six monopoles. In addition
a
a
Future outlook
Materials perspective
Many interesting ones known in mineralogical form are yet to be made in the lab, e.g., quetzalcoatlite (Cu2+ on perfect kagome)
Chemical disorder acts at the ultraviolet scale giving rise to orphan spins —> Development of promising new synthesis routes
(high-pressure, hydrothermal, molecular beam epitaxy, etc) to mitigate and control disorder
Holy grail: Obtaining a doped spin liquid that is metallic!
Theory
Dynamical and non-equilibrium properties
Methods of spintronics: search for spin currents, spin Hall e ect, spin noise, etc to reveal the nature of spinons
Search for visons: Looking for trapped magnetic ux in a spin liquid ring
Trapping impurities to induce Friedel oscillations near defects (via STM) to reveal a spino Fermi surface
fl
ff
ff
Thank you!

QSL (Yasir Iqbal IIT Madras)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

QSL (Yasir Iqbal IIT Madras)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

QSL (Yasir Iqbal IIT Madras)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Quantum Spin Liquids

A se rch for fr ction liz tion nd g uge ields in qu ntum

Y sir Iqb l, Indi n Institute of Technology M dr s, 21st Dec 2020

• Orders and Broken Symmetries - Landau paradigm and glimpses beyond

Classifying phases of matter

FIG. 8.1. The phase diagram of water.

water and ice have

A xed and well-de ned density

X.-G. Wen, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 4, 239 (1990)

Symmetries of complex ground state wave-function (r, t) ?

q Laughlin state has

The algebra has only one q-dimensional irreducible representation

X.-G. Wen, Quantum Field Theory of Many-Body Systems (2004)

Projective symmetry group (PSG)

X.-G. Wen, Physics Letters A 300, 175 (2002)

Symmetry breaking Quantum orders and PSG

Quantum Spin Liquids

Anderson, 1973 (RVB paradigm) +…

L. Balents, Nature 464, 199 (2010)

L. Balents, Nature 464, 199 (2010)

org/ on November 28, 2020

te of the antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model (6.21), (6.68) Reverses

mag.org/ on November 28, 2020

uantum Spin Liquids

Fig. 6.33 Fig. 6.33

ick A. Lee Defeating the Néel state in D>1

P. A. Lee, Science 321, 1306 (2008)

ow a transition temperature, the electron

s. Early theoretical work spin has liquid

Defeating the Néel state in D>1 J’ J’

Under-constr ined systems Pyrochlore lattice

T L. Balents, 199 (2010)

horizontal and diagonal bonds, as shown. Blue circles denote magn

There are local degrees of freedom which can Ground state

Moessner and Chalker, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2929 (1998)

J. T. Chalker, Introduction to Frustrated Magnetism, Chapter 1 (2011)

trated magnetism, spinel compounds

elf in a vastly suppressed ordering more delicate q that can be easily

PRL 120, 057201 (2018)

nerate coplanar spin spiral ground

(J −2 ) and 8 out-of-plane terms (J ⊥

Materials with spins on lattices that frustrate conventional Néel

Gapless ground state in the archetypal quantum

The entire low-energy spectrum is

Inelastic Neutron Scattering

dominated by impurity spins !

Some of the properties are

reminiscent of random spin singlet

states which are not quantum spin

liquids as they are product wave

Some indications of marginal Fermi

Downloaded from http://sc

liquid behavior (C. M. Verma)

Physical realization of a quantum spin liquid based

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15594-1 ARTICLE Evidence for a three-dimensional quantum spin

80 20 Q = (±0.3, ±0.3, –1.67)

15 behaviour and manifests in the compound c PbCuTe2O6. Using a combination ofbexperiment

Pyrochlore l ttice Continuum of quantum fluctuations in a three-

barn sr–1 per Ni