Chapter 3

Introduction & Fundamentals

Project Dimensions
Product and Technology
Central Idea: The Pareto Principle, or 80/20 rule, states that 20% of causes are
responsible for 80% of effects. It applies to various fields, including business and
management. The rule reminds managers to focus on the 20% of work that
produces 80% of results. In terms of product development, reducing the size of a
product can save a significant amount of time and effort.

1. Who originated the 80:20 rule?

a) Joseph M. Juran
b) Vilfredo Pareto
c) Total Quality Management
d) Service quality consultant

Answer: b) Vilfredo Pareto

2. What is the 80:20 rule?

a) 80% of the effort produces 80% of the result
b) 80% of the result comes from 20% of the effort
c) 80% of the effort produces 20% of the result
d) 20% of the effort produces 80% of the result

Answer: b) 80% of the result comes from 20% of the effort

3. What was the first field in which Joseph M. Juran recognized the
applicability of the Pareto principle?
a) Business management
b) Quality control
c) Inventory management
d) Financial campaign

Answer: c) Inventory management

4. What is the value of the Pareto Principle for a manager?

a) It reminds the manager to focus on the 80 percent that matters
b) It reminds the manager to focus on the 20 percent that matters
c) It reminds the manager to focus on both the 20 and 80 percent equally
d) It reminds the manager to focus on trivial things

Answer: b) It reminds the manager to focus on the 20 percent that matters

5. how can reducing the size of the product help in its production?
a) It will require more time in production
b) It will save 60% of the effort
c) It will increase the features and requirements
d) It will increase the time and effort required for testing

Answer: b) It will save 60% of the effort

Project Phases:
Summary
The project life cycle consists of five phases: initiation, planning, executing,
controlling, and closing. Effective management of these phases increases the
chances of project success in software development, which is a complex and
unpredictable process.

1. Why do organizations divide projects into phases?

a) To increase project complexity
b) To provide links to ongoing operations
c) To decrease project success
d) To provide more time for development

Answer: b) To provide links to ongoing operations

2. What is the purpose of the initiation phase in project management?

a) Refine project scope
b) Accomplish project goals
c) Monitor project changes
d) Establish project vision and goals

Answer: d) Establish project vision and goals

3. Which phase identifies specific tasks, develops schedules, and creates

budgets?
a) Initiation
b) Planning
c) Executing
d) Closing

Answer: b) Planning

4. What is the purpose of the controlling phase in project management?

a) Deliver project to the audience
b) Monitor and correct changes
c) Assemble the project team
d) Refine the scope of the project

Answer: b) Monitor and correct changes

5. What is the purpose of the closing phase in project management?

a) Refine project scope
b) Deliver project and assess success
c) Establish project vision and goals
d) Identify specific tasks and develop schedules

Answer: b) Deliver project and assess success

Characteristics of Project Phases

The text discusses the characteristics of project phases and how they are marked by
completion of deliverables, which are tangible work products such as feasibility
studies or prototypes. The phases are part of a sequential logic designed to define
the project product properly. Each phase includes defined deliverables to establish
management control, and phase-end reviews are conducted to determine if the
project should continue into the next phase and detect and correct errors cost-
effectively.

1. What is a deliverable in project management?

a) A verifiable work product
b) A non-tangible work product
c) A concept
d) A project phases

Answer: a) A verifiable work product

2. What marks the conclusion of a project phase?
a) Completion of the project
b) A review of deliverables and project performance
c) Approval of additional funding
d) Hiring of new team members

Answer: b) A review of deliverables and project performance

3. What are phase exits or stage gates?

a) Points at which team members leave the project
b) Formal reviews conducted at the end of a project phase
c) Deliverables completed at the end of each project phase
d) Changes made to the project plan during a project phase

Answer: b) Formal reviews conducted at the end of a project phase

4. What are the majority of items related to in a project phase?

a) Primary phase deliverable
b) Project budget
c) Team communication
d) Software tools used

Answer: a) Primary phase deliverable

5. From where do the project phases typically take their names?

a) Team members
b) Project management tools
c) The set of defined deliverables
d) Project timeline

Answer: c) The set of defined deliverables

Characteristics of the Project Life Cycle

The project life cycle defines the beginning and end of a project and links it to the
ongoing operations of the performing organization. It involves defining phase
sequences, transitional actions, and the technical work to be done in each phase.
Most project life cycles have four or five phases with common characteristics, such
as cost and staffing levels, and varying deliverables. The project life cycle should
not be confused with the product life cycle. The phases in the project life cycle
include concept, requirements, design, development, and operation, with specific
activities and deliverables in each phase.

1. What does the project life cycle define?

A) The cost and staffing levels of the project
B) The beginning and end of a project
C) The technical work to be done in each phase of the project
D) The probability of successfully completing the project

Answer: B

2. What is the purpose of a feasibility study in a project?

A) To determine if the project should be undertaken
B) To identify the needs of the organization
C) To link the project to ongoing operations of the performing organization
D) To define the beginning and end of the project

Answer: A

3. What is fast tracking in a project life cycle?

A) Overlapping phases when the risks involved are deemed acceptable
B) Rapidly dropping cost and staffing levels as the project draws to a conclusion
C) Highly detailed approaches often called project management methodologies
D) Providing structure and consistency through numerous forms, charts, and
checklists

Answer: A

4. What is the main difference between a project life cycle and a product life
cycle?
A) A project life cycle is used to define the beginning and end of a project while a
product life cycle is used to define the stages of a product's life
B) A project life cycle includes subprojects while a product life cycle does not
C) A project life cycle has distinct phases for functional and detail design while a
product life cycle does not
D) A project life cycle has higher probability of successful completion at the start
while a product life cycle has higher probability of successful completion towards
the end
Answer: A

5. What is the purpose of the requirements phase in a project life cycle?

A) To identify the software requirements specification document
B) To prepare the development plan
C) To design the system performance
D) To identify the processing requirements and output design

Answer: D

6. What is the purpose of the operation phase in a project life cycle?

A) To prepare the software test plan
B) To design the control requirements
C) To identify the personnel training plan
D) To evaluate the system performance and implement changes/enhancements

Answer: D

1. What is the purpose of the Concept phase in the project life cycle?
a) To identify the user requirements
b) To analyze the feasibility of the project
c) To design the system architecture
d) To implement the project plan

Answer: b) To analyze the feasibility of the project

2. What is the main deliverable of the Requirements phase?

a) System performance design
b) Software development plan
c) Software requirements specification document
d) General system review

Answer: c) Software requirements specification document

3. Which activity is not a part of the Design phase?

a) Processing requirements identification
b) Software selection
c) Computer program testing
d) Personnel training
Answer: c) Computer program testing

4. What is the purpose of the Development phase in the project life cycle?
a) To prepare the design specifications
b) To perform system testing
c) To acquire and install equipment
d) To implement the computer program

Answer: d) To implement the computer program

5. What is the main deliverable of the Operation phase?

a) Routine operation
b) System performance evaluation
c) System changes/enhancements
d) User acceptance review

Answer: a) Routine operation

Software Development Lifecycle

Water Fall Theme
This passage discusses the software development life cycle, which consists of a
series of phases, each with a beginning, middle, and end. The earliest method of
software development, called the code and fix method, involved programmers
iteratively writing and fixing code until an acceptable program was produced.
However, this method is unpredictable and unsuitable for successful project
management. Modern software development involves software planning, design,
testing, and integration, with programming now being a relatively small part of the
process. The passage also notes that commercial data processing systems still
spend significant development time on programming and unit testing, while real-
time systems often require extensive hardware software integration and more
planning and testing.

1. What is the software development life cycle?

a) The process of creating software programs by iterating from code to fix and
back again.
b) The beginning, middle, and end phases of software development.
c) The process of planning, designing, developing, testing, and maintaining
software.
d) The process of fixing bugs in software after it has been released.
Answer: b) The beginning, middle, and end phases of software development.

2. What is the code and fix method of software development?

a) A method of planning, designing, developing, testing, and maintaining software.
b) A method of creating software programs by iterating from code to fix and back
again.
c) A method of fixing bugs in software after it has been released.
d) A method of automating software development tasks.

Answer: b) A method of creating software programs by iterating from code to fix

and back again.

3. Why is planning important in software development?

a) It is impossible to predict the outcome of the code and fix method.
b) It is the only way to ensure that software projects are successful.
c) It allows software engineers to focus on programming tasks.
d) It reduces the amount of time spent on testing.

Answer: a) It is impossible to predict the outcome of the code and fix method.

4. What is the role of software engineers in software development?

a) To solely implement programming tasks.
b) To plan, design, develop, test, and maintain software.
c) To fix bugs in software after it has been released.
d) To automate software development tasks.

Answer: b) To plan, design, develop, test, and maintain software.

5. Which phase of software development is programming and unit testing?

a) Planning
b) Design
c) Development
d) Testing

Answer: c) Development.

1. Which of the following is not a phase in the software development life cycle?
A) Planning
B) Coding
C) Testing
D) Deployment
E) All of the above are phases in the software development life cycle

Answer: E) All of the above are phases in the software development life cycle

2. Which phase of the software development life cycle involves gathering and
documenting requirements?
A) Planning
B) Analysis
C) Design
D) Coding
E) Testing

Answer: B) Analysis

3. During which phase of the software development life cycle is the software
actually written?
A) Planning
B) Analysis
C) Design
D) Coding
E) Testing

Answer: D) Coding

4. Which phase of the software development life cycle involves designing the
architecture and structure of the software?
A) Planning
B) Analysis
C) Design
D) Coding
E) Testing

Answer: C) Design

5. Which phase of the software development life cycle involves making sure
that the software works as intended?
A) Planning
B) Analysis
C) Design
D) Coding
E) Testing

Answer: E) Testing

Spiral Model
Summary
The Spiral model is a software development method that iterates between the
requirements, design, and implementation phases until the final system is
complete. It follows a phased approach similar to the Waterfall model and includes
certain fundamental features described in IEEE Standard for Software Life Cycle
Processes. Understanding the different phases and how they relate to one another is
important in modern software development models.

1. Which software development model follows a phased approach similar to

the Waterfall model and iterates between the requirements, design, and
implementation phases?
a. Agile model
b. Spiral model
c. Code and fix model
d. RAD model

Answer: b. Spiral model

2. Which IEEE standard describes the processes that are mandatory for the
development of software and specifies the activities that must be included in
the life cycle model?
a. IEEE 802.11
b. IEEE 1993
c. IEEE 754
d. IEEE 802.3

Answer: b. IEEE 1993

3. Which of the following is not a basic requirement for a good software

development model?
a. Inclusion of certain fundamental features
b. Compliance with IEEE Standard 1074
c. Ability to handle different software projects and development organizations
d. A phased approach similar to the Waterfall model

Answer: b. Compliance with IEEE Standard 1074 (It is a standard that describes
the processes that are mandatory for the development of software and specifies the
activities that must be included in the life cycle model, but not a basic requirement
for a good software development model.)

4. Which phase of the software development life cycle requires software

engineers and is a relatively small part of the modern software development
cycle?
a. Requirements and design
b. Implementation
c. Testing
d. Maintenance

Answer: b. Implementation

5. What is the central idea of the passage?

a. The importance of software development models
b. The different phases of software development
c. The evolution of software development methodologies
d. The significance of compliance with IEEE standards

Answer: c. The evolution of software development methodologies