Even A Noob If Continously Practices

Will Become A Specialist.

The Choice Is Yours
 Even A Noob If Continously Practices
Will Become A Specialist.
BAB 2 JIRIM & STRUKTUR ATOM The Choice Is Yours
MATTER & STRUCTURE OF ATOM

2.1 KONSEP ASAS JIRIM

BASIC CONCEPT OF MATTER

2.2 PERKEMBANGAN MODEL ATOM

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC MODEL

2.3 STRUKTUR ATOM

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

2.4 ISOTOP & PENGGUNAANNYA

ISOTOPE & ITS USES

-2-
 Even A Noob If Continously Practices
Will Become A Specialist.

2.1 KONSEP ASAS JIRIM The Choice Is Yours

BASIC CONCEPT OF MATTER

KEADAAN JIRIM PEPEJAL/SOLID CECAIR/LIQUID GAS

STRUKTUR
JIRIM

SUSUNAN JIRIM RAPAT & PADAT RAPAT & LONGGAR JAUH

GERAKAN JIRIM BERGETAR & BERGELONGSOR RAWAK PADA
BERPUTAR KELAJUAN TINGGI
TENAGA ZARAH AMAT RENDAH RENDAH TINGGI
IKATAN KUAT KUAT TAPI LEMAH AMAT LEMAH
DARI DLM PEPEJAL
BENTUK TETAP IKUT BEKAS TIADA
ISIPADU PADA TEKANAN TIDAK BERUBAH PERUBAHAN AMAT BERUBAH
TINGGI KECIL BOLEH
DIABAIKAN

TEORI KINETIK JIRIM

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

1. KEWUJUDAN ZARAH ZARAH SENI & DISKRIT

EXISTENCE OF TINY & DISCRETE PARTICLES
2. SENTIASA BERGERAK SECARA RAWAK
ALWAYS MOVE RANDOMLY
3. TENAGA HABA TENAGA KINETIK SUHU
HEAT ENERGY KINETIC ENERGY TEMPERATURE
4. PERLANGGARAN ADALAH KENYAL
COLLISIONS ARE ELASTIC

-3-
 Even A Noob If Continously Practices
Will Become A Specialist.
The Choice Is Yours

HEAT CURVE COOLING CURVE

LENGKUNG PEMANASAN (HEAT CURVE)

-4-
 Even A Noob If Continously Practices
Will Become A Specialist.
LENGKUNG PENYEJUKAN (COOLING CURVE) The Choice Is Yours

LATIHAN 2.1
1. Nyatakan jenis zarah yang wujud dalam wayar tembaga.
State the types of particles that exist in a copper wire.

2. Lily mengeringkan rambutnya dengan pengering rambut.

Lily dries her hair with a hair dryer.
(a) Namakan proses yang terlibat semasa pengeringan rambut.
Name the process involved during hair drying.

(b) Nyatakan perubahan dalam pergerakan zarah air apabila rambut dikeringkan.
State the changes in the movement of water particles when hair is dried.

3. Asid laurik, C12H24O2 dipanaskan dari suhu bilik hingga 50 °C. Pada 43 °C, asid laurik,
C12H24O2 mula cair.
Lauric acid, C12H24O2 is heated from room temperature to 50 °C. At 43 °C, lauric acid,
C12H24O2 starts to melt.

(a) Lukis lengkung pemanasan untuk asid laurik, C12H24O2

Draw a heating curve for lauric acid, C12H24O2
.
(b) Mengapa pemalar suhu pada 43 °C?
Why is the temperature constant at 43 °C?

-5-
 Even A Noob If Continously Practices
Will Become A Specialist.
2.2 PERKEMBANGAN MODEL ATOM The Choice Is Yours
The Development of the Atomic Model

LATIHAN 2.2
1. Rajah 2.10 menunjukkan struktur atom nitrogen.
Diagram 2.10 shows the atomic structure of nitrogen.
(a) Nama X.
Name X.
(b) Nyatakan zarah subatom yang terdapat dalam nukleus atom nitrogen.
State the subatomic particles found in the nucleus of nitrogen atom.
(c) Bandingkan X dan zarah subatomik yang disebut dalam (b) dari aspek cas relatif dan jisim relatif.
Compare X and subatomic particles mentioned in (b) from the aspect of relative charge and relative mass.
2. • Elektron bergerak mengelilingi nukleus dalam kulit.
Electrons move around the nucleus in shells.
• Nukleus atom terdiri daripada proton dan neutron.
Nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons.
Pernyataan di atas menunjukkan maklumat tentang model struktur atom.
The statements above show the information on an atomic structure model.
(a) Ahli sains manakah yang mengenal pastinya?
Which scientist identified it?
(b) Lukiskan model struktur atom ini.
Draw this atomic structure model.

-6-
 Even A Noob If Continously Practices
2.3 STRUKTUR ATOM Will Become A Specialist.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE The Choice Is Yours

Subatom Cas Jisim

relatif relatif
Proton +1 1
Elektron -1 1
/1840
Neutron 0 1

STRUKTUR ATOM

NOMBOR PROTON = n Proton dlm nucleus atom

NOMBOR NUKLEON = n Proton + n Neutron
ATOM NEUTRAL Sebab [ nPROTON = n ELEKTRON]

Pengionan
Kation
Ionization
Cation

ATOM ION Sebatian

Ionik
Nyahcas Anion
Discharge

PERWAKILAN PIAWAI ATOM

STANDARD REPRESENTATION OF ELEMENT

X = CHEMICAL SYMBOL OF ELEMENT [Simbol Kimia]

A = Z + N = NUCLEON NUMBER [Nombor Nukleon]
A

X
Z = PROTON NUMBER [Nombor Proton]

-7-
 Even A Noob If Continously Practices
Will Become A Specialist.
The Choice Is Yours

K K+

Ca
Ca Ca2+

Na Na Na+

Mg Mg2+

Al Al Al3+

-8-
 Even A Noob If Continously Practices
Will Become A Specialist.
The Choice Is Yours
Li Li+

Cl
Cl Cl-

F
F F-

O
O O2-

N N3-

-9-
 Even A Noob If Continously Practices
Will Become A Specialist.
LATIHAN 2.3
The Choice Is Yours

Jadual 2.3 menunjukkan bilangan proton dan bilangan neutron untuk elemen x, y dan z.
Table 2.3 shows the number of protons and the number of neutrons for elements X, Y and Z.
Elemen Bilangan proton Bilangan neutron
Element Number of protons Number of neutrons
X 10 10
Y 11 12
Z 19 20

Jadual 2.3
Table 2.3

1. Berapakah bilangan nukleon atom y?

What is the nucleon number of atom Y?

2. Tulis perwakilan standard elemen Z.

Write the standard representation of element Z.

3. Atom y mendermakan satu elektron untuk membentuk ion y+. Nyatakan bilangan proton, neutron dan
elektron untuk ion y+.
Atom Y donates one electron to form ion Y+. State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons
for ion Y+.

4. (a) Tulis susunan elektron atom X.

Write the electron arrangement of atom X.

(b) Lukis susunan elektron untuk atom X.

Draw the electron arrangement for atom X.

(c) Lukis struktur atom atom X. Labelkan semua zarah subatomik dalam rajah.
Draw the atomic structure of atom X. Label all the subatomic particles in
the diagram.

- 10 -
 Even A Noob If Continously Practices
2.4 ISOTOP & PENGGUNAANNYA Will Become A Specialist.
The Choice Is Yours
ISOTOPE & ITS USES

ISOTOP
ISOTOPE
UNSUR YANG MEMPUNYAI NO PROTON YANG SAMA TAPI NO NUKLEON BERBEZA
ELEMENTS THAT HAVE THE SAME NO OF PROTONS BUT DIFFERENT NO OF NUCLEONS

SIFAT FIZIK BERBEZA

DIFFERENT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

SIFAT KIMIA YANG SAMA

SAME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
PENGIRAAN J.A.R

i. Klorin-35 & Klorin-38

ii. Karbon-12, Karbon-13, Karbon-14

LATIHAN 2.4
1. Tentukan isotop.
Define isotopes.
2. Berdasarkan Jadual 2.6, atom mana yang isotop?Terangkan jawapan anda.
Based on Table 2.6, which atoms are isotopes? Explain your answer.
Element Proton number Nucleon number

W 6 12
X 6 13
Y 11 23
Z 12 24
3. Atom oksigen-16, oksigen-17 dan oksigen-18 adalah isotop. Bandingkan dan sebaliknya tiga isotop ini.
Atoms of oxygen-16, oxygen-17 and oxygen-18 are isotopes. Compare and contrast these three isotopes.

4. Magnesium wujud secara semulajadi sebagai tiga isotop, yang mana 79.0% daripada 24mg, 10.0% daripada
25mg dan 11.0% daripada 26mg. Kirakan jisim atom relatif magnesium.
Magnesium exists naturally as three isotopes, which are 79.0% of 24Mg, 10.0% of 25Mg and 11.0% of 26Mg.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of magnesium.

- 11 -
 Even A Noob If Continously Practices
Will Become A Specialist.
The Choice Is Yours
5. Puan Maimunah didiagnosis dengan kanser tulang.
Madam Maimunah was diagnosed with bone cancer.
(a) Apakah isotop yang digunakan untuk merawat madam maimunah?
What isotope is used to treat Madam Maimunah?

(b) Terangkan kesan positif dan negatif menggunakan isotop dalam (a).
Explain the positive and negative effects of using the isotope in (a).

4. Rajah 2 menunjukkan cas nukleus atom bagi

unsur X, Y dan Z.
Diagram 2 shows the nucleus charges of the atoms of
elements X, Y and Z.

+3 +9 +13

X Y Z

Diagram 2

(a) Nyatakan zarah subatom yang menyediakan cas dalam atom unsur.
State the subatomic particle that provides the charges in the atoms of the elements.

(b) Nyatakan zarah subatom lain yang terdapat dalam nukleus atom.
State the other subatomic particle found in the nucleus of the atoms.

(c) Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom-atom bagi unsur X, Y dan Z.

Write the electron arrangement of the atoms for elements X, Y and Z.

(d) Atom Z mengandungi 14 neutron. Kira nombor nukleon bagi atom Z.

Atom Z contains 14 neutrons. Calculate the nucleon number of atom Z.

- 12 -
 Even A Noob If Continously Practices
Will Become A Specialist.
The Choice Is Yours
5. Rajah 3 menunjukkan maklumat tentang boron. Boron mempunyai dua isotop iaitu
isotop 11B dan isotop y
Figure 3 shows the information on boron. Boron has two isotopes, namely isotope 11B and isotope y

Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberikan, hitungkan nombor nukleon isotop y

Based on the information given, calculate the nucleon number of isotope y

6. Rajah 4 menunjukkan perwakilan piawai bagi platinum atom. Ion platinum

mengandungi 74 elektron dan mempunyai a nombor nukleon 195.
Figure 4 shows the standard representation of a platinum atom. A platinum ion contains 74 electrons and
has a nucleon number of 195.
(a) Berapakah bilangan proton dan neutron dalam ion platinum?
What are the number of protons and neutrons in the platinum ion?

(b) Berapakah cas bagi ion platinum itu?

What is the charge of the platinum ion?

7. Wajarkan penggunaan iodin-131 dalam rawatan hipertiroidisme.

Justify the use of iodine-131 in the treatment for hyperthyroidism.

- 13 -
 Even A Noob If Continously Practices
SOALAN PEPERIKSAAN
Will Become A Specialist.
1. Diagram 1.1 shows the heating curve of solid naphthalene, C10H8. The Choice Is Yours
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan pepejal naftalena, C10H8.

Temperature/ 0C
D

B
T1
C

T0 A

Time / s
0
Diagram 1.1/Rajah 1.1

(a) (i) Name the process involved in Diagram 1.1

Namakan proses yang terlibat dalam Rajah 1.1.

..............................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(ii) State the type of particle present in naphthalene, C10H8.
Nyatakan jenis zarah yang terdapat dalam naftalena, C10H8 .

.........................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(b) Explain why there is no change in temperature from B to C
Terangkan mengapa tiada perubahan suhu dari B ke C

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

(c) State how the movement of naphthalene particles changes from C to D during
heating.
Nyatakan bagaimana pergerakan zarah-zarah naftalena berubah semasa pemanasan dari C
ke D.

..................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]

- 14 -
 Even A Noob If Continously Practices
(d) Diagram 1.2 shows the atomic model proposed by Neils Bohr. Will Become A Specialist.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan model atom yang dicadangkan oleh Neils Bohr.
The Choice Is Yours

Diagram 1.2/ Rajah 1.2

(i) Name P and Q.
Namakan P dan Q.

P : ...................................... Q : ..........................................
[1 mark]
(ii) Which subatomic particles are involved in a chemical reaction?
Zarah-zarah sub-atom yang manakah terlibat dalam tindak balas kimia?

..................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(e) Table 1 shows the number of protons and neutrons of four different atoms.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan bilangan proton dan neutron bagi empat atom yang berlainan.

Atom Number of protons Number of neutrons

Bilangan proton Bilangan neutron
W 16 17
X 16 16
Y 3 4
Z 19 20
Table 1/ Jadual 1
(i) Which atoms are isotopes?
Atom-atom yang manakah adalah isotop?

.....................................................................................................................
[1 mark/1 markah]
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (e) (i).
Berikan satu sebab bagi jawapan anda di (e) (i).

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2 marks/2 markah]

- 15 -
 Even A Noob If Continously Practices
2. (a) Table 2 shows the information of atom Q, R and S. Will Become A Specialist.
Jadual 2 menunjukkan maklumat bagi atom-atom Q, R dan S.
The Choice Is Yours
Atom Number of proton Number of neutron Nucleon number
Q 12 12 24
R 17 35
S 19 20 39
Table 2/Jadual 2
(i) What is meant by nucleon number?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan nombor nucleon?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

(ii) State the number of neutrons for element R.

Nyatakan bilangan neutron bagi unsur R.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
(iii) Draw and label electron arrangement of ion Q.
Lukis dan labelkan susunan elektron bagi ion Q.

[1 mark]
(iv) State the number of electron for element S.
Nyatakan bilangan elektron bagi unsur S.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

- 16 -
 Even A Noob If Continously Practices
(c) Diagram 2 shows the graph temperature against time when Will Become A Specialist.
liquid naphthalene is cooled. The Choice Is Yours
Rajah 2 menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa apabila cecair naftalena disejukkan.

o
C/ suhu
Temperature,
A

B C
T1

D
T0
Time, s / masa, s
Diagram 2/ Rajah 2

State the freezing point of naphthalene.

Nyatakan takat beku bagi naftalena.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

b. i What is the physical state of naphthalene at:

Apakah keadaan fizik bagi naftalena pada:

(a) AB :
…………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(b) CD:
………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]
ii Explain why there is no change in temperature from B to C?
Terangkan mengapa tiada perubahan suhu dari B ke C?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

- 17 -
 Even A Noob If Continously Practices
Will Become A Specialist.
The Choice Is Yours
iii Draw the arrangement of naphthalene particles at CD.
Lukiskan susunan zarah naftalena pada CD.

[1 mark]

- 18 -
 Even A Noob If Continously Practices
NOTES :
Will Become A Specialist.
The Choice Is Yours

- 19 -