-: DIVERSITY IN ANIMALS:-

Animals are diverse in structure. There are vast differences in structural

complexity of organisms ranging from the simplest sponges to humans.

Invertebrates:-
The animal species that lack invertebrates are called invertebrates. Invertebrates
account for 95% of known animal species. The invertebrates have been divided into eight
major phyla: porifera, cnideria, platyhelminthes, aschelminthes, mollusca, annelida,
arthropoda, echinodermata.

PHYLUM PORIFERA (pore bear):-

 As the name indicates the animals of this phylum have many pores called
Ostia in their body.
 They are all aquatic, mostly marine while some are found in fresh water.
 They are sessile (non-motile) attach to the rocks at the bottom of water.
 They are multicellular but don’t have tissue and organ.
 They are asymmetrical. They consist of outer dermal layer called
pinacoderm, inner layer called choanoderm and a middle layer/region called
mesenchyme.
 They have single body cavity called spongocoel.
 They depend on food coming along with water currents through Ostia and
goes out by a large opening called osculum.
 There skeleton have needle like spicules which may be calcarious (made of
calcium) or siliceous (made of silicon).
 Asexual reproduction takes place by budding or gammules.
 Sexual reproduction takes place by egg and sperm.
 Sex may be separate or united (hermaphrodite).
 They have remarkable ability of regeneration
 Examples are spongilla, sycon, etc.

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PHYLUM CNIDARIA (coelentrata):-
 The animal of this phylum are entirely aquatic found in both marine and
fresh water.
 Most of them are sessile (non-motile) but some are free living (jelly fish).
 They range in size from microscopic to two meters in length (jelly fish).
 They show radial symmetry.
 They are diploblastic (have two body layers) i.e. Ectoderm and Endoderm.
 They have sac like gastro-vascular cavity with one opening called mouth.
 Their body have tentacle which are provided with organs offense and
defense called nematocyst.
 Some of them show polymorphism i.e. two different structures during their
life cycle polyp which is their feeding zooid and medusae their reproductive
zooid.
 Both sexual and asexual reproduction is found in them.
 Examples are jelly fish and sea anemone.
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES:-
o As the name indicates the animal of this phylum are flat worms (dorse
ventrally compressed).
o They are triploblastic (have three body layers) i.e. ectoderm, endoderm and
mesoderm.
o They show radial symmetry.
o They have sac like gastro-vascular cavity with one opening called mouth.
o They are acoelomate.
o They are found in aqueous environment or terrestrial.
o Some of them are free living (planaria) while some are parasite.
o They reproduce both sexually and asexually.
o Asexual reproduction takes place by fission.
o They are monoecious.
o Fertilization is internal.
o Examples are Dugesia, Fasciola, Taenia.

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PHYLUM NEMATODA (aschelminthes):-
 As the name indicates the animal of this phylum are round worms.
 They may be free living or may be parasites.
 They show bilateral symmetry.
 They are triploblastic (have three body layers) i.e. ectoderm, endoderm and
mesoderm.
 They have tube like digestive system with two openings interior is mouth and
posterior is anus.
 They are pseudocoelomate.
 Most of them are dioecious.
 Fertilization is internal.
 Examples are pinworm and ascaris.
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA:-
o As the name indicates the animal of this phylum are soft body animals.
o They are free living found both in aquatic environment (marine and fresh
water) and land (moist places).
o They show bilateral symmetry.
o They are triploblastic (have three body layers) i.e. ectoderm, endoderm and
mesoderm.
o They are coelomate.
o Their body is divided into head, ventral muscular foot and dorsal visceral
region.
o Their body is covered by membrane called mantle.
o They are covered by shells that may be external, internal or even absent.
o Their mouth cavity may have a tongue like structure called redula.
o Sexes are separate.
o Their development takes place through trochophore larvae.
o Examples are snail, slug, octopus, etc.
PHYLUM ANNELIDA:-
 As the name indicates the animal of this phylum are called segmented
worms.
 They are free living found in marine, fresh water, and soil.
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  Some of them are ectoparasite (leech).
 They are triploblastic (have three body layers) i.e. ectoderm, endoderm and
mesoderm.
 They show bilateral symmetry.
 They are coelomate.
 They have tube like digestive system with two openings interior is mouth and
posterior is anus.
 Their coelom is filled with hydrostatic skeleton.
 Their locomotion organs are called chitinous chaetae or setae.
 Some of them like nereis have parapodia in their body wall.
 They have well defined closed blood circulatory system.
 Their excretory organs are called nephridia.
 They mostly reproduce sexually; some of them are hermaphrodite but in some
sex are separate.
 Fertilization is external.
 Examples are Nereis, Pheritima (Earth worm) and Hirudo (Leech).
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA:-
 As the name indicates the animals of this phylum are called joint footed
animals.
 They are found in all kinds of habitat.
 Most of them are free living but some are parasites.
 They show bilateral symmetry.
 They are triploblastic (have three body layers) i.e. ectoderm, endoderm and
mesoderm.
 They have reduced body cavity called haemocoel.
 They have exoskeleton made up of chitin.
 They have elementary canal (digestive tube) with two openings i.e. mouth
and anus.
 Their body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen.
 Sexes are separate in arthropods. Male and female arthropods are unlike.
 Their reproductive organs and ducts are paired.
 Fertilization is mostly internal.
 Development takes place through metamorphosis.
 Examples are butterfly, spider, cockroach etc.
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PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA:-
o As the name indicates the animal of this phylum have spines on their skin.
o They are exclusively marine.
o They are found at the bottom along the shore lines in shallow water.
o They are triploblastic.
o They are coelomate.
o They show radial symmetry.
o They have endoskeleton consisting of a spine bearing calcium rich plates.
o The mouth is present on the oral side and anus on the aboral side.
o They have tube feet for locomotion.
o Their coelom consists of canals and spaces and one of which form water
vascular system.
o Their organ system is poorly developed.
o Sexes are separate.
o Fertilization is external.
o Their larvae are bipinnaria and brachiolaria.
o They show bilateral symmetry.
o Examples are star fish, star cucumber, brittle star etc.
PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA:-
 They are also called prochordates and Acorn worms.
 They are deuterostome.
 All hemichordates are marine.
 They are triploblastic.
 They show bilateral symmetry.
 Some are solitary, naked, slow moving, sedentary (live at one place).
 Body is soft and segmented and has a worm like form.
 Their body is divided into three distinct regions: proboscis, collar and trunk.
 Their body cavity is true coelom.
 Sexes may be separated or united.
 Fertilization is external.
 There are no nephridia (excretory organs).
 Examples are Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus.
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CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES:-
o Their body is laterally compressed and spindle (fusiform) shaped.
o Their mouth is present on ventral side.
o Their skeleton is made up of cartilage.
o Their skin is tough.
o They have pectoral and pelvic pair of fins.
o Their caudal fin is heterocercal (unequal lobes).
o They have tubular digestive system which opens into cloaca.
o They have J-shaped stomach.
o Their heart have two chambers i.e. atrium and ventricle.
o Their respiratory system consists of 5-7 pairs of gills without cover i.e.
operculum.
o They have no swim bladder.
o Sexes are separate.
o Gonads are paired.
o Fertilization is internal.
o Some of them are oviparous (egg laying) while some are viviparous
(producing living young).
o Examples are shark, Dog fish, skates etc.
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES (bony fishes):-
 Their body is streamlined compressed for active moment through water.
 Their skeleton is partially or wholly made up of bone.
 Their mouth is terminal.
 They have four pairs of gills covered by operculum.
 Swim bladders are present in them.
 Pectoral and pelvic fins are paired while dorsal fin is single.
 Their caudal fin is homocercal.
 Their heart contain two chambers i.e. one atrium one ventricle.
 Their red blood cells are oval and nucleated.
 Sexes are separates.
 Gonads are paired.
 Fertilization is generally external.

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  Most of them are oviparous (egg laying), some are ovoviviparous ( producing
young by means of eggs which are hatched within the body of the parent ) while some are
viviparous (producing living young).
 Examples are Labeo rohita, Sea horse etc.
CLASS AMPHIBIA:-
 They are of different shape.
 Their body is divided into head and trunk. Neck is absent.
 They have pentadactyl limbs with 4-5 digits.
 Some of them are without legs.
 They have smooth and moist skin.
 Their skin contains many glands. Some of them secrete poisonous chemicals.
 They have well developed blood circulatory, respiratory, excretory and
digestive system.
 Their hearts have three chambers which are two atria and one ventricle.
 Sinus venosus and truncus arteriosus are present.
 Their heart is double circulating pump.
 Sexes are separate.
 Gonads are paired.
 Fertilization may be external or internal.
 Development takes place through metamorphosis.
 Most of them hibernate in water.
 They are cold blooded animals.
 Most of them are oviparous.
 Examples are frogs, toads, etc.
CLASS REPTILIA:-
 They have rough and dry skin which enables them to live away from water.
 They have two pairs of pentadactyl limbs with five digits.
 Their heart is incompletely four chambered having two atria and partially
divided ventricle. In crocodile the position of ventricle is completed.
 They are cold blooded animals.
 Most of them hibernate in water.
 Sexes are separate.
 Gonads are paired.
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  Fertilization is internal.
 Most of them are oviparous.
 Eggs are large and have large amount of yolk.
 Eggs are enclosed by leathery or limy shell for protection.
 Their embryo is protected by three embryonic layers i.e. amnion, allantoises,
and chorion.
 Fertilization is internal.
 They have better mechanism for breathing.
 Examples are alligator, snake, lizard etc.
CLASS AVES(birds):-
o The shapes of the birds are streamlined or boat shape which help them to fly
in the air.
o Their body is divided into head, neck, trunk and tail.
o They have two pairs of pentadactyl limbs. Their forelimbs are modified to
form wings. Their hind limbs are large, strong and adopted for perching,
walking and swimming.
o Their skin is covered by feathers and their legs are covered by scales.
o They have horny beak. They have no teeth.
o They have four chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles.
o They are warm blooded.
o They have lungs for respiration.
o Their voice box called syrinx is present at the junction of trachea and bronchi.
o Their ureter opens into a cloaca and urinary bladder is absent.
o Sexes are separate.
o Fertilization is internal.
o Eggs are large size with much yolk.
o They have only one ovary and oviduct is functional except Eagle (both ovaries
and oviduct are functional).
o They show many social behaviors such as care for the young ones, nest
building, migration and courtship.
o Examples are duck, ostrich, pigeon, hen etc.

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CLASS MAMMALIA:-
 Their body is variously shaped and divided into head, neck, trunk, tail.
 There are two pairs of pentadactyl limbs. They are used for walking, running,
burrowing, swimming or flying.
 Skin is glandular. It is mostly covered by hair.
 Endoskeleton is fully ossified.
 Skull has two occipital condyles, large cranium.
 External ear or pinna is present. There is a chain of three bones in the ear
malleus, incus and stapes.
 They have deciduous and permanent teeth.
 Their heart is four chambered.
 They are warm blooded.
 The red blood cells are non-nucleated.
 Their voice apparatus is well developed and consists of larynx and epiglottis.
 Mammals give birth to young ones. Mammals feed them on milk produced
by mammary glands of mother.
Mammals are classified into three sub-classes:
SUBCLASS PROTOTHERIA (monotremes):-
 They have characteristics of both reptiles and mammals therefore they form
a connecting link between them.
 They provide evidence that mammals are evolved from reptiles.
 The mammalian feature of monotremes is that they have mammary glands
to feed their young.
 The reptilian features include the presence of cloaca and cloacal opening.
There is no separate opening for digestive system and urinogenital systems.
 They are found in Australia.
 Examples are duck bill platypus, and Echidna (spiny ant-eater).
SUBCLASS METATHERIA (Marsupials):-
 They are the most primitive mammals.
 They have an abdominal pouch (marsupium), where they rear their young.
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  The young one’s when born are immature.
 The mother feeds them and carries them in pouch till they are matured
enough.
 Their mammalians glands are in the pouch that’s why they are called
marsupial or pouched animals.
 They are found in Australia and America.
 Examples are kangaroo, opossum.
SUBCLASS EUTHERIA (placentalis):-
o During development mammals depend upon placenta (an organ for
exchange of food and wastes between maternal blood and fetal blood). So,
they are called placental mammals.
o Development of young one takes place inside the body of mother.
o The young’s are borne fully developed.
o The young ones are born at a relatively advanced stage of development.
o They have endocrine system (produces hormones).
o Mammals are very successful group and can live in all kind of habitats.
o Examples are man, whale, elephant, horse etc.

“The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet”

(Aristotle).
FAWAD KHAN