Ericsson LTE FDD Scheduling

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Ericsson LTE Radio

Network Functionality
- Scheduling
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Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the Scheduling concepts
 Describe the Scheduling component
 Describe the Ericsson Scheduler
 Describe and Compare the Ericsson Scheduler Types
Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Contents
 Scheduling, QoS, LA, PC Overview
 What is LTE Scheduling ?
 Logical channel Scheduling Priority
 DL Scheduling Mechanism
 UL Scheduling Mechanism
 LTE Scheduling component
 MCS & Transport Block size
 Ericsson Scheduler
Scheduling, QoS, LA, PC Overview
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What is LTE Scheduling ?
 LTE aims to provide the most efficient usage of resources over the air
interface, this can only be achieved by using the LTE Scheduler.
 The LTE Scheduler takes into account the available resources in both
the Downlink/Uplink and the channels that must be mapped over the
air interface .
 LTE Channels
- Logical Channels DTCH, DCCH, CCCH, BCCH, PCCH
- Transport Channels PCH DL-SCH/UL-SCH
- Physical Channels PDSCH/PUSCH, PDCCH
 LTE Scheduler Resources
- Time & Frequency
- Resource Blocks (RBs)
- Antenna transmission mode MIMO, TxD, SIMO, SISO
- Power
- Base-band processing capacity
 The Scheduler controls the radio interface resources
 The channels are controlled by the scheduler:

- Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
- Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
- Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
 The physical signal and channel transmissions are not scheduled

and are fixed
- Reference Signal (RS)
- Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
- Synchronization Channel (SCH)
- Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
- Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
- Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
- Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
- Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
Logical channel Scheduling Priority
 The priority of logical channels for both uplink and downlink are
shown below:
 DOWNLINK
 System information data on the Broadcast Control Channel

(BCCH)
 Random access messages on the Common Control Channel
(CCCH)
 Paging messages on the Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
 Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) is given the next priority
 SRB1 having higher priority than SRB2.
 The Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) is allocated.
 HARQ retransmissions are given higher priority than new
transmissions.
Logical channel Scheduling Priority
 UPLINK
 Random access messages on the Common Control Channel

(CCCH)
 HARQ retransmissions are given the next priority because
synchronized HARQ retransmissions are used
 Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) is given the next priority
 Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) is given the last priority
DL Scheduling Mechanism
 UE provides a Channel Quality Report (CQI) based on DL reference
symbol measurements
 DL Scheduler assigns resources per RB based on QoS, CQI etc.
 Resource allocation is transmitted via PDCCH in same TTI as data
DL scheduler
& Link Adaptation
PSDRS, RX => SINRRS

SINRRS => CQI
UL Scheduling Mechanism
 UE requests UL transmission via ”scheduling request”
 Scheduler assigns initial resources without detailed knowledge of
buffer content
 More detailed buffer status report may follow in connection with data
Measurements
(SINR)
UL Scheduler
Link Adaptation
& Power Control
LTE Scheduling component
Time/Frequency & Scheduling Block
 In every Transmission Time Interval (TTI) of 1 ms, the scheduler decides
which UEs that shall be allocated time/frequency resources (a number
Scheduling Blocks).
 In the time domain the scheduler can be allocated in 1ms Transmission
Time Interval (TTI) intervals
- 1 frame is 10ms made up of 10 sub-frame
- 1 Sub-frame is made up of 2 slots 0.5ms
- 1 slot is made up of 7 OFDM symbols
- The scheduler can only allocate a full
sub-frame to one user
Time/Frequency & Scheduling Block
 In the frequency domain the scheduler can allocate 1 Resource Block
(RB)
- One resource block is 180KHz made up of 12 * 15kHz sub-carriers
 A scheduling Block is made up of one resource block × one sub-frame
- One resource is made up of twelve sub-carriers (180 kHz) in the
frequency domain
- One sub-frame is made up of two slots
UE 2 UE 1 UE 3
Scheduling
Block
frequency
Resource Blocks (RB)
 The bandwidth of the carrier determines number of resource blocks
that can be scheduled
 LTE has set bandwidths as seen below
Antenna transmission mode MIMO, TxD, SIMO, SISO
 The Antenna Transmission mode is controlled by the scheduler to

deliver the data to the UEs in the most efficient way
eNB Transmit Radio UE Receive
Antennas Channel Antenna
 Single-Input, Single- SISO
Output (SISO).
 Multiple Input, Single- MISO

Output (MISO), Tx
Divesity.
 Single-Input, Multiple SIMO

Output (SIMO), Rx
Diversity.
TxD
 Transmit diversity (TxD)
 Multiple-Input, MIMO
Multiple-Output
(MIMO), Tx and Rx
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Power
 In LTE the scheduler controls the power that is used for the UEs –
- Downlink and Uplink use power differently, this is the result of
downlink using OFDM and Uplink using SC-FDMA
 DOWNLINK POWER  UPLINK POWER

 The downlink power is the same for  The Uplink power is controlled by a
every resource Element open loop combined with a closed loop
mechanism is used.
 PAB 
PRE  10 log   30 Where
 NRE  - PCMAX : configured UE transmitted power defined
 30W  in 36.101
PRE  10 log   30  15.2dBm - P0 : The PZeroNominalPUSCH
 900  - M : Number of assigned resource blocks
Where - α : Cell-specific factor
- PAB = Power Antenna Branch = 30W - Δ TF : Transport format-depending compensation
- NRE = Number of Resource Elements = - F(i) : Accumulation function or absolute function (
75*12 =900 f(x) = x )
- δ PUSCH : Power-control step (”PUSCH TPC
command”). Input to f(i).
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 16
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- PL : Estimated DL path loss
Base-band processing capacity
 The Base-band has an impact on
the schedulers ability to allocate the L14A L14B
DUS31 DUS31
resources to the UE’s
RRC Conn. (Static) 2500 3000
 The number of scheduled users per
RRC Conn.
TTI has an impact on the allocation (Dynamic)
1500-2000 1500-2000
of resources DRBs 8125 9750

 The number of PRBs that the base- VoIP 800 800
band can schedule at one time is SE/TTI
400DL & 400UL [cell / DU]
8/24 8/24
 The throughput per base-band that PRBs

400 DL 400 DL
can be scheduled is 350Mbps DL 400 UL 400 UL
and 150Mbps UL Thpt. [Mbit/s]

350 DL
150 UL
350 DL
150 UL
PUCCH
24/24 36/24
PRB Pairs [2RX/4RX]
LTE DATA Scheduler
 The LTE Scheduler aims to
deliver data in the most
efficient way possible to the
UE’s with in the cell.
 The scheduler takes into
account the following elements
when scheduling the Ues
 Radio Bearer and its
scheduling priority QCI
(QoS Class Identifier)
 UE capabilities and status
 Data related inputs, DL UE
Buffer status
 Channel Quality & Link
Adaptation
 History
 UL Power control
 MCS & Transport Block
size
Data related inputs, DL UE Buffer
status
 The LTE Scheduler must take the UE Buffer status into account when
allocating the resources.
 LTE SCHEDULER DOWNLINK  LTE SCHEDULER UPLINK
 The eNB monitors the  When the UE generates data for
buffer status of all UEs in Uplink throughput it sends a
RRC_CONNECTED Mode. scheduling request on PUCCH
 The eNB uses the buffer and asks to be assigned a
status along with the QCI scheduling grant
to prioritize the amount of  The UE transmits buffer status
resources the UE should information to the eNB this then
be allocated alows the uplink scheduler knows
 The eNB buffer is also roughly the amount of data in
used to determine the the UE buffer.
Transport block size to  With link adaptation and power
allocate the UE control, the uplink scheduler uses
the UL buffer information and
the channel quality information
to assign an appropriate number
of resource blocks to the UE in
Page 19
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
the uplink,
Huawei proprietary. No spread without permission.
Channel Quality & Link Adaptation
 Link Adaptation dynamically selects the best means for transmission
and reception in order to maximize robustness and bit rates
 The following are selected

 Modulation format
 Coding rate
 Tx and Rx Diversity
 Antenna spatial multiplexing
 Hybrid-ARQ is applied for

retransmissions
of any erroneously received data
packets
 Benefits:
- Maximize Cell throughput
- Maximize Bitrate per user
- Maximize Cell-edge Bitrate per user
MCS & Transport Block size
 The LTE Scheduler uses the eNB-UE buffer and report
and Channel Quality/Link Adaptation to determine the
MCS and Transport Block size to use
› MCS 29-31 are reserved

for retransmission
History
 The Scheduler knows the history of the scheduled UEs
 This is important when maintaining a bit rate for a UE or having

a maximum delay for a service such QCI 1-4
 Conversational Voice
 Conversational Video
 Real Time Gaming
Ericsson Scheduler
 The Ericsson Scheduler is designed to maximize the users throughput!
 Throughput can be maximized through several different ways

 Antenna mode MIMO/SIMO/TxD
 PRB - Primary Resource Blocks
 MCS/TBS Modulation Coding Scheme & Transport Block Size
LTE Scheduler in Practice
Downlink throughput example
60Mbp
 Downlink throughput example
 In this example the UE is
downloading 60Mbps
 UE is the only user in the cell (only
Cell 10MHz(50PRBs) user in the scheduler)
 cell with 10MHz(50PRBs)
 UE is in excellent RF conditions and
asking for MIMO
 The scheduler can make the
decision to send the UE
 MIMO, 41 PRB’s of TBS 26
Or
 MIMO, 50 PRB’s of TBS 24
Or
 SIMO, 50 PRB’s of TBS 24 for
2s
LTE Scheduler in Practice
Uplink throughput example
30 Mbits
UE has 30Mbits to transmit
Path loss of 110dB
Only user in the cell
Cell 15MHz(75PRBs)
 Uplink throughput example

 Due to the path loss the UE
can not power up any more
 It will continue to use all
PRBs
 It will use MCS 11
Types of LTE schedulers
- Resource Fair (Round Robin)

- Equal Rate
- Proportional Fair High
- Proportional Fair Medium
- Proportional Fair Low
- Maximum C/I
DL LTE Schedulers Resource Fair
(Round Robin)
 Resource Fair scheduler gives an equal amount of resources to each UE
from the RB perspective
UEs in HIGH RF UEs in different RF
DL LTE Schedulers
Equal Rate
 DL LTE Schedulers Equal Rate tries to enable an equal throughput for
all users in the cell no matter there RF location
DL LTE Schedulers Proportional Fair
HIGH
 LTE Schedulers Proportional Fair high, gives more resources to UEs in
high SINR however still gives resources to other UEs in poor SINR
Medium
 LTE Schedulers Proportional Medium high, gives more resources to UEs
in high SINR however still gives some resources to other UEs in poor
SINR
Low
 LTE Schedulers Proportional Fair high, gives almost all resources to UEs
in high SINR however and gives few resources to other UEs in poor
SINR
DL LTE Schedulers Maximum C/I
 The UE in the highest SINR gets all resources, any left over resources
are given to the other UEs
Observation ALL ALGORITHM
 DL UE Throughput
User Throughput vs Cell Throughput
 Opportunistic scheduling enables increased capacity and
increased cell edge throughput in higher load scenarios
Scheduling _ PF Medium to PF Low
 Trial is performed at mixed are of sub-urban and rural with less
poor SINR UEs.
 KPI result present both Cell and UE DL throughput improved.
Reference
 All content and pictures in the material is referred to Ericsson LTE Radio
Network Functionality document
Page37
Thank you
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Copyright© 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

The information in this document may contain predictive statements including, without limitation, statements
regarding the future financial and operating results, future product portfolio, new technology, etc. There are a
number of factors that could cause actual results and developments to differ materially from those expressed or
implied in the predictive statements. Therefore, such information is provided for reference purpose only and
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Security Level:

Ericsson LTE Radio

Please click the hyperlink to download the original document：

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

 Describe the Scheduling concepts

 Describe the Scheduling component

 Describe the Ericsson Scheduler

 Describe and Compare the Ericsson Scheduler Types

 The channels are controlled by the scheduler:

 The physical signal and channel transmissions are not scheduled

 System information data on the Broadcast Control Channel

 Random access messages on the Common Control Channel

PSDRS, RX => SINRRS

 The Antenna Transmission mode is controlled by the scheduler to

 Multiple Input, Single- MISO

 Single-Input, Multiple SIMO

 DOWNLINK POWER  UPLINK POWER

of resources DRBs 8125 9750

 The throughput per base-band that PRBs

and 150Mbps UL Thpt. [Mbit/s]

 The following are selected

 Hybrid-ARQ is applied for

› MCS 29-31 are reserved

 This is important when maintaining a bit rate for a UE or having

 Throughput can be maximized through several different ways

 Uplink throughput example

- Resource Fair (Round Robin)

UEs in HIGH RF UEs in different RF

Copyright© 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

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