Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

1. Ionic bonding

Key objective 2
BONDING, STRUCTURE & THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER
I can describe how particles are arranged in solids, liquids and gases as well as describe how
covalent, ionic and metallic bonds form and illustrate them using dot and cross diagrams. I can
also understand the idea of nanoscience and its properties.

I do

This question is about metal compounds.

Lithium reacts with chlorine to produce lithium chloride.

When lithium atoms and chlorine atoms react to produce lithium chloride, lithium ions and
chloride ions are formed.

The diagram shows the electronic structures of the atoms and ions.
The symbols o and x are used to represent electrons.

Describe what happens when a lithium atom reacts with a chlorine atom.

Answer in terms of electrons.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

We do

This question is about magnesium and magnesium chloride.

Magnesium chloride contains magnesium ions (Mg2+) and chloride ions (Cl⁻).

Describe, in terms of electrons, what happens when a magnesium atom reacts with chlorine
atoms to produce magnesium chloride.

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You do

This question is about Beryllium and Beryllium chloride.

Beryllium chloride contains Beryllium ions (Be2+) and chloride ions (Cl⁻).

Describe, in terms of electrons, what happens when a Beryllium atom reacts with chlorine
atoms to produce Beryllium chloride.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Independent task

Q1.     The diagram shows an atom of magnesium and an atom of chlorine.

       Magnesium                                                          Chlorine

Describe, in terms of electrons, how magnesium atoms and chlorine atoms change into
ions to produce magnesium chloride (MgCl2).

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Q2.
A student was investigating a magnesium salt, X. The student found that X:

•        has a high melting point

•        does not conduct electricity

•        dissolves in water and the solution conducts electricity.

(a)     (i)      What is the type of bonding in magnesium salt X?

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(ii)     Explain why solid X does not conduct electricity but a solution of X does conduct
electricity.

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Q3.
a)     Some fertilisers contain potassium chloride. Potassium reacts with chlorine to produce
potassium chloride. Figure 2 shows how this happens. The dots (•) and crosses (x)
represent electrons. Only the outer shell is shown.

Figure 2

Use Figure 2 to help you answer this question. Describe, as fully as you can, what
happens when potassium reacts with chlorine to produce potassium chloride.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

(b)   Magnesium oxide contains magnesium ions (Mg2+) and oxide ions (O2–).

Describe, as fully as you can, what happens when magnesium atoms react with oxygen
atoms to produce magnesium oxide.

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Q4.
(a)     The diagrams below show the electronic structure of an atom of calcium and an atom
of oxygen.

          Describe fully what happens to its electrons when:

(i)      a calcium atom forms a calcium ion. State the charge on the calcium ion formed.

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(ii)     an oxygen atom forms an oxygen ion. State the charge on the oxygen ion formed.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

(b)     Calcium oxide is an ionic compound. Why do ionic compounds have high melting
points?

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Q5. (a)     (i)      Sodium chloride, an ionic compound, has a high melting point whereas paraffin
wax, a molecular compound, melts easily.

Explain why.

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(ii)     Molten ionic compounds conduct electricity but molecular compounds are
non-conductors, even when liquid.

Explain why.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Challenge

Q6.  The diagram shows how magnesium and iodine atoms form magnesium iodide.
Only the outer electrons are shown.

The dots (●) and crosses (×) are used to represent electrons.

Use the diagram to help you to answer this question.

Describe, as fully as you can, what happens when magnesium reacts with iodine to
make magnesium iodide.

To gain full marks you should use the words atom, electron and ion in your answer.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

2. Covalent bonding
Key objective 2
BONDING, STRUCTURE & THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER
I can describe how particles are arranged in solids, liquids and gases as well as describe
how covalent, ionic and metallic bonds form and illustrate them using dot and cross
diagrams. I can also understand the idea of nanoscience and it's properties.
I do

Millions of years ago the Earth formed as a giant ball of molten rock. The outer surface
cooled forming a thin, solid outer crust. Volcanic activity on the surface produced an
atmosphere containing the compounds carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane and water vapour.

         Describe the bonding in any one of these compounds. You must include electronic structures
in your explanation.

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We do

Sodium reacts with chlorine to form the compound sodium chloride. 2Na  +  Cl2  →  2NaCl
Describe, in terms of electron arrangement, the type of bonding in: a molecule of chlorine;

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

You do

Lithium reacts with bromine to form the compound Lithium bromide. 2Li  +  Br2  → 
2LiBr Describe, in terms of electron arrangement, the type of bonding in: a molecule of
Bromine;

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Independent task

Q1.
(a)  Table 2 shows the electronic structure of hydrogen and oxygen.

Table 2
 
Element Electronic structure

Hydrogen 1

Oxygen 2,6

Figure 2 shows part of a dot and cross diagram of a molecule of water (H2O).

Complete the dot and cross diagram.

You should show only the electrons in the outer energy levels.

Figure 2

 
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Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Oxygen and sulfur are examples of simple molecules.

(b)  Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

 
covalent      ionic      metallic

There are ____________________ bonds between the atoms of oxygen in an

oxygen molecule.
(1)

(c)   Figure 3 shows the relative sizes of an oxygen molecule and a sulfur molecule.

Figure 3

How does the boiling point of sulfur compare with the boiling point of oxygen?

Complete the sentences.

The boiling point of sulfur is ____________________ the boiling point of oxygen.

This is because in sulfur the intermolecular forces are ____________________

than the intermolecular forces in oxygen.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Q2.
(a)  Oxygen is in Group 6 of the periodic table.

Figure 2 shows the outer energy levels in one molecule of oxygen (O2).

Draw the electrons in the outer energy levels in Figure 2.

Figure 2

 
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(b)  The diagram below represents one molecule of fluorine.

Complete the dot and cross diagram on the diagram above.

You should show only the electrons in the outer shells.

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Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

(c)  A hydrogen atom contains 1 electron and a chlorine atom contains 17 electrons.

Complete Figure 1 to show a dot and cross diagram for a hydrogen chloride molecule.

Show the outer electrons only.

Figure 1

 
(2)
This question is about compounds of fluorine.

(d)     A fluorine atom has 7 electrons in the outer shell. Figure 1 shows part of a dot and cross
diagram of a molecule of hydrogen fluoride (HF). Complete the dot and cross diagram in Figure
1.

You should show only the electrons in the outer shells.

Figure 1

(1)
 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Q3.
This question is about oxygen.

(a)     One oxygen atom shares one pair of electrons with each fluorine atom in oxygen difluoride
(OF2).

Complete the dot and cross diagram of oxygen difluoride below.

You should show only the electrons in the outer shells.

(2)

(b)     Oxygen difluoride (OF2) has a melting point of – 224 °C and a boiling point of –145 °C

What is the state of oxygen difluoride at room temperature?

Explain your answer in terms of structure and bonding.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Q4.
This question is about ammonia (NH3).

(a)     Complete the diagram to show the bonding electrons in ammonia.

Show the outer electrons only.

(2)

(b)     The bonding in iodine is similar to the bonding in chlorine.

(i)      Complete the diagram below to show the bonding in iodine.

Show the outer electrons only.

 
(2)

(ii)     Explain why iodine has a low melting point.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

(iii)    Explain, in terms of particles, why liquid iodine does not conduct electricity.

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Q5.
(a)     A particle of ammonia is represented by the formula NH3 or as:

(i)      How many different elements are there in a particle of ammonia?

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(1)

(ii)     Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

 
an atom.
A particle of ammonia is called an ion.
a molecule.
(1)

(iii)    Complete the dot and cross bonding diagram for ammonia.

Show only electrons in the outer energy level of each atom.

 
(2)
 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Q6.
Sulfur dioxide is a gas at room temperature. The bonding in sulfur dioxide is covalent. Explain, in
terms of its structure and bonding, why sulfur dioxide has a low boiling point.

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Challenge

Chlorine reacts with sodium and with hydrogen.

Compare the structure and bonding in sodium chloride and hydrogen chloride.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

3. Covalent bonding: Diamond and Graphite

Key objective 2
BONDING, STRUCTURE & THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER
I can describe how particles are arranged in solids, liquids and gases as well as describe
how covalent, ionic and metallic bonds form and illustrate them using dot and cross
diagrams. I can also understand the idea of nanoscience and it's properties.

I do

Graphite and diamond are different forms of the element carbon. Graphite and
diamond have different properties. The structures of graphite and diamond are shown
below.

Graphite is softer than diamond. Explain why.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

We do
Graphite conducts electricity, but diamond does not.

Explain why.

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You do

Explain why Diamond cannot conduct electricity, but graphite does.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Independent task

Q1.
In graphite the carbon atoms are held together by bonds.

Figure 2 represents part of the structure of graphite.

Figure 2

(a)  How many bonds does each carbon atom have in graphite?

Use Figure 2.

Tick (✓) one box.

 

1 2 3 4

(1)

(b)  What type of bonds hold the carbon atoms together in graphite?

Tick (✓) one box.

 

Covalent

Ionic

Metallic

(1)
Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

(c)  Lubricants allow objects to slide over each other easily.

Suggest why graphite can be used as a lubricant.

Use Figure 2.

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(d)  The two structures represent different forms of carbon.

Draw one line from each structure to the form of carbon.

 
Structure   Form of carbon
 
    Buckminsterfullerene
 

  Diamond

  Graphene

 
    Nanotube
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Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Q2.
Diamond has a giant covalent structure.

(a)     What is the number of bonds formed by each carbon atom in diamond?

Tick (✓) one box.

 

2 3 4 8

(1)

(b)     Give two physical properties of diamond.

1.
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2.
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(c)      Name two other substances with giant covalent structures.

1.
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2.
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Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Q3.
This question is about structure and bonding.

Figure 1 shows part of the structure and bonding in diamond.

Figure 1

Explain why diamond has a high melting point.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Q4.
The diagrams show the structures of diamond and graphite.

Diamond                                  Graphite

(a)     Diamond and graphite both contain the same element.

What is the name of this element? ______________________________________

(1)

(b)     Use the diagrams above and your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain
why:

(i)      graphite is very soft

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(ii)     diamond is very hard

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(iii)    graphite conducts electricity.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Q5.
Scientists have recently developed a method to produce large sheets of a substance
called graphene. Graphene is made from carbon and is a single layer of graphite just
one atom thick.
 
The properties of graphene include:

•    it conducts electricity

•    it is transparent since it is only one

atom thick

•    it is strong and durable.

These properties make it suitable to

overlay a monitor screen to make it a
touchscreen.

The photograph below shows the structure of graphene.

 
                                                   Photographs supplied by iStockphoto/Thinkstock

Use your knowledge of the bonding in graphite and the photograph of the structure to
help you to explain, as fully as you can:

(a)     (i)      why graphene is strong;

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Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

(ii)     why graphene conducts electricity.

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(b)     Suggest why a sheet of graphite which has a large number of carbon layers
would not be suitable for the touchscreen.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Challenge
This drill contains an electric motor.

The diagram below shows the main parts of an electric motor.

The carbon contacts are made of graphite. Springs push the contacts against the copper
ring. The contacts conduct electricity to the copper ring. The copper ring rotates rapidly
but does not stick or become worn because the graphite is soft and slippery. Graphite has
properties which are ideal for making the contacts in an electric motor.

Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why graphite has these properties.

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(Total 5 marks)
 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

4. Metallic bonding
Key objective 2
BONDING, STRUCTURE & THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER
I can describe how particles are arranged in solids, liquids and gases as well as describe
how covalent, ionic and metallic bonds form and illustrate them using dot and cross
diagrams. I can also understand the idea of nanoscience and it's properties.

I do
Magnesium is a metal. Describe the structure of a metal.

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(3)

We do

Glass can be coloured using tiny particles of gold. Gold is a metal.

Describe the structure of a metal.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

You do
Copper is a metal, Describe the structure of a metal.

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(3)

Independent task

Q1.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.

(a)  Explain why steel is harder than iron.

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Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

(b)  Iron is alloyed with carbon and other metals to make stainless steel.

A stainless steel fork contains 71.92% iron.

The table below shows the mass of each element in the fork.
 
Element Iron Carbon Chromium Nickel

Mass of element in g X 0.05 10.44 5.80

Calculate the mass of iron (X) in the fork.

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X = __________ g
(4)
Q2.
Metals and their alloys have many uses.

(a)     Dentists use a smart alloy to make braces that gently push teeth into the right
position.

What is meant by a smart alloy?

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Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

(b)     Pure copper is made up of layers of copper atoms. Brass is an alloy of copper
and zinc.

          Why are the physical properties of brass different from the physical properties of
pure copper?

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(c)     Nearly all zinc is obtained from ores that also contain lead. The metals zinc and
lead can be extracted by reducing their oxides using carbon.

(i)      Choose one element from the box below to complete the sentence about the
reduction of zinc oxide.
 

lead                nitrogen             oxygen

Zinc oxide is reduced by carbon, which takes away _____________________

to leave zinc metal.
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Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

(ii)     The melting points and boiling points of lead and zinc are given in the table.
 
Metal Lead Zinc

Melting point in °C 328 420

Boiling point in °C 1740 907

The furnace operates at a temperature of 1200 °C.

Suggest how the lead metal and zinc metal are separated in the furnace.

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(Total 6 marks)
Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Q3.
The chart below shows the metals which are present in a coin.

(a)     Identify the alloy used to make this coin.

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(b)     The mass of the coin is 2.5 g. Calculate the mass of copper in this coin.

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(c)     Suggest what properties would make an alloy suitable for making a coin.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Q4.
The Mary Rose was a wooden warship. The Mary Rose sank in 1545 but was lifted
from the sea bed in 1982. Scientists are now preserving the ship.

The image shows the Mary Rose being supported on poles. As part of the preservation
process, the ship was sprayed with water for a long time.

 
By Mary Rose Trust (MR Trust) [CC BY-SA 3.0] via Wikimedia Commons

(a)     (i)      The table below gives information about two materials. These materials
could have been used to make the poles to support the Mary Rose.
 
Relative
Material Density in g / cm3 Cost in £ per kg
strength

Steel 7.85    1      4

Titanium 4.51 3.9 4000

Give two advantages and one disadvantage of using titanium rather than steel.

Use only the information from the table above to answer this question.

Advantage 1 ___________________________________________________

Advantage 2 ___________________________________________________

Disadvantage __________________________________________________
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Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

(ii)     The preserving process used titanium poles. Tick (✔) one other property of
titanium which made titanium a suitable choice for the poles.
 
Property Tick (✔)

Electrical insulator  

High resistance to corrosion  

Shiny  
(1)

(b)     Some metal objects found on the Mary Rose were made of gold or iron. Draw
one line from each metal to its usual method of extraction.
 
Method of
Metal  
extraction

Electrolysis of
   
molten compound

Gold    

Mined as the pure

    metal from the
ground

Iron    

Reduction of metal
   
oxide with carbon
(2)

(c)     Another metal found on the Mary Rose has the chemical symbol Ag. Name the
metal with the chemical symbol Ag. Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you answer
this question.

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(d)     The Mary Rose had bronze cannons. Bronze is an alloy made from two metals,
copper and tin.

(i)      Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
 
compound mixture polymer

An alloy is a ____________________________ of metals.

(1)
Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

(ii)     88% of a bronze alloy is copper. What percentage of the alloy is tin?

__________________________________________Percentage of tin = ________ %

(1)
Q5.
Scientists in the 16th century used the symbol shown in Figure 1 for gold.

Figure 1

Gold

The scientists thought platinum was made from gold and silver, so they used the
symbol for gold in the symbol for platinum. The symbol for platinum is shown in.

Figure 2

Platinum

(a)     Gold and platinum are elements.

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.

(i)      An element contains only one sort of

 
atom. ion. molecule.
(1)

(ii)     Elements are different from each other because they have different numbers of
 
ions. molecules. protons.
(1)
 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

(b)     Complete the following sentence.

Modern scientists call a mixture of gold and silver an alloy.

An alloy is a mixture of ____________________ .

(1)

(c)     The formula of the compound silver oxide is Ag2O

Give the name and number of the atoms which have joined together to make the
compound Ag2O

Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you answer this question.

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Challenge

An alloy of aluminium contains small amounts of other metals.

Explain why other metals are added to aluminium.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

5. Nanoparticles
Key objective 2
BONDING, STRUCTURE & THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER
I can describe how particles are arranged in solids, liquids and gases as well as describe
how covalent, ionic and metallic bonds form and illustrate them using dot and cross
diagrams. I can also understand the idea of nanoscience and it's properties.

I do
Explain why it is cheaper to use nanoparticles of gold rather than large particles of
gold.

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(4)

We do
Silver nanoparticles are sometimes used in socks to prevent foot odour.

Suggest why it is cheaper to use nanoparticles of silver rather than coarse particles of
silver.

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 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

You do
Silver nanoparticles are sometimes used in anti cancer therapy

Give reasons why it is cheaper to use nanoparticles of silver rather than coarse
particles of silver.

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(2)

Independent task

Q1.  A nanoparticle of pure metal A is a cube. Each side of the cube has a length of
20 nm.

Figure 3 shows the cube.

Figure 3

What is the volume of the nanoparticle? Tick one box.

 

20 nm3

60 nm3

400 nm3

8000 nm3

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Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Q2.
(a)     Nanoparticles of cobalt oxide can be used as catalysts in the production of
hydrogen from water.

      How does the size of a nanoparticle compare with the size of an atom?

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(b)     Suggest one reason why 1 g of cobalt oxide nanoparticles is a better catalyst

than 1g of cobalt oxide powder.

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Q3.
This question is about materials and their properties.

(a)   Figure 1 shows a carbon nanotube.

Figure 1

The structure and bonding in a carbon nanotube are similar to graphene. Carbon
nanotubes are used in electronics because they conduct electricity. Explain why
carbon nanotubes conduct electricity.

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Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

(b)   Figure 2 shows a badminton racket.

Figure 2

The following table shows some properties of materials.

The materials could be used to make badminton racket frames.

 
Density in Relative Relative
Material
g/cm3 strength stiffness

Aluminium 2.7 0.3 69

Carbon
1.5 60 1000
nanotube

Wood 0.71 0.1 10

Evaluate the use of the materials to make badminton racket frames.

Use the table above.

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Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Zinc oxide can be produced as nanoparticles and as fine particles.

(c)  A nanoparticle of zinc oxide is a cube of side 82 nm

Figure 3 represents a nanoparticle of zinc oxide.

Figure 3

Calculate the surface area of a nanoparticle of zinc oxide.

Give your answer in standard form.

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Surface area = __________________________ nm2

(1)

(d)  Some suncreams contain zinc oxide as nanoparticles or as fine particles.

Suggest one reason why it costs less to use nanoparticles rather than fine particles
in suncreams.

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Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Q4.
Liquids containing nanoparticles of diamond are used as abrasives.
Nanoparticles of diamond can be used to grind down surfaces to give them a very
smooth polished finish.
 

Abrasive liquid containing

Model of part of the diamond structure
nanoparticles of diamond

(a)     Diamond is made of one element. Draw a ring around the name of this
element.
 
calcium carbon chromium cobalt
(1)

(b)     Tick ( ) two statements in the table which explain why diamond is hard.
 
Statement Tick ( )

 
It is made of layers.

 
It has weak covalent bonds.

 
Each atom is joined to four other atoms.

 
It has a giant structure.

 
It has strong ionic bonds.

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Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

(c)     Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
 
  very
small.

Nanoparticles of diamond large.

are

  very
large.
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

Q5.
Read the information about car engines.
 
Burning petrol in air is an exothermic reaction. This reaction is used in car engines.

When petrol burns it produces harmful substances such as nitrogen oxides and
carbon monoxide.

A catalytic converter stops these harmful substances being released into the air.

(a)     Modern catalytic converters contain nanosized particles of catalyst.

Less catalyst is needed when nanosized catalyst particles are used.

      Complete the sentence.

The size of nanosized particles is ____________________ than normal sized

particles.
(1)
Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

(b)     The catalysts contain platinum.

Suggest why a manufacturer of catalytic converters would want to use less catalyst.

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(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q6.

Read the article and then answer the questions.
 
TOXIC SOCKS?

Silver nanoparticles are added to the fibres used to make some socks. Silver has
the special property that it can kill bacteria. As a result there are no unpleasant
smells when wearing these socks.

Some scientists are concerned about the use of silver nanoparticles in socks.

The silver can be released from the socks when they are washed. This silver may
end up in rivers. Silver in rivers may kill fish.

Scientists found that some makes of socks release the silver more easily than
others. Socks in which the silver nanoparticles are trapped in the fibres released
very little silver when washed.

                                                                                               
Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

(a)     Suggest why silver stops unpleasant smells when wearing the socks.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     How is the size of silver nanoparticles different from normal sized silver
particles?

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(1)

(c)     The silver nanoparticles are more effective at preventing unpleasant smells
than normal sized silver particles.

Suggest why.

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___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d)     The silver nanoparticles should be trapped in the sock fibres.

Use the information in the article to explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Q7.
Read the article about the use of nanoparticles in sun creams.
 
Sun creams

Many sun creams use nanoparticles. These sun creams are very good at
absorbing radiation, especially ultraviolet radiation. Owing to the particle size,
the sun creams spread more easily, cover better and save money because you
use less. The new sun creams are also transparent, unlike traditional sun
creams which are white. The use of nanoparticles is so successful that they
are now used in more than 300 sun cream products.
Some sun creams contain nanoparticles of titanium oxide. Normal-sized
particles of titanium oxide are safe to put on the skin.
It is thought that nanoparticles can pass through the skin and travel around the
body more easily than normal-sized particles. It is also thought that
nanoparticles might be toxic to some types of cell, such as skin, bone, brain
and liver cells.

(a)     Explain why nanoparticles pass through the skin and travel around the body
more easily than normal-sized particles of titanium oxide.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)     Explain why sun creams containing nanoparticles should be tested further.

___________________________________________________________________

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(1)

(c)     Suggest why some companies that make sun creams might not want to do
more tests.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
 Year 9 Pathway X Aut2

Challenge
Magnesium oxide nanoparticles can kill bacteria.

The figure below shows the percentage of bacteria killed by different sized
nanoparticles.

Size of nanoparticles in nanometres

(a)     (i)      Give two conclusions that can be made from the figure above.

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(2)

(ii)     Points are plotted for only some sizes of nanoparticles.

Would collecting and plotting data for more sizes of nanoparticles improve the
conclusions?

Give a reason for your answer.

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(1)