Lab Report Experiment 1:

Bending Test On mild steel

Lecturer:
Dr. Norashady Bin Mohd Noor

Class:
BMA 1A

Name:
Muhammad Nor Haziq Bin Hussin
(15BMA22F3014)
1.0 OBJECTIVES

1.1 To study the behaviour of mild steel rod subjected to gradual

increasing equalloads at 1/3rd span and to determine its mechanical
properties.

INTRODUCTION

The bending test is a ductility test which is employed to evaluate the ability of metallic materials
to undergo plastic deformation in bending. The test consists of submitting a test piece of round,
square, rectangular, or polygonal cross-section to plastic deformation by bending, without
changing the direction of loading, until a specified angle of bend is reached. For better
understanding of the bending stress-deflection curve, it is necessary to define a few basic
terms that are associated with the bending stress-deflection plot.

where,
M – the moment at the neutral axis
y – the perpendicular distance to the neutral axis
Ix – the area moment of inertia about the neutral axis x
σ – the normal stress in the member, which occurs at a point on the cross-sectional area
farthest away from the neutral axis.
R – the radius of
curvatureE –
Young’s Modulus

When a specimen is bent, it experiences a range of stresses across its depth. At the
edge of the concave face the stress will be at its maximum compressive value. At the convex
face of the specimen the stress will be at its maximum tensile value. Most materials fail under
tensile stress before they fail under compressive stress, so the maximum tensile stress value
that can be sustained before the specimen fails is its flexural strength. The flexural strength
would be the same as the tensile strength if the material were homogeneous. Therefore, the
flexural properties of a specimen are the result of the combined effect of all three stresses
as well as (though to a lesser extent) the geometry of the specimen and the rate the load
applied. Bend testing provides insight into the modulus of elasticity and the bending strength
of a material.
3.0 EQUIPMENT & MATERIALS

 Universal testing machine

Figure 1

 Dial indicators

Figure 2
  Scale
 Vernier calipers

Figure 3

4.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. Measure the Initial Diameter of the bending test sample in two

perpendiculardirections using vernier caliper then calculate the
initial area and Moment of Inertia.
2. Then, measure the length of the specimen using scale and keep
the span of the beam as L = 690mm based on the limitation of the
experimental setup.
3. Based on the span of the beam being L = 690mm, mark on the test
sample Mild Steel Rod by using a chalk at the mid-span and one-
third loading pointswhere a dial gauge is placed.
4. Then, insert the specimen between the special 2-Point loading
setup with roller supports which is being fixed on the lower
crosshead of the Universal Testing Machine. Then, adjust the dial
gauges to zero.
5. Next, start the loading process, then note down the deflections
using dial gauges under mid-span, one-third span. And then, stop
the experiment oncethe specimen has been yielded.
6. Once the yield limit is crossed, the specimen Mild Steel rod
will have apermanent bend or formation as it has crossed the
elastic limit.
7. Then, plot load vs deformation at mid-span.
8. Next, plot theoretical deflection at one-third span vs average
experimentaldeflection at one-third span within elastic limit.
DATA & RESULTS

Table 1
Figure 4

Figure 5
Figure 6

Figure 7
Figure 8
6.0 DISCUSSION
1. What is bending strength?

Bending strength is defined as a material's ability to resist deformation under load,

it represents the highest stress experienced within the material at its moment of
rupture.Bending Strength is also defined as that property of the beam, in which the
stress in the beam increases till it deforms plastically just before its flexural test. When
the beam is bent, stresses are generated along the beam. At one extreme edge of
the beam, stress developed is maximum tensile stress and the stress developed at
the other extreme edge is the compressive stress.

The outer and inner edges of the beam are termed as extreme fibers. The failure in
the concrete beam is caused mainly due to the maximum tensile stress and not due
tothe maximum compressive stress. Hence, the maximum tensile stress value that a
body will take at failure is its bending strength. The reinforcing steel is used along with
the concrete to support the tensile loading.

2. Which type of load is applied here?

Two point loads ‘P/2’ are applied at a distance of 1/3 L from the ends.

3. Which is the IS code used for bend test on steel?

IS 5242 (1979): Method of test for determining shear strength of material.
IS : 1692-1974: Method for simple bending test of steel sheet and strip less
than3mm of thickness.

4. What is the equation governing simple bending?

M – the moment at the neutral axis

y – the perpendicular distance to the neutral axis
Ix – the area moment of inertia about the neutral axis x
σ – the normal stress in the member, which occurs at a point on the cross-sectional
area
farthest away from the neutral axis.
R – the radius of
curvatureE –
Young’s Modulus
 5. How is the failure of ductile and brittle materials under
bending load?Ductile
A ductile material is usually considered to have failed when it suffers an elastic failure.
Elastic failure of ductile materials is not a physical failure. Example, components does
not meet a breakdown. Failure of ductile materials is far from satisfactory by Guest
theory but agrees almost 100% with the experimental results by maximum shear
strainenergy theory.

Brittle
A brittle material fails on physical breaking. Non-isotropic Brittle Materials (Wood)
failure depends on the type of load. A single theory is not sufficient to explain the
failure of the same anisotropic material under a tensile load, transverse tensile load,
axial compressive load and under transverse compressive as well as under shear
loads.

7.0 CONCLUSION

The aim of this experiment is carried out to investigate the relationship between
deflection and applied load. Mild steel has been used in the experiment. Bending machine has
been used in order to measure the deflection of specimen. Based on the data and observation,
the deflection of specimen is increased as the more force is applied for both wood stick and
plastic stick. From the graph, it shows that applied force is directly proportional to the
deflection. Experimental bending stress show perfect linear relationship with applied load
whereas the theoretical bending stress does not respond that much in increase of applied
load.

8.0 REFERENCES

 Clouston, P., Bathon, L. A., & Schreyer, A. (2005). Shear and bending
performance of a novel wood–concrete composite system. Journal of
Structural Engineering, 131(9), 1404-1412.