CHAPTER 7

TISSUES
 State & define
terminologies in
tissues

LESSON
OUTCOMES Identify, draw, label &
describe the
characteristics of
animals & plants
tissues
 • Epithelial • Meristem
ANIMAL

PLANT
• Shape • Apical
• Thickness • Lateral
Anatomy &
• Connective
• Loose Connective Tissue
• Ground
• Parenchyma
Physiology
• Fibrous Connective Tissues
• Adipose tissue
• Collenchyma
• Sclerenchyma
• Bone • Vascular
• Hyaline cartilage • Xylem
• Blood • Phloem
• Muscle • Epidermis
• Skeletal • Dermal
• Smooth • Epidermis
• Cardiac • Bark
• Nervous
• Sensory neuron
• Interneuron
• Motor neuron
 What is anatomy?
• ANATOMY: study of the structure of
organisms… looking at cells, tissues
• (Morphology: Study of form)

What is physiology?
• PHYSIOLOGY: study of the function of
cells, tissues, organs of living things;
and the physics/chemistry of these functions…
Always keep in mind that in anatomy,
morphology & physiology…

“Structure correlates to
function”
7.1 ANIMAL TISSUES
 ❖ All animals are multicelled, with
cells joined by cell junctions

❖ Typically, cells are organized in

Key Concepts four tissue types: epithelial
Animal tissue, connective tissue, muscle
Organization tissue, and nervous tissue

❖ Organs, which consist of a

combination of tissues, interact
in organ systems
 ▪ Tissue
▪ Interacting cells and
extracellular substances that
carry out one or more
specialized tasks

Organization
of Animal ▪ Organ
▪ Structural unit of two or more
Bodies tissues organized in a specific
way to carry out specific tasks

▪ Organ systems
▪ Two or more organs and
other components interacting
in a common task
 ▪ Body parts must interact to
perform many tasks
▪ Coordinate and control individual
parts
▪ Acquire and distribute raw materials
Homeostasis in to cells and dispose of wastes
▪ Protect tissues against injury or
Animals attack
▪ Reproduce, nourish and protect
offspring through early growth and
development
▪ Maintain the internal environment
(homeostasis)
 ▪ Tight junctions
▪ So close that are sometimes impermeable
▪ Prevent fluid from seeping between epithelial
cells; fluid must pass through cells

▪ Adhering junctions
▪ Transmembrane linker proteins
Animal Cells are ▪ Hold cells together at distinct spots
United by Cell
Junctions ▪ Desmosomes
▪ Anchoring junctions
▪ Filaments anchor to the opposite side

▪ Gap junctions
▪ Permit ions and small molecules to pass from
cytoplasm of one cell to another
• Tight junctions
– So close that are sometimes
impermeable
• Adherens junctions
– Transmembrane linker
proteins
• Desmosomes
– Anchoring junctions
– Filaments anchor to the
opposite side
• Gap junctions
– Allow small molecules to
move between cells
 ▪ Epithelial tissue covers the outside
of the body and lines organs and
cavities within the body

▪ Connective tissue provides support

and connects body parts
4 Main Types of
Animal Tissues ▪ Muscle tissue responsible for
contraction and moves the body and
its parts

▪ Nervous tissue detects internal and

external stimuli and coordinates
responses
1.Epithelial Tissue
▪ Epithelium (epithelial tissue)
▪ A sheet of cells that covers the body’s outer surface and lines its internal
ducts and cavities
▪ Roles: as interfaces and as boundaries
▪ Functions:
Protection Absorption
Sensory reception Ion transport
Secretion Filtration
Formation of slippery surfaces for movement

▪ Basement membrane
▪ A secreted extracellular matrix that attaches the epithelium to the
underlying tissue
▪ Microvilli
▪ Fingerlike projections of absorptive epithelia
 General
Structure of
Simple
Epithelium
 ▪ Thickness
▪ Simple epithelium: One cell thick
▪ Stratified epithelium: More than one
cell thick
Describing
Epithelial ▪ Cell shape
Tissues ▪ Squamous: Flattened, wider than
tall
▪ Cuboidal: Cube-shaped, as tall as
wide
▪ Columnar: Column-shaped, taller
than wide
where diffusion is important

where tissues are

involved in secretion
and absorption:
larger cells because
of the machinery of
production,
packaging, and
energy requirements
“ciliated” literally =
eyelashes
(see next page)
Stratified: regenerate from below
Rare…
Rare…
 ▪ Glands
▪ Organs that release substances onto
the skin, or into a body cavity or
interstitial fluid

▪ Exocrine glands (glands with

Glandular ducts)
▪ Deliver secretions to an external or
Epithelium internal surface (saliva, milk, earwax,
digestive enzymes)

▪ Endocrine glands (no ducts)

▪ Secrete hormones which are carried
in blood
 Exocrine glands
unicellular or multicellular

Unicellular:
goblet cell scattered within
epithelial lining of
intestines and
respiratory tubes

Product: mucin
- mucus is mucin & water
Multicellular:
Epithelium-walled
duct and a
secretory unit
 Examples of exocrine gland products

▪ Many types of mucus secreting glands

▪ Sweat glands of skin
▪ Oil glands of skin
▪ Salivary glands of mouth
▪ Liver (bile)
▪ Pancreas (digestive enzymes)
▪ Mammary glands (milk)
 Endocrine glands

▪ Ductless glands

▪ Release hormones into extracellular space

▪ Hormones are messenger molecules

▪ Hormones enter blood and travel to

specific target organs
 ▪ Connective tissues consist
of cells and the extracellular
matrix they secrete

2. Connective
▪ Connective tissues connect
Tissues body parts and provide
structural and functional
support to other body tissues
 ▪ Loose connective tissue
▪ Fibroblasts secrete a matrix of
complex carbohydrates with
fibers dispersed widely through
the matrix
Soft Connective
Tissues
▪ Dense connective tissue
(dense collagen fibers)
▪ Dense irregular: Supports skin,
internal organs
▪ Dense regular: Ligaments and
tendons
 ▪ Cartilage: Rubbery extracellular
matrix, supports and cushions
bones

Specialized ▪ Adipose tissue: Fat filled cells,

Connective stores energy, cushions and
Tissues protect organs

▪ Bone: Rigid support, muscle

attachment, protection, mineral
storage, blood production
Summary of soft connective
tissue
Summary of specialized
connective tissue
 ▪ Muscle tissue is made up
of cells that contract when
stimulated, requires ATP
energy
3. Muscle
Tissues
 ▪ Skeletal muscle tissue
▪ Moves the skeleton (voluntary)
▪ Long, striated cells with many
nuclei

Three Types of ▪ Cardiac muscle tissue

Muscle Tissues ▪ Heart muscle (involuntary)
▪ Striated cells with single nuclei

▪ Smooth muscle tissue

▪ In walls of hollow organs
(involuntary)
▪ No striations, single nuclei
 ▪ Nervous tissue
▪ Consists of specialized
signaling cells (neurons)
and cells that support them
4. Nervous (neuroglial cells)
Tissue
▪ Nervous tissue detects
internal and external
stimuli, and coordinates
responses to stimuli
 ▪ Neurons
▪ Excitable cells with long cytoplasmic
extensions called axons
▪ Send and receive electrochemical
signals

▪ Three types of neurons

▪ Sensory neurons are excited by specific
stimuli
Neurons ▪ Interneurons integrate sensory
information
▪ Motor neurons relay commands from
brain and spinal cord to muscles and
glands
▪ Glia/ glial cells
▪ help nourish, insulate, and replenish
neurons, and in some cases, modulate
neuron function.
4 Types of Animal
Tissues
Coordination of
Nervous Tissue
and Skeletal
Muscle