TO INVESTIGATE A SELF DESIGNED

TRANSFORMER
A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

RADHIKA BASISTA

In partial fulfillment of the requirement of

CBSE AISSCE 2023-24

IN

PHYSICS

CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL GREATER

NOIDA

XII ‘A’
ROLL NO: __________
2023-24
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that RADHIKA BASISTA, a
student of class XII has successfully completed
the research on the below mentioned project
under the guidance of MRS. SUMAN
TEWARI (PGT, PHYSICS) during the year
2023-24 in partial fulfillment of Physics
Practical Examination conducted by AISSCE,
New Delhi.

Signature
Physics Teacher Signature
External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many
people have best owned upon me their blessings and the
heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the
people who have been concerned with project.

Primarily I would like to thank my Physics teachers Mrs.

SUMAN TEWARI, whose valuable guidance have been the
ones that helped me patch this project and make it full proof
success, their suggestions and instructions has served as the
major contributor towards the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have

helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the completion of the
project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates
who have also helped me a lot.

TOPICS
 ABOUT TRANSFORMERS: INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage

to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer based on the –
Principle of Mutual induction.
According to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the
A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit.
In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size
may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in
high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones. I
 In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A
transformer which increases the voltages is called a stepup
transformer.
A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-
down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for
high and low current circuits.
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the relation between the ratio of:
1.Output and Input Voltage
2.Number of turns
In the secondary coil and the primary coil of a self designed
transformer.

APPARATUS
 Iron rod
 Copper wire
 Voltmeter
 Ammeter
DIAGRAMS
THEORY:
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary.
In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary.
Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the
no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer
and
d∅
dt
= rate of change of flux in each turn off the coil at this
instant,
We have,
d∅
E P=−N P
dt ----------------- (1)
And
d∅
E s=−N s
dt ----------------- (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get,
E S −N S
=
EP N P
-------------- (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the

primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the
applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by -
EP
I P =E−
RP

E−EP =I P RP

When the resistance of the primary is small, I P RP can be

neglected so therefore
E−EP = 0 or E=E P
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

ES ES
=
EP E

= output e.m.f / input e.m.f

NS
= NP =K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER:

ES> E , so K > 1, hence N > N as, k > 1, so I

S P P >IS

I.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary

voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in
the same ratio. Similarly it can be shown, that in a step
down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain
in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the
current & a step down transformer steps up the current.
IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER:

ES< E , so K < 1, hence N < N as, k > 1, so I

S P P >IS

If IP = value of primary current at the same instant

And I = value of secondary current at this instant,
S

Then Input power at the instant = E P IP

And Output power at the same instant = E I S S

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then:

Input power = output power or E P I P=¿ E S I S

ES IP
= =K
EP I S
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all A.C operations:
❖In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner, etc.
❖A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
❖A step down transformer is used for obtaining
large current.
❖A step up transformer is used for the production of
X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
❖Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
❖Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c.
over long distances.
❖Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.
PROCEDURE :

 Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind
a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say
300) uniformly on it leaving two free ends P1& P2 . This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

 Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound

relatively smaller number of turns (say 100) of thick copper
wire on it leaving two free end S1 & S2. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.

 Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input

voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.

Similarly, measure the output voltage and current

through s1and s2
 Now connect s1and s2 to A.C main and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary
coil of step up transformer.

OBSERVATIONS:
 No. of turns in primary , NP =
 No. of turns in secondary , NS =

Es
S.No. Input Voltage Output Voltage EP
( E ) (Volt)
P ( E ) (Volt)
s

1.
2.

RESULT:
ES N S
Clearly =
EP N P within experimental error.

CONCLUSION:
▪ The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage
▪ The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage
▪ There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a
transformer

PRECAUTIONS:
• Keep yourself safe from voltage.
• While taking the readings of the current and
voltage of the a.c. should remain constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR:

• Values of current can be changed due to heating

effect.
• Eddy current can changed the readings.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

▪ HELP FROM INTERNET

▪ INFORMATION FROM LIBRARY
▪ HELP FROM TEACHERS
▪ NCERT textbook class 12
▪ NCERT physics lab Manual