1.What is COSHH?

 
COSHH is the law that requires employers to control substances that are hazardous to
health. You can prevent or reduce workers exposure to hazardous substances by:

 finding out what the health hazards are;

 deciding how to prevent harm to health (risk assessment);
 providing control measures to reduce harm to health;
 making sure they are used ;
 keeping all control measures in good working order;
 providing information, instruction and training for employees and others;
 providing monitoring and health surveillance in appropriate cases;
 planning for emergencies.
Most businesses use substances, or products that are mixtures of substances. Some
processes create substances. These could cause harm to employees, contractors and
other people.

Sometimes substances are easily recognised as harmful. Common substances such as

paint, bleach or dust from natural materials may also be harmful.

2.Care Quality Commission(CQC)

The role of the CQC (Care Quality Commission) as an independent regulator is to register
health and adult social care service providers in England and to check, through inspection and
ongoing monitoring, that standards are being met

3.Privacy and dignity

 Privacy: giving someone space where and when they need it ∎ Dignity: focusing on the
value of every individual, including: ∎ respecting their views, choices and decisions ∎ not
making assumptions about how they want to be treated ∎ working with care and compassion
∎ communicating directly with the individual whenever

4.Personal care
Personal care means anything done for you that's of a personal nature. This may include:
personal hygiene – bathing, showering, hair washing, shaving, oral hygiene and nail care.
continence management – toileting, catheter/stoma care, skin care, incontinence laundry and
bed changing.

5.Mental capacity Act

Mental capacity is the ability to make a decision (and understand the consequences of
that decision).  A person’s ability to make a decision depends on what the decision is
and what else is happening in the person’s life at the time the decision needs to be made.
This is why a capacity assessment should only ever relate to a particular decision at
a particular time.

If you can’t make decisions for yourself because you don’t have the mental capacity to make
them, the Mental Capacity Act 2005 tells you what you can do to plan ahead, how you can
ask someone else to make decisions for you and who can make decisions for you if you
haven't planned ahead

6.safeguarding
Safeguarding and promoting wellbeing and welfare means:

 protecting the rights of adults (aged 18 and over) to live in safety, free from abuse and
neglect;
 protecting children and young people under 18 years of age from maltreatment;
 preventing impairment of health or development;
 ensuring children and young people are growing up in circumstances consistent with
the provision of safe and effective care; and
 taking action to enable people to have the best outcomes.

Everybody has the right to be safe, no matter who they are or what their circumstances.
Abuse and neglect can have devastating effects on individuals, families and wider society,
and the damage from safeguarding incidents and allegations can be devastating.

7.Abuse
Abuse is a misuse of power and control that one person has over another. Where someone is
dependent on another, there is the possibility of abuse or neglect unless enough safeguards
are put in place. Abuse takes many forms, can occur in any relationship and may result in
significant harm or exploitation.We consider abuse any behaviour towards a person that
causes harm, endangers life or violates rights. Within this broad definition of abuse, the
following subtypes of abuse are identified:

 Physical abuse: includes assault, hitting, slapping, pushing, restraining

someone or only letting them do certain things at certain times.
 Domestic abuse: includes psychological, physical, sexual, financial or
emotional abuse. It also covers so-called ‘honour’-based violence.
 Sexual abuse: includes rape, indecent exposure, sexual harassment,
inappropriate looking or touching, sexual teasing or innuendo, taking sexual
 photographs, making someone look at pornography or watch sexual acts,
sexual assault or sexual acts the adult didn’t consent to or was pressured into
consenting to.
 Sexual exploitation: includes any actual or attempted abuse of a position of
vulnerability, differential power, or trust for sexual purposes including, but not
limited to, profiting financially, socially or politically from the exploitation of
someone else. Using prostitutes is strictly forbidden at any time when
engaged on Alert business.
 Harmful cultural practices: includes child marriage.
 Commercial exploitation: includes child labour, slavery (including domestic
slavery), human trafficking and forced labour.
 Financial or material: includes theft, fraud, internet scamming, putting
pressure on someone about their financial arrangements (including wills,
property, inheritance or financial transactions) or the misuse or stealing of
property, possessions or benefits.
 Psychological abuse: includes emotional abuse, threats of harm or
abandonment, depriving someone of contact with someone else, humiliation,
blaming, controlling, intimidation, putting pressure on someone to do
something, harassment, verbal abuse, cyber bullying, isolation or
unreasonable and unjustified withdrawal of services or support networks.
 Neglect and negligent treatment
 Discrimination: includes types of harassment or insults because of
someone’s race, gender or gender identity, age, disability, sexual orientation
or religion.

8.challenging behaviour
A person's behaviour can be defined as "challenging" if it puts them or those around them
(such as their carer) at risk, or leads to a poorer quality of life. It can also impact their
ability to join in everyday activities. Challenging behaviour can include: aggression. self-
harm.

When challenging behaviour happens

 Back off where possible.

 Keep calm.
 Call for help.
 Leave the person to calm down, if possible.
 Remove others from the environment, if possible.
 Be aware of body language and tone of voice used to the person

9.Whistleblowing
Whistleblowing is the term used when a worker passes on information concerning
wrongdoing. ... This means in particular that personal grievances and complaints are not
usually covered by whistleblowing law.

10.Confidentiality
Confidentiality in the context of health and social care intrinsically means not disclosing
information about a client to anyone who should not know or does not need to know.

Confidentiality legislation in health and social care

There are five rules of confidentiality in health and social care:

1. All confidential information about a client should be treated respectfully and their
rights to confidentiality should be respected at all times
2. Confidential information about a client should be shared by a care team only when it
is necessary for the safety and wellbeing of the client
3. Any confidential information shared for the benefit of a community should remain
anonymous
4. An individual has the right to object to their confidential information being shared.
This right should always be respected
5. It is an organisation’s responsibility to implement confidentiality policies with any
procedures necessary to ensure this confidentiality

11. Deprivation of Liberty safeguards (DoLS)

Having mental capacity means being able to understand and retain information and
to make a decision based on that information. Someone might not have capacity
because they have: A learning disability; Dementia; A mental health problem; A brain
injury or a stroke.

The law aims to ensure that people who lack capacity to make decisions by
themselves get the support they need to be as involved as possible in decisions
about their lives. It also outlines how an assessment of mental capacity should be
made, in which situations other people can make decisions for someone who cannot
act on their own and how people can plan ahead in case they become unable to
make decisions in the future.

There are five principles at the heart of MCA which should be used to underpin
all actions and decisions taken in relation to those who lack capacity:

Principle 1: A presumption of capacity. Every adult has the right to make his or

her own decisions and must be assumed to have capacity to do so unless it is
proved otherwise. Do not assume that someone cannot make a decision for
themselves just because they have a particular medical condition or disability.

Principle 2: Individuals being supported to make their own decisions. Make

every effort to encourage and support people to make the decision for themselves. If
lack of capacity is established, it is still important to involve the person as far as
possible in making decisions.

Principle 3: Unwise decisions. People have the right to make what others might
regard as an unwise or eccentric decision.

Principle 4: Best interests. If a person has been assessed as lacking capacity then
any action taken, or any decision made for, or on behalf of that person, must be
made in his or her best interests.

Principle 5: Less restrictive option. Someone making a decision or acting on

behalf of a person who lacks capacity must consider whether it is possible to decide
or act in a way that would interfere less with the person’s rights and freedoms of
action, or whether there is a need to decide or act at all.

When someone lacks mental capacity to consent to care or treatment, it is

sometimes necessary to deprive them of their liberty in their best interests, to protect
them from harm. The Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards are intended to:

Protect people who lack mental capacity from being detained when this is not in their
best interests;

To prevent arbitrary detention;

To give people the right to challenge a decision.

The legislation sets out a procedure for care homes and hospitals to obtain
authorisation to deprive someone of their liberty. Without that authorisation the
deprivation of liberty will be unlawful. These safeguards are intended to protect
people from being deprived of their liberty unless it is in their best interests to protect
them from harm and there is no other less restrictive alternative.

12.workplace values examples

  Being accountable.

 Making a difference.

 Focusing on detail.

 Delivering quality.

 Being completely honest.

 Keeping promises.

 Being reliable.

 Being positive.
 Meeting deadlines.
 Helping others.
 Being a great team member.
 Respecting company policy and rules, and respecting others.
 Showing tolerance.

13.Pressure sores
Stage 1
This is the mildest stage. These pressure sores only affect the upper layer
of your skin.

Symptoms: Pain, burning, or itching are common symptoms. The spot may
also feel different from the surrounding skin: firmer or softer, warmer or
cooler.

You may notice a red area on your skin. If you have darker skin, the
discoloured area may be harder to see. The spot doesn’t get lighter when
you press on it, or even 10 to 30 minutes after you stop pressing. This
means less blood is getting to the area.
What to do: The first and most important thing to do with any pressure sore
is to stop the pressure. Change your position or use foam pads, pillows, or
mattresses.

If you spend a lot of time in bed, try to move at least once every 2 hours. If
you’re sitting, move every 15 minutes. You may need someone to help you.

Wash the sore with mild soap and water and dry it gently.

It may help to eat a diet high in protein, vitamins A and C, and the minerals
iron and zinc. These are all good for your skin. Also, drink plenty of water.

Recovery time: A Stage 1 pressure sore may go away in as little as 2 or 3

days. If it hasn't, call your doctor.

Stage 2
This happens when the sore digs deeper below the surface of your skin.

Symptoms: Your skin is broken, leaves an open wound, or looks like a pus-
filled blister.

The area is swollen, warm, and/or red. The sore may ooze clear fluid or
pus. And it’s painful.

What to do: Follow the same steps for Stage 1. You should also clean the
wound with water or a salt-water solution and dry it gently. This may hurt,
so ask your doctor if you should take a pain reliever 30 to 60 minutes
before cleaning.
Keep the sore covered with a see-through dressing or moist gauze. If you
see signs of an infection (such as pus, fever, or redness), tell your doctor.

Recovery time: A Stage 2 pressure sore should get better in 3 days to 3

weeks.

Stage 3
These sores have gone through the second layer of skin into the fat tissue.

Symptoms: The sore looks like a crater and may have a bad odor. It may
show signs of infection: red edges, pus, odor, heat, and/or drainage. The
tissue in or around the sore is black if it has died.

What to do: Stage 3 sores will need more care. Talk to your doctor. They
may remove any dead tissue and prescribe antibiotics to fight infection.
You may also be able to get a special bed or mattress through your
insurance.

Recovery time: A Stage 3 pressure sore will take at least one month, and
up to 4 months, to heal

Stage 4
These sores are the most serious. Some may even affect your muscles
and ligaments.

Symptoms: The sore is deep and big. Skin has turned black and shows
signs of infection -- red edges, pus, odour, heat, and/or drainage. You may
be able to see tendons, muscles, and bone.
What to do: Tell your doctor right away. These wounds need immediate
attention, and you may need surgery.

Recovery time: A Stage 4 pressure sore could take anywhere from 3

months or much longer, even years, to heal.

Other Stages
In addition to the 4 main stages for bed sores, there are 2 others:

"Unstageable" is when you can’t see the bottom of the sore, so you don’t
know how deep it is. Your doctor can only stage it once it’s cleaned out.

"Suspected Deep Tissue Injury" (SDTI). This is when the surface of the
skin looks like a Stage 1 or 2 sore, but underneath the surface it’s a Stage
3 or 4.