END OF CHAPTER

Name : MUHAMMAD IQMAL GOGO

Class : BMA4B

Registration Number : 15BMA22F3005

Date : 31/5/2023

CLO 1: Classify the ergonomic factors towards human anatomical, physiological, and psychological
needed in work systems involving people and machines. (C4, PLO1)

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ERGONOMICS

1. What are the benefits gain from implementing ergonomic or human factor engineering in design
project.

1. Increased safety
2. Reduced possibility of human error
3. Increased user value, satisfaction, and user friendliness
4. Faster learning
5. Lower rate of failure
6. Improved stability
7. Reduced probability of redesign
8. Reduced costs in design and operation
9. Improved communication between profession

CHAPTER 2: ANTHROPOMETRY

2. What are some basic anthropometric criteria and measures? Give some associated design
objectives.

An ergonomic chair is design for student to use in collage. Several anthrophony data needed to
measure to produce this chair with several step.

1. Find out student who voluntary to participate with different gender, and different age and
body size.
2. Identify chair type currently use in college and collect the current seat dimension taken such
as, backrest height, seat height, seat depth, seat width lumbar support height and footrest
height.
3. Asked student to seat on the chair to collect sitting position. Several data taken such as
stature height), eye height, shoulder height, elbow height, knuckle height, height (sitting) ,
eye height (sitting) , elbow rest height (sitting) , thigh clearance height, knee height , buttock
knee length, chest height , elbow to elbow breadth and hip breadth by using measuring
Tape. Student sitting position is where upper and lower leg remain in right angle with 90°
 bent on knee and feet rest at floor. Arm of student positioned at right angle with
measurement.

3.How do the approximate dimensions of the human body differ between males and females?
Discuss how these differences might impact design by giving an example.

The average adult male is taller, has broader shoulders, and a narrower pelvis compared to the
average adult female. These differences can impact the design of products such as clothing,
furniture, and vehicles. For example, a car designed with a seat that is too narrow may not be
comfortable for a male driver with broad shoulders. Similarly, a chair with a seat that is too deep
may not be comfortable for a female with a shorter torso.

4.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of designing for a fixed percentage of a population.
When is this approach likely to be problematic?
Advantages: Disadvantages:

1 Targeted solutions: Focusing on a Exclusion of other groups:

particular percentage of the
population allows designers to
create more targeted solutions.
By understanding the specific
needs, preferences, and
limitations of that group,
designers can develop products
or services that better meet their
requirements.
Designing for a fixed percentage
of the population may
inadvertently exclude other
groups who don't fit within that
defined percentage. This
exclusion can lead to feelings of
marginalization and create a
sense of exclusion among those
left out.

2 Efficiency: By narrowing down Limited perspective: Focusing

the target audience, designers
can optimize resources and
streamline the design process.
This approach can lead to more
efficient development, reduced
costs, and quicker time-to market
solely on a specific percentage
can limit the broader
understanding of the diverse
range of needs and preferences
within the population. Designers
might miss out on valuable
insights and innovative ideas that
could emerge from considering a
wider audience.

3 Inclusive: Designing for a fixed Changing demographics: Over

percentage of a population can
ensure inclusive by considering
the needs of a specific group. By
tailoring the design to
accommodate their
requirements, it can promote
equal access and participation.
time, demographics can change,
and the targeted percentage
might become less relevant. If a
design solution is based on
outdated data or assumptions, it
may not effectively meet the
evolving needs of the population.
The approach of designing for a fixed percentage of a population is likely to be problematic in
situations where:

1. Needs vary significantly: When the needs and preferences of the target percentage vary
significantly within that group, designing for a fixed percentage might not adequately
address the complexities and nuances of their requirements.
2. Dynamic populations: In cases where the composition of the population is dynamic or rapidly
changing, designing for a fixed percentage becomes challenging. Demographic shifts, cultural
changes, or emerging trends can render the fixed percentage approach less relevant over
time.
3. Ethical considerations: If designing for a fixed percentage involves prioritizing one group at
the expense of others, it can raise ethical concerns. Fairness and equal treatment should be
considered to avoid perpetuating biases or creating disparities.

CHAPTER 3: BIOMECHANICS

5 . Example of the following types of joints in the human body and associated movement
characteristics: spheroid, pivot, hinge, and saddle joints

1) Spheroid joint
• Shoulder and hip joints
• Provide swing for arms and legs in various direction and also spin those limbs upon more
stationary bones.
2) pivot joints
• Synovial joint which allows rotation of bones which located at neck, wrist and elbow. 3)
Hinge joint.
• Made up of two or more bones with articular surface that cover hyaline cartilage and
lubricated by synovial fluid such as elbow and knee.
• Allow motion primary in one plan.
4) Saddle Joint
• A saddle is a type of synovial joint in which the opposing surfaces are reciprocally
concave and convex.
• It is found in the thumb, the thorax, the middle ear, and the heel.
6 . Axes of movement and rotation capability of a pivotal joint. How do joint constraints affect
ergonomic design?

pivotal joint has one axis of movement and can rotate around that axis. Joint constraints can
affect ergonomic design because they limit the range of motion and may cause discomfort or
injury if the design doesn't take them into account.

By understanding the constraints of pivotal joints, designers can create ergonomic designs
that promote comfort, efficiency, and reduced risk of injury. For example, when designing a
chair, the angle and range of motion at the knee joint should be taken into account to ensure
that the seat height and angle allow for proper leg positioning and support. Similarly, when
designing a keyboard or mouse, the angle and movement of the wrist and fingers at the
pivotal joints should be considered to minimize strain and repetitive stress injuries.

Failure to consider joint constraints in ergonomic design can result in discomfort, fatigue, and
even long-term musculoskeletal problems. Designers must take into account the natural
movement patterns and limitations imposed by the body's joints to optimize the usability
and safety of products and interfaces for human use.
7 . When metabolism is measured by the rate of oxygen consumed, the metabolic rate increases
rapidly at the onset of a physical task in an exponential fashion to meet the task requirements.
Describe briefly what happens to the metabolic rate immediately after the individual stops
performing the task and rests. This change in metabolic rate affects the design of jobs and job
requirements.

Immediately after an individual stops performing a physical task and rests, the metabolic rate
gradually decreases. This decrease in metabolic rate is a result of the body transitioning from
an active state to a resting state, where the energy demands decrease as the task is no
longer being performed.

When the task is stopped and the individual rests, the body gradually returns to its baseline
metabolic rate. Oxygen consumption decreases, reflecting the reduced energy requirements.
The rate at which the metabolic rate returns to baseline depends on factors such as the
intensity and duration of the task performed, the individual's fitness level, and other
physiological factors.

This change in metabolic rate has implications for the design of jobs and job requirements:

1. Recovery time: The decrease in metabolic rate after task completion highlights the
importance of providing adequate recovery time for employees. Jobs that involve
physically demanding tasks should consider incorporating regular breaks or rest
periods to allow workers to recover and avoid excessive fatigue.
2. Physical exertion and workload: Understanding the metabolic demands of different
tasks can help in designing job requirements that align with the capabilities and
limitations of individuals. Excessive physical exertion and prolonged high metabolic
rates can lead to fatigue, reduced productivity, and increased risk of injuries. Jobs
should be designed to distribute workload effectively, considering the energy
demands involved and providing opportunities for rest or variation in tasks.
3. Energy management: Jobs that require sustained physical effort may need to
consider strategies for managing energy levels. This can include optimizing work-rest
cycles, providing access to nutritional resources, and implementing ergonomic
design principles to reduce the physical strain on workers
4. Fitness and conditioning: The change in metabolic rate emphasizes the importance
of employee fitness and conditioning. Jobs that involve physically demanding tasks
may benefit from pre-employment assessments and ongoing training programs to
ensure that individuals have the necessary strength, endurance, and aerobic capacity
to meet the metabolic demands of the job.
8 . When a muscle is held in a contracted position continuously for long time periods, there is a
reduction of blood flow to a bundle of muscles.

The physiological explanation of why this Muscle fatigue is caused by a build-up of lactic acid in
the muscles, which occurs when they are working hard and not receiving enough oxygen. This
causes the muscles to become less efficient at producing energy, which leads to a feeling of
tiredness and weakness.

In evaluating work methods, it's important to consider how they affect muscle fatigue. If a work
method requires repetitive, strenuous movements that lead to muscle fatigue, it may not be the
most efficient or ergonomic method. By analysis work methods and identifying areas where
muscle fatigue is likely to occur, it's possible to make changes that can improve efficiency,
reduce the risk of injury, and promote worker comfort and productivity.

9 . A box of tools weighing 20lb is to be lifted (occasionally—maybe twice per day) from the floor to a
cart that is 46in. high. (No control is required at the destination.) The handle of the box is 10in. high
(i.e., the handle is located 10 in. from the floor). Due to the width of the box, the worker must reach
24in. in front of his or her ankles to grasp the handle, but does not need to twist.

a. How would you rate the coupling type (good/fair/poor)? Justify your answer.

b. Fill in a NIOSH lifting table and compute an RWL.

c. What is the lifting index?

a) Poor. The worker has to reach far in front of their ankles to grasp the handle, which puts
them in an awkward posture.
b) RWL = LC x HM x VM x DM x AM x FM
LC = 20 lbs
HM = 46 in. / 10 in. = 4.6
VM = 1
DM = 1
AM = 1
FM = 1
RWL = 20 x 4.6 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 = 92 lbs
c) Lifting index = Load weight / RWL = 20 lbs / 92 lbs = 0.22. The lifting index is less than 1,
which means the task is considered safe.
CHAPTER 4: ERGONOMIC IN DESIGN

10. Why is it important in designing seating to allow operators to change their posture?

Designing seating to allow operators to change their posture is important because it helps
prevent muscle fatigue and discomfort. When people sit in the same position for long periods of
time, it can cause muscle fatigue and discomfort, which can lead to pain and injury over time. By
allowing operators to change their posture, seating can help reduce the risk of these problems
and promote worker comfort and productivity. In addition, ergonomic seating design can also
help prevent other musculoskeletal disorders associated with prolonged sitting, such as lower
back pain.

11. How do automotive seats differ from chairs at work and why should they differ?

Automotive seats are designed to provide comfort and support during long periods of sitting
while driving. They are engineered to accommodate the body's natural posture and provide
adequate lumbar support, cushioning, and adjustability to reduce fatigue and enhance
driving ergonomics. Workplace chairs, on the other hand, need to cater to a wide range of
tasks and postures, including desk work, computer use, and meetings. They often have more
adjustability options, such as height, tilt, and armrest adjustments, to accommodate various
work activities and individual preferences.

12. If you wanted to place a foot-actuated pedal for a seated operator at a workstation, what range
of positions in front of the operator would be the best to choose for toe actuation?

The optimal range of locations for toe actuation when situating a foot-actuated pedal for a
seated operator at a workstation is between 45 and 60 degrees from the operator's
centreline. This range allows for natural and comfortable toe mobility while reducing the
danger of ankle strain or damage. It's also critical to place the pedal such that the operator
doesn't have to lean forward or twist their body, which can create muscular strain and pain.

CHAPTER 5: WORK ENVIRONMENT

13. How long does the OSHA standard allow people to be exposed to a sound level of 102dBA?
What is the noise dose of a person exposed for 7h to 80dBA noise and 1h of 105dBA noise?

The OSHA standard allows people to be exposed to a sound level of 102 dBA for a maximum
of 1.5 hours per day. The noise dose of a person exposed for 7 hours to 80 dBA noise and 1
hour of 105 dBA noise is 100%. This level of noise exposure exceeds the OSHA permissible
exposure limit of 85 dBA for an 8-hour workday.
14. Suppose that the wet bulb temperature is 84°F, the dry bulb temperature is 85°F, and the MRT is

94°F with direct solar heat present. How easy would a task have to be in terms of kilocalories per

hour in order to work continuously over an 8h shift under the permissible limits?

To determine how easy a task would have to be in terms of kilocalories per hour in order to
work continuously over an 8-hour shift under the permissible limits, we need to calculate the
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index, which is used to estimate the effect of
temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation on the human body.

The WBGT index for the given conditions can be calculated as follows: WBGT

= 0.7Tw + 0.2Tg + 0.1Td

where Tw is the wet bulb temperature, Tg is the globe temperature, and Td is the dry bulb
temperature.

In this case:

Tw = 84°F

Tg = MRT + 1.08(84°F - MRT) = 94°F + 1.08(84°F - 94°F) = 94°F - 10.8°F = 83.2°F

Td = 85°F

So, the WBGT index is:

WBGT = 0.7(84°F) + 0.2(83.2°F) + 0.1(85°F) = 82.94°F

According to OSHA, the permissible exposure limit for an 8-hour workday at a WBGT index of
82.94°F is 250 kcal/hour. Therefore, the task would have to require no more than 250
kcal/hour to work continuously over an 8-hour shift under the permissible limits.

CHAPTER 6: ORGANIZATION AND SAFETY

15. What are the causes of Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD)? Give some examples how to

prevent MSD.

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) can be caused by a variety of factors, including repetitive

motions, awkward postures, forceful exertions, and insufficient rest or recovery time. Some
examples of MSDs include carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, and lower back pain.

To prevent MSDs, it is important to identify and address the root causes of the problem. Here
are some examples of how to prevent MSDs:

1. Ergonomic Design: Redesign workstations and tools to reduce awkward postures,

forceful exertions, and repetitive motions.
2. Job Rotation: Rotate workers to different tasks to reduce the risk of MSDs caused by
repetitive motions.
3. Stretching: Encourage workers to stretch regularly to improve flexibility and reduce the
risk of MSDs.
4. Rest Breaks: Provide workers with sufficient rest breaks to allow for recovery and reduce
the risk of MSDs caused by overexertion.
5. Training: Provide workers with training on proper lifting techniques, ergonomic design,
and other strategies for preventing MSDs.
6. Personal Protective Equipment: Provide workers with appropriate personal protective
equipment (PPE), such as wrist supports or back belts, to reduce the risk of MSDs.
7. Early Intervention: Encourage workers to report symptoms of MSDs early, so that
appropriate interventions can be implemented to prevent further injury.
16. What are the benefits and the drawbacks of working on night shift.

Working on the night shift can have both benefits and drawbacks. Some benefits of working on the
night shift include:
benefits drawbacks
1. Higher Pay: Many employers offer higher pay 1. Disrupted Sleep: Working on the night shift
for night shift workers. can disrupt sleep patterns, which can lead to
fatigue, insomnia, and other health problems.

2. Fewer Distractions: There are often fewer 2. Social Isolation: Night shift workers may have
distractions and interruptions on the night shift, less opportunity to socialize with friends and
which can make it easier to focus on tasks. family members.

3. More Autonomy: Night shift workers may 3. Health Risks: Night shift work has been
have more autonomy and independence, as associated with an increased risk of health
there are often fewer supervisors or managers problems such as heart disease, diabetes, and
present. cancer.

4. More Flexibility: Night shift work may offer 4. Safety Risks: Night shift workers may be at
more flexibility in terms of scheduling, as there greater risk of accidents or injuries, as they may
may be fewer workers available to cover shifts. be more fatigued and less alert than workers on
other shifts.