Radius of atom is effected by main factors :

D-Block Elements (a) Attractive force of nucleus.

(b) Repulsion of electron with in an orbit or screening A –
Those elements of periodic table in which last electron enter effect of electron.
in ‘d’ orbital are known as d–block elements. They are (c) On going left to right in any series the atomic radius
placed in between S and P block elements in group 3 to 12 decease up to till middle of the series due to increases of
in modern periodic table their general electronic nuclear attractive force or nuclear charge on outermost
configuration is ( n – 1) d1 – 10 ns1 – 2. where n = 4, 5,6,7, shell electron .
(number of outermost shell). Their fore atomic radius of 1 to 5 middle elements of series
Transition E : Those dements of periodic table in which is decrease.
outermost two subshell are incompletely filled are called After middle elements on further increases in number of
transition elements their general electronic configuration is electron in penultimate subshell The repulsive interaction
(n-1) d1 – 9 ns0 – 2. become dominant. Their fore screening effect of penultimate
❖ Note: Zn, Cd, Hg are not transition elements because in these shell is increase due to that reason Atomic radius increase
elements only one outermost shell is incompletely filled towards the end of series.
Classification of Transition Elements : Transition On going down the group of transition elements, atomic
elements are classified in four series. radius, increase due to addition of extra shell.
(i) First Transition Series or 3d Series : These elements Atomic radius of IInd (4d) and IIIrd (5d) series is almost
are placed in  IV period of periodic table. In these same due to lanthanoide contrition .
elements electron are filled in ‘3d’ orbital. This series
Ionic Radius : Ionic radius of transition elements is smaller
start from scandium and end at zinc it consist 10
than Atomic radius , becomes these elements remove their
elements.
electron from outmost shell. So nuclear force of attraction is
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn increase.
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Ionic radius of transition elements decrease with increase
(ii) Second transition series or 4d series : These elements oxidation number of element.
are placed in Vth period of periodic table. In these (2) Metallic character : In outmost shell of all transition
elements electron are filled in ‘4d’ orbital. This series elements one or 2 electron are present. They can easily
starts from Itrium (39Y) end at (48Cd) donate electron-from outmost shell and shows metallic
Y zr Nb Mo To Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd character and they are good conductor of heat and
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 electricity. These elements are hard and ductile and
(iii) Three transition series or ‘5d’ Series : These elements malleable beruase its atom are linked with each other by
are placed VIth period of periodic table. In These metallic bond, covalent bond is also found
elements electron’s are filled in ‘6d’ orbital. This series ❖ Note : Due to presence of greater number of unpaired
starts from ‘57La’ and ends at ‘80Hg’ electron in (n-1)d orbital, strong covalent bond and metallic
La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg bond are present. These elements become harder. The number
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 of unpaired electron increase upto VIth group. (Cr, Mo, W)
(iv) Fourth Transition Series or ‘6d’ series : In this series Zinc, cadmium and Hg are soft because in their d-subshell
electron - enter in ‘6d’ orbital. It is series as incomplete all electron’s are paired. Due to this reason Hg is liquid.
series. (3) Ionization Enthalpy : Ionisation enthalpies of
Characteristics of transition elements : transitions elements are in between value of ionsiation
(1) They are metallic in nature. energy of ‘S’ and ‘P’ block. Due to ionisation energy it
is clear that these elements are less electropositive then
(2) They shows variable oxidation state.
alkali metals of ‘S’-block and more electropositive then
(3) They form colored complex.
elements of P-block. Therefore of D-block element from
(4) They form alloy .
electrovalent as well as covalent compound.
(5) Transition elements and their compounds behaves. As
In transition elements electron is are filled in (n–1) d orbital
catalyst.
so ionisation energy of these element are not very regular.
(6) They form complex compounds.
They differ as :
(7) Most of transition elements are paramagnetic in nature.
(i) The ionisation enthalpy increase from left to right in
(8) They form interstitial compound/They are malleable and any series due to increase of nuclear charge.
ductile.
(ii) Zinc, Cd, Hg have exceptionally high value of
Explain following properties of First transition series or
ionisation enthalpy due to their stable electronic
3 d series :
configuration.
Transition elements have small atomic and ionic radius then
(4) Melting and B.P : These elements generally have
the elements of s and p block.
greater melting and boiling point as compound to ‘s’
(1) Atomic and Ionic Radius :
and ‘p’ block elements due to their smaller size and
Along the series of transition elements first decrease till the large number of valence electron which form strong
middle of the series than become almost constant and then metallic bonding.
increase towards the end of the series.

1
 The value of m.p. and B.P. gradually increase with increase state form covalent compound. For ex : MnSO4 is ionic
in atomic no. upto middle element of series and then in nature [+2 O.S. of Mn]. KMnSO4– is covalent in
decrease regularly towards the end of the series. This is due nature [+7 O.S. of Mn].
to availability of number of unpaired electrons in the atom. Rh, Os shows highest [+8] O.S. then other transition
Zn, Cd, Hg have relatively low value of M.P. and B.P. elements only in their oxide.
because no unpaired electron present in them. (3) Elements having stable configuration ‘(n–1) d10 ns2
(5) Atomisation Enthalpy : The value of Atomisation shows [+2] O.S. Therefore [+2] O.S. is common in most
enthalpy of transition element increase upto middle of of the transition metal.
series and then decrease towards end of the series (7) Complex Formation : Transitional elements have
because strength of metallic bond increases upto middle greater tendency to form complex or co-ordinate
of the series the decrease. compound with ligands due to following reason :
(6) Variable oxidation state :The energy of ‘ns’ (n – 1)d (1) Small size of cation
orbital of transition elements is quiet similar. Therefore (2) Higher value of effective nuclear change on cation.
electrons of ‘ns’ and ‘(n – 1)d' orbital are available for (3) Presence of empty ‘d’ orbital in their outermost shell
bonding purpose. Due to this reason ‘d’-block elements which can accommodate loan pair of electrons for
shows variable oxidation state. bonding with ligand.
If electrons of ‘ns’ orbital take part in bonding, then (4) Tendency of central metal atom/ ion to acquire effective
transition element shows law oxidation state (+ 2). If atomic number (E.A.N.) of next inert gas ex :
electron’s of (n – 1) orbital also participate in bond [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 K4[Fe(CN)6].
formation then these elements show greater value of (8) Magnetic Property : Magnetic property of atom, ion,
oxidation state. molecule depends upon the number of presence
For ex : Outer electronic configuration of scandium is unpaired electrons.
3d14s2 then it shows [+ 2], [+3] oxidation state. Transition elements are mostly paramagnetic in nature
In 3 d series manganese (Mn) shows maximum oxidation because they have unpaired electrons in their (n – 1) d
state [+ 7] orbital.
Elements E.C. Unpaired e– of d O.S. Due to this reason these elements deeply attracted by
electrons of s magnetic field. The magnetic moment calculate as :
orbital
1+2 + 2, + 3  = n (n + 2) B.M
21Sc [Ar18 ]3d'4s 2
n = no. of unpaired electrons
22 Ti [18 Ar ]3d 2 4s 2 2 + 2 + 2, + 3,+ 4 B.M. = Bohr magnetron {unit of }
If unpaired electrons is ‘1’ i.e. n = 1
  = 1(1 + 2) B.M.
23 V [18 Ar ]3d 3 4s 2 3 + 2 +1, + 2, +3,
+4, +5  = 1.732 B.M.
The value of magnetic moment is directly proportional to
24 Cr [18 Ar ]3d 5 4s1 5 + 1 +1, +2, +3,
number of unpaired electrons.
+4, +5, + 6
(9) Catalytic Property Why : Due to following reason.
25 Mn [18 Ar ]3d 5 4s 2 5 + 2 +2, +3, +4, Transition elements and their compound shows catalytic
+5, +6, +7 activity.
(1) Due to vacant (n – 1) d orbital these elements except
26 Fe [18 Ar ]3d 6 4s 2 4 + 2 +2, +3, +4, electrons from reactants. Due to this reason the reactant
+5, + 6 get adsorbed and form intermediate compounds. These
compounds provide low energy path of the reaction.
27 Co [18 Ar ]3d 7 4s 2 3 + 2 +2, + 3, + 4
(2) Due to their variable oxidation state of transition
elements they form unstable intermediate compound
and decrease the activation energy of the reactant.
28 Ni [18 Ar ]3d8 4s 2 2 + 2 + 2, + 3, +
4 (3) The surface area of transition metal is larger. Due to this
reactant to be adsorbed on their surface.
29 Cu [18 Ar ]3d10 4s1 0 + 1 + 1, + 2 Ex : (1) V2O5 act as catalyst to convert SO2 into SO3 in
contact process.
(2) Fe catalyst used in synthesis of ammonia in Haber
30 Zn [18 Ar ]3d10 4s1 0 + 2 +2 process.
Fe (catalyst)
❖ Note : (1) In case of metal carbonyl like [Ni(Co)4] and N 2 + 3H 2 Mo(promoter) 2 NH 3
[Fe(Co)5], Ni and Fe. Shows zero oxidation state. In
(3) Ni is used as catalyst in hydrogenation of alkene.
[Cr(Co)5H], chromium shows (– 1) O.S.
(2) Transition elements with (+2) and (+3) O.S. usually CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2 ⎯200
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯→ CH 3 = CH 3
to 300º
Ni
form ionic compound while higher value of oxidation
2
(10) Formation of Alloys : The atomic radius of Transition
elements quiet similar hence substitution of these atoms
in their crystal lattice is possible to each other in molten
state and form homogeneous mixture of different
transitional elements. This homogeneous mixture is
known as Alloy.
Due to this reason, T.E. forms alloy. Alloy are hard and have
high melting point and corrosion resist then constituent
metals.
If alloy contain mercury as one of the constituent element
are called amalgam. For ex : Alloy of zinc and copper is
known as Brass.
(11) Formation of interstitial compounds : Small size non-
metals like carbon, hydrogen Boron and Nitrogen are
stay in Interstitial void. These compound are known as
interstitial compounds.
(i) Interstitial compound are non-stochiometric i.e., they
cannot have definite Formula. For ex. Fe.94O.
(ii) These compounds are differ in their physical properties.
(iii) They have essentially same chemical properties as the
parent metal atom.
Hardness and melting point of these compound is greater.
Electronic conductivity and metallic lecture of this
compound is also higher.
(12) Formation of Coloured complex : Due to excitation of
electrons present in incompletely filled “d-orbitals”.
Transition elements form coloured compound in their
solid state or in hydrated ions.
All the coloured ions have unpaired electrons. These
unpaired electron’s are Green Yellow
promoted in higher energy
state by absorption of energy Blue Orange
from visible light the particular
wavelength light is absorb and
Violet Red
rest wavelength are transmitted
which fall on our eye in which the radiations of one colour is
absent. Their supplementary colour is observed in forming
compound. For ex : Supplementary colour are :
Cu+2 ion absorb orange radiations in promotion 3d9 electron
to higher energy state then transmitted light is blue in colour.
So Cu+2 ion form blue coloured complex of compound.
Inner Transition Elements
Those elements of periodic table in which last 3-shalls are
incomplete are called inner transition elements. Their
general electronic configuration is :
(n – 2)f1to 14 (n – 1) s2p6 d0 to 1 ns2. These elements are
classified in two series.
(1) Lanthanoid : In this series 14 elements are present from
58Ce to 71Lu. In these elements electron enter in 4f
orbital.
(2) Actinoid : In this series 14 elements are present from
90Th to 103Lr. In these elements electrons are enter in 5-f
orbital.
Above series are placed in a horizontal row at the bottom of
the periodic table.
Lanthanoid Contraction :
Atomic and ionic radii of lanthanoid are decrease due on
going left to right in series. This decrease in size of
lanthamoid is called lanthanoid contraction.
Cause of Lanthanoid Contraction :
(1) Due to increase in nuclear charge force of attraction of
nucleus is increases their for ineffective shielding
electron’s clouds of these elements is shrink.
(2) In elements of lanthanoid series, electrons are enter in (n
– 2)f orbital due to these reason shielding effect of these
elements is neglected and nuclear attraction force
increases.
Consequences of Lanthanoid Contraction :
(1) Basic character of Hydroxides lanthanoid : On going
left to right in lanthanoid series the basic strength of
hydroxide is decrease due to increases of atomic number
from La(OH)3 to Lu(OH)3
(2) The covalent character of hydroxides of lanthanoids
increase from La(OH)3 to Lu(OH)3
(3) High Density of post lanthanoid elements :
Due to lanthanoid contraction the atomic size of post
lanthanoid element becomes vary small, theirfore packing of
atoms in their metallic crystal become so much compact due
to this reason their density is very high.
(4) Similarity in IInd and IIIrd Transition series : Due to
lanthanoid contraction the atomic radii of the elements
of lanthanoid are very smaller to their precedes in the
second transition series. [Zr, Nb, Mo, ….etc.]. Due to
this result in occurrence of twince elements like [Zr, nf],
[Nb and Ta], [Mo and W] in the periodic table.
(5) Due to lanthanoid contraction the chemical properties of
elements of lanthanoid series is quiet similar, their fore
their separation is very difficult due to this reason they
are separate by ion exchange method.
Uses of lanthanoid :
(1) Alloy of lanthanoid are called Misch-metals containing
40 to 50% Ce, 25% La,5% Nb and other lanthanoid Fe,
S, Ca, C.
Misch metals are used in manufacture of heat resistant and
in lighter flint.
(2) Cerium salt are used in dying cotton.
(3) Pyrophoric alloy is used in ignition device also tracer
bullets, flint shell of lighter etc.
(4) Lanthanoid compounds are used in ceramic industry,
paints, textile industry and agriculture field.
Uses of Actinoids :
(1) ThO2 is used in preparation of gas mentals. For this
purpose, solution of thorium and cerium nitrate is used
[99% + 1%]
(2) Thorium is used in rod of atomic furnace.
(3) Compounds of thorium are used in lancer treatment.
(4) Uranium is used for nuclear energy and its compounds
are used in ceramic and medicine.
(5) Plutonium is used as a fuel of atomic reactor, and atom
bomb. Atoms bomb is prepared from plutonium.
3
 Difference Between Lanthanoid and Actinoid :
Lanthanoid Actinoid Physical Properties of K2Cr2O7 :
It shows O.S. + 3 mainly,+ 2 They do not have (1) It is a crystalline solid. Their crystals are orange, red colour.
and + 4 in few metals. characteristic oxidation state (2) soluble in hot water and moderately, soluble in cold water.
+ 3, + 4, + 5 and +6 (3) Their melting point is 671 kelvin.
They don’t form oxo ions They form oxo ions like Give chemical reaction of K2Cr2O7 with following
UO +2 , P4 O +2 etc. compounds :
(1) Action of heat.
The element after the Elements after then Actinum
(2) Reaction with KOH
lanthanum called lanthanoid called Actinoids.
(3) Reaction with concentrate H2SO4
Lanthanoid have poor Actinoid from complex
(4) Reaction with concentrate H2SO4 at high temperature.
tendency to form complex compounds more than
(5) Reaction with acidic FeSO4.
compound Lanthanoids
(6) Reaction with acidic KI.
In lanthanoids electrons In Actinoid last electrons
(7) Reaction with acidic K2Cr2O7 with SO2
enter in 4-f orbital enter in 5-f orbital.
(8) Reaction with acidic K2Cr2O4 with H2S.
Except promethium other All actinoids are radioactive (9) Reaction with acidic Na2SO3
elements are non-radioactive in nature.
(10) Reaction with acidic H2O2
in nature.
(11) Chromyl chloride test.
Compounds of lanthanocids They are more basic then 
are less basic then Actinoids lanthanoids. Ans. (1) 4K 2 Cr2 O 7 ⎯⎯→ 4K 2 CrO 4 + 2Cr2 O 3 + 3O 2
Preparation of Pottassium dichromate [K 2Cr2O7] (2) K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 2KOH → 2K 2 CrO 4 + H 2 O
Pottassium dichromate prepared by chromate are or, (3) K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 2H 2SO 4 → 2CrO3 + 2KHSO 4 + H 2 O
ferrochrome of chrome iron [FeCr 2O4]. This process Cold
involves following steps : (4) 2K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 8H 2SO 4 →
(1) Preparation of sodium chromate : Finely powdered (hot )
chromite ore mixed with sodium carbonate and quick
2K 2SO 4 + 2Cr2 (SO 4 ) 3 + 8H 2 O + 3O 2
lime and then roasted in a reverberatory furnace in
presence of excess of air, then yellow coloured sodium (5)
chromate is farmed. By dissociation of quick lime CO 2 K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 4H 2SO 4 → K 2SO 4 + Cr2 (So 4 ) 3 + 4H 2 O + 3[o]
and produce which keep the mass porous. 2FeSO 4 + [o] → Fe 2 (So 4 ) 3 + H 2 O(3)
4 FeCr2 O4 + 8 Na 2 Co 3 + 7O2 → 8 Na 2 CrO 4 + 2 Fe2 O3 + 8 Co 2 K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 7H 2So 4 + 6FeSo 4 → K 2So 4 + Cr2 (So 4 ) 3 +
Roasted mass is extracted with water, then sodium 3Fe 2 (So 4 ) 3 + 7H 2 O
chromate dissolved completely in water and ferric hydroxide
(6)
is leaving behind.
(2) Conversion of sodium chromate to sodium ti- K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 4H 2SO 4 → K 2So 4 + Cr2 (So 4 ) 3 + 4H 2 O + 3[o]
chromate : 2KI + H 2So 4 + [o] → K 2 (So 4 ) + I 2 + H 2 O  3
2 Na 2 CrO 4 + H 2SO 4 → Na 2 Cr2 O 7 + Na 2SO 4 + H 2 O K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 6KI + 7 H 2SO 4 → K 2SO 4 + Cr2 (So 4 ) 3 + 3K 2 (SO 4 )
On concentration the less soluble sodium sulphate + 3I 2 + 7 H 2 O
crystallized out [in form of Na2SO410H2O crystals]. This is (7)
filtered hot and allowed to cool then sodium di-chromate X K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 4H 2SO 4 → K 2So 4 + Cr2 (So 4 ) 3 + 4H 2 O + 3[o]
2H2O i.e., Na2Cr2O7.2H2O separates on standing.
(3) Conversion of sodium di-chromate into potassium di- So 2 + H 2 O + [o] → H 2SO 4  3
chromate : K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 3So 2 + 4H 2SO 4 + 3H 2 O → K 2SO 4 + Cr2 (So 4 ) 3
Hot, concentrated solution of sodium dichromate is heated + 3H 2SO 4 + 4H 2 O
with KCl solution then it convert into potassium di-
K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 3So 2 + H 2SO 4 → K 2SO 4 + Cr2 (So 4 ) 3 + 3H 2 O
chromate.
Na 2 Cr2 O 7 + 2KCl → K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 2 NaCl (8)
(Pott.di −chromate) K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 4H 2SO 4 → K 2So 4 + Cr2 (So 4 ) 3 + 4H 2 O + 3[o]
Structure of di-chromate ion : H 2 S + [o] → H 2 O + S  3
It consist of two tetrahedral showing an oxygen atom at the K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 4H 2SO 4 + 3H 2 O → K 2SO 4 + Cr2 (So 4 ) 3
common corner. + 7H 2 O + 3S
2– 2–
O O O O
180 pm
Cr Cr 131° Cr
O O
O 161 pm
O O O O
Chromate ion Dichromate ion
The structure of chromate (CrO2–4) and dichromate (Cr2O72–) ions

4
 (9) (2) 4KMnO 4 + 4KOH → 4K 2 MnO 4 + 2H 2 O + O 2
K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 4H 2SO 4 → K 2So 4 + Cr2 (So 4 ) 3 + 4H 2 O + 3[o]
(3)
Na 2So 3 + [o] → Na 2So 4  3
2KMnO 4 + 3H 2SO 4 → K 2SO 4 + 2MnSO 4 + 3H 2 O + 5[o]
K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 4H 2SO 4 + 3Na 2So 3 → K 2SO 4 + Cr2 (So 4 ) 3
2FeSO 4 + H 2SO 4 + [o] → Fe 2 (So 4 ) 3  5
+ 4H 2 O + 3Na 2So 4
2KMnO 4 + 8H 2So 4 + 10FeSo 4 → K 2So 4 + 2MnSo 4 +
(10) K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 4H 2 O 2 + H 2So 4 → 2CrO 5 + K 2So 4 + 5H 2O
5Fe 2 (So 4 ) 3 + 3H 2 O
(11) Chromyl chloride test : Solid potassium dichromate
(4)
reacts with cold H2SO4 and KCl then orange red colour
chromyl chloride is obtained. 2KMnO 4 + 3H 2SO 4 → K 2SO 4 + 2MnSO 4 + 3H 2 O + 5[o]

K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 4KCl + 6H 2SO 4 → 2CrO 2 Cl 2 + 6KHSO 4 + 3H 2 O 2KI + H 2SO 4 + [o] → K 2So 4 + I 2 + H 2 O  5

2KMnO 4 + 8H 2So 4 + 10KI → 6K 2So 4 + 8H 2 O + 5I 2
This reaction is used in detetion of chloride ion in
(5)
quantitative analysis .
2KMnO 4 + 3H 2SO 4 → K 2SO 4 + 2MnSO 4 + 3H 2 O + 5[o]
Use of K2Cr2O7 :
So 2 + H 2 O + [o] → H 2So 4  5
(1) It is used in esteemation of Fe+2 ion and iodide ion (I–) in
2KMnO 4 + 3H 2So 4 + 5H 2 O →
redox titration.
K 2So 4 + 2MnSo 4 + 5H 2So 4 + 3H 2 O
(2) It is used in chrometanning in leather industry.
(3) It is used in photography for hardening of gilletin film. 2KMnO 4 + 2H 2 O → K 2So 4 + 2MnSo 4 + 2H 2So 4
(4) It is used as oxidising agent. (6) Reaction with acidic solution of KMnO4 with H2S.
(5) It is used in calico printing and dying 2KMnO 4 + 3H 2SO 4 → K 2SO 4 + 2MnSO 4 + 3H 2 O + 5[o]
Preparation of KMnO4 : H 2 S + [o ] → H 2 O + S  5
KMnO4 is prepared by pyrdusite ore involving following 2KMnO 4 + 3H 2So 4 + 5H 2 O →
steps : K 2So 4 + 2MnSo 4 + 8H 2 O + 5S
(i) Conversion of pyrolusite into potassium magnate : (7) Reaction with acidic solution of oxalic acid.
Finally, powdered pyrolusite ore [MnO2] is fused with 2KMnO 4 + 3H 2So 4 → K 2So 4 + 2MnSo 4 + 3H 2 O + 5[o]
potassium carbonate or KOH in presence of atmospheric
COOH
oxygen, then green coloured mass of potassium manganate | + [o] → 2Co 2 + H 2 O  5
is obtained. COOH
2MnO 2 + 2K 2 CO 3 + O 2 → 2K 2 MnO 4 + 2CO 2 2KMnO 4 + 3H 2So 4 + 5 C OOH
|
2MnO 2 + 4KOH + O 2 → 2K 2 MnO 4 + 2H 2 O COOH
→ K 2So 4 + 2MnSo 4 + 8H 2 O + 10Co 2
(2) Oxidation of potassium magnate into potassium per
Uses of KMnO4 :
magnate by chemically :
(1) It used as a disinfectant for water.
2K 2 MnO 4 + Cl 2 → 2KMnO 4 + 2KCl
(2) 1% solution of KMnO4 used as a Baeyer’s reagent
3K 2 MnO 4 + 2CO 2 → 2KMnO 4 + MnO 2 + 2K 2 CO 3 which used to detection of unsaturation in hydrocarbon.
With the help of these solution purple solution of potassium (3) It is used as a strong oxiding agent in laboratory and
per magnate is obtained which concentrated and deposite as Industry.
a dark purple needle like crystals having metallic lusture (4) It is used for quantitative detection of Halides, oxalates,
KMnO4 moderate soluble in water and give purple solution. sulphite etc.
Give chemical reaction of KMnO4 with following (5) It is used in volumetric esteemation of ferrous sulphate,
compounds. oxalic acid, hydrogen peroxide etc.
(1) Action of heat Structure of KMnO4 :
(2) Reaction with KOH Hybridisation → sp3 (Mn present in sp3 hybridizes state)
Therefore its structure is tetrahectral.
(3) Reaction with acidic FeSO4
O
(4) Reaction with acidic solution of KI.
(5) Reaction with SO2 with acidic solution of KMnO4. O Mn O–

Sol. (1) 2KMnO 4 ⎯⎯→ K 2 MnO 4 + MnO 2 + O 2 O
Strucutre of MnO4– ion