Lecture 2 Intenetworks and Network Devices

REF-SPP-AAA-BBB-CCC-DDD-I01-R00-09262020 | 1
INTERNETWORKS AND
NETWORK DEVICES
PECEC 3 – Communications 3: Data Communications (Lecture)
Prepared by: Jepp Quijano, ECE, ECT
Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Talking Points
• The Internet
• The Philippine Internet
• Layers of the Internet
• Different Basic Network Devices

Internetwork
• Networking is the process of interconnecting multiple devices to
create an internetwork.

Switching
• An internet is a switched network in which a switch connects at
least two links together.
• A switch needs to forward data from a network to another network
when required.
• The two most common types of switched networks are circuit-
switched and packet-switched networks.

Circuit-Switched Network
• A dedicated connection, Sample Circuit-Switched Network
called a circuit, is always
available between the two
end systems; the switch can
only make it active or
inactive.
• This is ideal for
communications which
require data to be
transmitted in real-time.

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

Sample Diagram of POTS

Packet-Switched Network
• A type of network Sample Packet-Switched Network
communication in which
blocks of data called packet
are being exchanged from
end-to-end instead of having
a continuous communication
we see between two
telephone sets.
• This type is more flexible and
more efficient if some
amount of delay is
acceptable.

The Internet
Conceptual View of the Internet

Accessing the Internet

• Using Telephone Networks
- Dial-up Service
- DSL Service
• Using Cable Networks
• Using Wireless Networks
• Direct Connection to the Internet

Brief History of the Internet

• Early History (before 1960)
- telephony (voice)
- telegraph (encoded messages)


• Birth of the Packet-Switched Networks
- In 1961, the theory of packet switching was introduced by

Leonard Kleinrock, and two other researchers – Paul Baran (Rand
Institute) and Donald Davies (National Physics Laboratory) published
papers about it.
• Advance Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET)

- ARPA in the DoD was interested in finding a way to
connect computers from different manufacturers.
- Was first presented by ARPA in 1967 at Association
for Computing Machinery (ACM).
- The idea was that each host computer (not
necessarily from the same manufacturer) would be attached to
a specialized computer, called an interface message
processor (IMP).


• Birth of the Packet-Switched Networks
• Advance Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET)

- Advance Research Project Agency Network
(ARPANET)
- In 1969, ARPANET became a reality when four
nodes, at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA),
the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB), Stanford
Research Institute (SRI), and the University of Utah, were
connected via the IMPs to form a network.
- Software called the Network Control Protocol (NCP)
provided communication between the hosts.


• Birth of the Internet
- In 1972, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, both of whom were part of
the core ARPANET group, collaborated on what they called the
Internetting Project.
- The idea of this project is to link dissimilar networks so that a
host on one network can communicate with another host from the
other network.
- There were many problems to overcome: diverse packet
sizes, diverse interfaces, and diverse transmission rates, as well as
differing reliability requirements.
- Cerf and Kahn devised the idea of a device called a gateway
to serve as the intermediary hardware to transfer data from one
network to another.


• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

- This was the new version of NCP outlined in 1973 to
achieve end-to-end delivery of data.
- This paper on transmission control protocol (TCP)
included concepts such as encapsulation, the datagram, and
the functions of a gateway.
- A radical idea was the transfer of responsibility for
error correction from the IMP to the host machine.
- Authorities decided to split TCP into two protocols:
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol
(IP). IP would handle datagram routing while TCP would be
responsible for higher level functions such as segmentation,
reassembly, and error detection.


• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

- In 1981, TCP/IP was integrated in the UNIX
operating system under a DoD contract.
- In 1983, authorities abolished the original ARPANET
protocols, and TCP/IP became the official protocol for the
ARPANET.


• Military Network (MILNET)

- In 1983, ARPANET split into two networks: Military
Network (MILNET) for military users and ARPANET for
nonmilitary users.


• Computer Science Network (CSNET)

- A network sponsored by the National Science
Foundation (NSF) and was conceived by universities that were
ineligible to join the ARPANET due to an absent of ties to the
DoD.
- The term Internet, originally associated with
government-funded connected networks, now referred to the
connected networks using TCP/IP protocols.


• National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET)

- It was sponsored by the NSF in 1986 after the
success of the CSNET which connects five supercomputer
centers located throughout the US.
- T-1 line with 1.544 Mbps was used as the backbone
links between the centers.
- In 1990, ARPANET was officially retired and
replaced by NSFNET.
- In 1995, NSFNET reverted to its original concept of a
research network.


• Advance Network Services Network (ANSNET)

- In 1991, the U.S. government decided that NSFNET
was not capable of supporting the rapidly increasing Internet
traffic.
- Three companies, IBM, Merit, and Verizon, filled the
void by forming a nonprofit organization called Advanced
Network & Services (ANS) to build a new, high-speed Internet
backbone called Advanced Network Services Network
(ANSNET).

The Internet today

The Internet today

• World Wide Web (www) World Wide Web (www)
- The 1990s saw the
explosion of Internet
applications due to the
emergence of the World Wide
Web (WWW).
- The Web was
invented at CERN by Tim
Berners-Lee. This invention has
added the commercial
applications to the Internet.

The Internet today

• Web 2.0 (21st Century)
- An Internet with emphasis on social networking and content
generated by users, and cloud computing (e.g. Facebook, Twitter and
Instagram).
- Mobile phones became able to access the Web, and, with the
introduction of smartphones (Android Phones, Apple’s iPhones).

The Internet today

The Internet today

The Philippine Internet

• The Philippines was first Photo of Benjie Tan
connected to the Internet on
March 29, 1994 through the
great effort of the late, Benjie
Tan.

Re-imagining the Network

Conceptual View of the Network from Philippines to US
PLDT SPRINT
Network Network
PLDT SPRINT
Cisco 7000
Router
Syracuse
University in New
York
University of San
Carlos in Cebu

The Layers of the Internet

Layers of the Internet

Basic Network Devices

• Modem/Media Converter Sample Photo/Network Symbol
- A device used to
convert signals (ADC/DAC).


• Ethernet Hub Sample Photo/Network Symbol
- Layer 1 and passive
device.
- No security
- 1 big collision domain

Collision Domain vs Broadcast Domain

• A collision domain is the part of a network where collisions of
packets can occur while a broadcast domain is the part of a network
where broadcast communication occurs.


• Bridge Sample Photo/Network Symbol
- Layer 2 and active
device.
- Uses MAC addressing
scheme to filter traffic
- Traffic filtering is
software-based.
- 1 broadcast domain
- Every port is a
collision domain.


• Switch Sample Photo/Network Symbol
device.
- Uses MAC addressing
- Traffic filtering is
based on hardware functions
called ASICS.
- 1 broadcast domain
- Every port is a
collision domain.


• Router Sample Photo/Network Symbol
device.
- Uses IP addressing
- Main function is to
route packets from one network
to another.
- Isolates the internal
network from the outside
(Internet).
- Every port is a
broadcast domain.


• Firewall Sample Photo/Network Symbol
- A network security tool
used to filter and block
unauthorize traffic based on the
policies implemented by the
organization.


• IDS/IPS Sample Photo/Network Symbol
- Intrusion Detection
System or IDS, is a network
security tool used to monitor
traffic for malicious activity or
policy violations and sends
notification to the administrator
- Intrusion Prevention
System or IPS, is a network
security tool used to inspect,
detect and classify network
traffic and proactively stops
malicious activities from
occurring into the network.


• Load Balancer Sample Photo/Network Symbol
- Load balancers
manage the flow of information
between the server and an
endpoint device (PC, laptop,
tablet or smartphone).


• Proxy Server Sample Photo/Network Symbol
- A proxy server acts as
another gateway between you
and the internet.
- Proxy servers provide
varying levels of functionality,
security, and privacy depending
on your use case, needs, or
company policy.


• Wireless Access Point Sample Photo/Network Symbol
- Devices that act as
point of communication
wirelessly.
- Best example for this
is the Wi-Fi technology (IEEE
802.11 standards).

Open Forum
• Always cite your references
• Follow APA version 7 format
• Examples: https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-
guide.pdf

Course References
• Forouzan, Behrouz (2007) Data Communications and Networking
(4th ed.) McGraw-Hill Education
• Tomasi, W. (2004) Electronic Communication Systems (5th ed.)
• Sapak, M. (2017) Digital Communications (1st ed.)
• Ciora, J (2008) CCNA Exam Prep (2nd ed.) Pearson Education Inc.
• Odom, W. (2019) CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide Library vol. 1
& 2 (1st ed.) Cisco Press
• https://jimayson.wordpress.com/2011/08/13/the-night-benjie-
hooked-up-the-philippines-to-the-internet/

Thank you for listening!
Stay safe and God bless, Future Engineers! ☺

- Sir Jepp

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REF-SPP-AAA-BBB-CCC-DDD-I01-R00-09262020 | 1

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Accessing the Internet

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Brief History of the Internet

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Brief History of the Internet

- In 1961, the theory of packet switching was introduced by

• Advance Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET)

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Brief History of the Internet

• Advance Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET)

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Brief History of the Internet

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Brief History of the Internet

• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Brief History of the Internet

• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Brief History of the Internet

• Military Network (MILNET)

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Brief History of the Internet

• Computer Science Network (CSNET)

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Brief History of the Internet

• National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET)

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Brief History of the Internet

• Advance Network Services Network (ANSNET)

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

The Internet today

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

The Internet today

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

The Internet today

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

The Internet today

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

The Internet today

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

The Philippine Internet

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Re-imagining the Network

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

The Layers of the Internet

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Basic Network Devices

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Basic Network Devices

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Collision Domain vs Broadcast Domain

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila