GMR3 Functionaldescription e DIT002

Functional Description GMR3
GMR3
Voltage Regulator and Gate

Control Functional Description
Excitation
Edition: 10.10.2013 EXC/GMR3_functionaldescription_DIT002 REV003h Draft.doc DIT-002-1.02

Page 1 / 70
Identification Voltage Regulator and Gate

Functional Description
Version/Revision
Date of issue REV 03h 10.10.2013 GLA
Date of issue REV 03f 20.09.2013 GLA
Date of issue REV 02d 22.02.2013 GLA
Date of issue REV 01 02.05.2012 GLA
This document is valid for the following product(s):
GMR3 with software version GM35

firmware version
PGSA 3.12b, PGSB 3.13, PGSC 4.15
© 2013 by ANDRITZ HYDRO GmbH, All rights reserved.

The disclosure and reproduction of this document or parts thereof – of whatever method – is only permitted with the written
consent of ANDRITZ HYDRO. Technical data serve the sole purpose of explaining the product and are no guaranteed
properties as defined by law. Subject to change – also with respect to technical details – without notice.

Page 2 / 70

Page 3 / 70
CONTENTS
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 7
1.1. Using this manual........................................................................................................... 7
1.1.1. Safety notes ................................................................................................................... 8
1.1.2. Pictograms ..................................................................................................................... 9
1.2. Where to keep this manual............................................................................................. 9
1.3. Warranty and liability .................................................................................................... 10
1.4. Name and address of manufacturer ............................................................................. 10
1.5. Copyright...................................................................................................................... 11
1.6. Intended Use................................................................................................................ 11
1.7. Transport or delivery .................................................................................................... 11
1.8. Storage ........................................................................................................................ 13
1.9. Abbreviations used....................................................................................................... 13
1.10. Safety........................................................................................................................... 14
1.10.1. General protective equipment ...................................................................................... 15
1.10.2. Safety equipment ......................................................................................................... 16
1.11. Obligations of the user ................................................................................................. 17
1.12. Duties of the personnel ................................................................................................ 18
1.13. Software Options.......................................................................................................... 18
2. General ........................................................................................................................ 19
2.1. Measurement and actual values of the AVR (3 573-417 Sh. 15, 16, 17, 25) ................ 20
2.2. Set values of the AVR (3 573-417 Sh. 4, 11)................................................................ 21
2.3. Calculated values (3 573-417 Sh. 4, 15, 17, 28)........................................................... 21
3. Voltage regulators ........................................................................................................ 22
3.1. Cascaded type voltage regulator ST8C (3 573-417 Sh. 1, 15, 16) ............................... 22
3.1.1. General (3 573-417 Sh. 1, 11, 16)................................................................................ 22
3.2. Voltage regulator type ST4B (3 573-417 Sh. 1, 11b, 16) .............................................. 24
3.2.1. General ........................................................................................................................ 24
3.3. Voltage regulator.......................................................................................................... 25
3.3.1. Actual value and set point (3 573-417 Sh. 1, 11, 11a, 17) ............................................ 25
3.3.2. Control parameters (3 573-417 Sh. 1) .......................................................................... 25
3.3.3. Limits of set value and set value for start-up (3 573-417 Sh. 11)................................. 26
3.4. Active and reactive load compensation of the AVR (3 573-417 Sh. 2).......................... 26
3.4.1. Calculated values (3 573-417 Sh. 17) .......................................................................... 27
3.4.2. Setting parameters (3 573-417 Sh. 2) .......................................................................... 27
3.5. Rotor current regulator (3 573-417 Sh. 16).................................................................. 28
3.5.1. Measurement and set values for field current regulator (3 573-417 Sh. 16) ................. 28
3.5.2. Set value for electrical breaking in field current regulator mode (3 573-417 Sh. 11)..... 29
3.5.3. Control parameters (Sh. 11a, 16) ................................................................................. 29
3.5.4. Limits of set value and set value for start-up for ST8C, ST4B (3 573-417 Sh. 11)........ 29
3.6. Change-over between auto and manual of ST8C & ST4B (3 573-417 Sh. 11) ............. 30
4. Reactive load and power factor controller (3 573-417 Sh. 4) ........................................ 31
4.1.1. Measured set values and calculated values (3 573-417 Sh. 4)..................................... 32
4.1.2. Reactive load regulator feedback (3 573-417 Sh. 4) .................................................... 32
4.1.3. Limits of set value and set value for start-up of load regulation (3 573-417 Sh. 4) ....... 33
4.1.4. Limits of set value and set value for start-up of pf-regulation (3 573-417 Sh. 4.) .......... 33
4.2. Change-over between voltage regulation and reactive load regulation......................... 34
5. Load diagram and limiting functions ............................................................................. 34
6. Instantaneous field current limiter (3 573-417 Sh. 1.) ................................................... 35
6.1.1. Measured and limiting values (3 573-417 Sh. 1.).......................................................... 36

Page 4 / 70
6.1.2. Control parameters (3 573-417 Sh. 1.) ......................................................................... 37

7. Delayed maximum field current limiter (3 573-417 Sh. 8, 11) ....................................... 37
7.1. Threshold of the comparator (3 573-417 Sh. 8)............................................................ 38
7.1.1. Measured value and setting parameters (3 573-417 Sh. 8) .......................................... 39
7.2. Advanced over excitation limiter AOEL (3 573-417 Sh. 113, sh. 114) .......................... 40
7.2.1. Measured value and setting parameters....................................................................... 41
8. Stator current limiter IEEE SCL 1 (3 573-417 Sh. 8) .................................................... 42
8.1. General (3 573-417 Sh. 8)............................................................................................ 42
8.2. Inverse time characteristic (3 573-417 Sh. 8) ............................................................... 43
8.3. Sample parameters (3 573-417 Sh. 8) ......................................................................... 44
8.3.1. Measured and calculated values and setting parameters (3 573-417 Sh. 8) ................ 44
9. Load angle limiter ......................................................................................................... 45
9.1. Classic load angle limiter UELC (3 573-417 Sh. 7)....................................................... 45
9.1.1. Measured and limiting values for the UELC (3 573-417 Sh. 7) ..................................... 46
9.1.2. Control parameters of the classic load angle limiter (3 573-417 Sh. 7)......................... 47
9.1.2.1. UELC regulator parameter ........................................................................................... 47
9.1.2.2. UELC machine data (3 573-417 Sh. 7)......................................................................... 47
9.1.3. Determination of the load angle for the UELC (3 573-417 Sh. 7).................................. 47
9.1.4. Determination of the slope-• and offset-• for straight line UELC.................................. 49
9.2. UEL3 under excitation limiter (3 573-417 Sh. 7a) ......................................................... 49
9.2.1. Measured and limiting values for the UEL3 (3 573-417 Sh. 7a).................................... 51
9.2.2. Control-parameters of the UEL3 (3 573-417 Sh. 7a) .................................................... 51
9.2.3. UEL3 sample data (3 573-417 Sh. 7a) ......................................................................... 52
10. Volt/Hertz limiter (3 573-417 Sh. 9) .............................................................................. 53
10.1. General (3 573-417 Sh. 1, 9, 11).................................................................................. 53
10.2. Function of the flux limiter (3 573-417 Sh. 9) ................................................................ 54
10.3. Measured and limiting values for the volts per hertz limiter (3 573-417 Sh. 9).............. 55
10.4. Set values for the volts per hertz limiter (3 573-417 Sh. 9) ........................................... 55
10.5. Control parameters of the volts per hertz limiter (3 573-417 Sh. 9) .............................. 55
10.6. Detection of isolated operation (3 573-417 Sh. 9) ........................................................ 56
10.7. Composed signal of volts per hertz and frequency signal............................................. 56
11. Power system stabilizer................................................................................................ 56
11.1. General ........................................................................................................................ 56
11.2. The single input PSSC (3 573-417 Sh. 18)................................................................... 56
11.3. Transfer function of the PSSC (3 573-417 Sh. 18) ....................................................... 57
11.4. PSSC activation (3 573-417 Sh. 18b) ........................................................................... 58
11.5. Actual value for the PSSC (3 573-417 Sh. 18) ............................................................. 58
11.6. Parameters of the PSSC (3 573-417 Sh. 18) .............................................................. 58
12. PSS2A/2B power system stabilizer (3 573-417 Sh. 18a, 18b, 18c) .............................. 59
12.1. PSS2A/2B activation (3 573-417 Sh. 18b).................................................................... 60
12.2. Actual value for the PSS2A/2B (3 573-417 Sh. 18c)..................................................... 60
12.3. PSS2A/2B calculation of the compensated frequency w (3 573-417 Sh. 17)................ 61
12.4. PSS2A/2B wash out time constants parameter set A (3 573-417 Sh. 18.a) ................. 61
12.5. PSS2A/2B time constants for PSS2A/2B parameter set A (3 573-417 Sh. 18.a).......... 62
12.6. PSS2A/2B lead lag time constants parameter set A (3 573-417 Sh. 18.a) ................... 62
12.7. PSS2A/2B amplification factors parameter set A (3 573-417 Sh. 18.a) ........................ 63
12.7.1. PSS2A/2B ramp tracking filter ordered parameter set A (3 573-417 Sh. 18.a) ............. 63
13. Rotor temperature calculation (3 573-417 Sh. 28) ....................................................... 64
13.1. Modelling of the rotor temperature (3 573-417 Sh. 28) ................................................. 64
13.2. Measured and calculated values of the rotor temperature (3 573-417 Sh. 28) ............. 65
13.3. Setting values of the rotor temperature modelling (3 573-417 Sh. 28).......................... 66
14. Diode failure detection (3 573-417 Sh. 16, 29) ............................................................ 66

Page 5 / 70
14.1. General (3 573-417 Sh. 16, 29).................................................................................... 66

14.2. Actual value for the diode failure supervision (3 573-417 Sh. 16, 29) ........................... 67
14.3. Parameters for the diode failure supervision (3 573-417 Sh. 16, 29) ............................ 67
15. Actual Value Measurement Mode (3 573-417 Sh. 17) .................................................. 69
16. Synchronizing Measurement (3 573-417 Sh. 15).......................................................... 69
17. Correction sheet ........................................................................................................... 70

Page 6 / 70
1. Introduction
This equipment manual is part of the product documentation for the GMR3 system from
ANDRITZ HYDRO. It has been adapted to the GMR3 systems and refers solely to the product
status of the GMR3 at the date of issue of this equipment manual.
This equipment manual contains important information for correct, secure and intended
operation of the GMR3. Control technology and protective system are primarily responsible for
correct and safe operation of generator or motor and plant. Protective system and control system
must be designed in such a way, that any imaginable malfunction of the GMR3 is reliably
detected. Generator and plant must be switched off by the protective system or the control
system also in case of a malfunction of the GMR3 system, before any damage can be caused to
generator or plant.
Compliance with the instructions in this equipment manual helps to a avoid currently known
hazardous incidents during operation of the GMR3 and thus to optimize the availability and the
service life expectancy of the plant.
Strict compliance with the instructions in this equipment manual is mandatory.
However, this equipment manual cannot deal with all precautionary measures, safety regulations
and instructions for operation of excitation systems. It therefore only contains a compact version
of the most import notes to be followed in particular when working with GMR3, but cannot
replace the expert knowledge, training and instruction of the operating personnel.
1.1. Using this manual
This equipment manual solely addresses the owner or user of the system and all personnel
involved in operation and upkeep maintenance, inspection and repair or entrusted with the
integration of the GMR3 into the excitation system and the plant.
We generally recommend that all personnel entrusted with the design, integration, assembly,
commissioning, operation, troubleshooting or maintenance of the GMR3 should thoroughly read
all chapters of this equipment manual , remember the most important contents to be able to find
and read information in certain chapters again whenever required.
Personnel entrusted with operation, troubleshooting and maintenance or other activities on the
GMR3 or on the machine or plant in particular must read the chapters on operation,
troubleshooting and maintenance before work is started and strictly follow the instructions given
in these chapters. This applies especially for personnel who is only occasionally involved for
example for maintenance or repair work on machine or plant.
Personnel entrusted with the integration, assembly or commissioning of the GMR3 must read the
corresponding chapters in this equipment manual before work is started and strictly follow the
instructions given in these chapters.
Special attention must be paid to:

The complete chapter "Safety"
The safety notes in the individual chapters.
Due to existing national and international regulations the user is obliged to hand out all
regulations concerning industrial safety, health protection and protection of the environment in
written form to all personnel involved in the integration, assembly, commissioning, operation,
troubleshooting or maintenance of the GMR3. Such instructions can also concern for example

Page 7 / 70
the handling of hazardous substances or the provision or wearing of personal protective

equipment. The user of the GMR3 is responsible for strict compliance with these instructions.
Beyond that, the user must create instructions concerning the organization of work such as
switching actions, isolation, commissioning, trials, etc., work sequences, consideration of
operational peculiarities and entrusted personnel, and to convey these to the personnel in an
appropriate form. This also includes instructions on supervising and reporting obligations.
1.1.1. Safety notes
In the chapter "Safety" all information is important and of relevance for safety. Information in this
chapter is therefore not marked with special danger symbols. The warning notes in the individual
chapters of this operation manual are identified by a pictogram, a signal word and a signaling
color, as follows.
WARNING or CAUTION
Warns of an imminent danger for the health of persons or of material
damage.
Disregarding these notes can lead to personal injuries such as injury, death,
to material damage, environmental damage and/or undesired or dangerous
situations/operating conditions.
When checking make sure that the special packaging has not been damaged
or dented/ripped open and therefore unserviceable.
NOTE
This marking warns against material damage.
Disregarding this note can lead to material damage on the GMR3 or
the machine or plant.

Page 8 / 70
INFORMATION
This marking contains useful information.
Paying attention to this information eases or supports the professional use or

integration of the GMR3, the professional execution of the described action or
it helps to avoid undesired or dangerous situations/operating conditions.
1.1.2. Pictograms
The following prohibition and warning notes of relevance for the GMR3 and/or used in this
equipment manual are listed, in addition to the previously mentioned signs for warning, caution,
note and information.
The machine or plant may have additional prohibition, warning and mandatory signs, which
obviously also must be observed. The following operating instructions described their meaning.
Prohibition sign
Touching prohibited, Touching prohibited

danger of electric
shock
Warning sign
Danger of burning Danger of electric

shock
1.2. Where to keep this manual
At least two equipment manuals must be at hand at the installation location of the GMR3 at any
time. The Personnel must be informed about the storage location of the equipment manuals.
Apart from this, several persons should be provided with a copy in electronic form or paper.

Page 9 / 70
1.3. Warranty and liability
ANDRITZ HYDRO excludes warranty and liability claims for deficiencies or damage which can
be traced back to one or several of the following causes:
Non-compliance with safety notes, recommendations, instructions and/or other information in the
equipment manual.
Exceeding the technical specifications of the GMR3
Impermissible connecting variants of the power section
Incorrect integration of inputs and outputs
Non-compliance with the maintenance instructions
Inappropriate commissioning and operation of the GMR3 or the machine/plant.
Unintended use of the GMR3 or the machine/plant.
Repairs not carried out in the manufacturing plant
Unauthorized modifications to the GMR3 or its software
Changes to the machine/plant after commissioning, without considering possible effects on the GMR3.
ANDRITZ Hydro will only assume liability for damage to the GMR3. Liability for damage to other
equipment or plant components, for indirect and/or consequential damage, such as loss of
production, lost profit, loss on interest etc. is excluded. Details concerning liability can be found
in the paragraphs "Warranty" or "Liability for damage" in the order confirmation from ANDRITZ
Hydro for the corresponding order.
1.4. Name and address of manufacturer
ANDRITZ Hydro GmbH
Eibesbrunnergasse 20
1120 Vienna
Austria
www.andritz.com
You can contact ANDRITZ Hydro under contact@andritz.com.

Please send information and proposals (including possible suggestions concerning the
realization of this manual) to this e-mail address.

Page 10 / 70
1.5. Copyright
This instruction manual is the intellectual property of ANDRITZ Hydro and is protected by
copyright law. Reproduction of this instruction manual and disclosure to third parties, even in
parts, is only permitted if approved by ANDRITZ Hydro beforehand Violations oblige to
compensation and may have penal consequences. Technical details are subject to change and
may differ from the information in the instruction manual.
© 2013 ANDRITZ Hydro
1.6. Intended Use
GMR3 is a fully digital excitation AVR with controller section, closed-loop control section. It can
be used for the excitation of medium and large sized synchronous generators with a.c. or d.c.
exciters as well as for synchronous generators without exciter.
The GMR3 or the machine must only be used in accordance with the specifications as per type
key, technical data, equipment manual, etc. Any operation beyond the power limits or in contrast
to the intended operational regulations is assumed unintended and can lead to damage, for
which ANDRITZ Hydro will not assume liability.
Intended use also includes observance of this equipment manual and compliance with the
maintenance instructions including the periodic Trip Test.
Unobjectionable and safe operation of the GMR3 or the machine requires proper transportation,
storage, installation and assembly as well as conscientious operation and upkeep.
1.7. Transport or delivery
NOTE
The GMR3 must only be transported to its destination by experienced
haulage companies. Safe transportation is the sole responsibility of the
haulage companies.
The GMR3 is delivered, as internationally usual, in original packaging with

plastic foam inlays. The packaging carries printed on special symbols and
signs. These symbols must be observed during transportation and when
loading and unloading or displacing.
Stacking several GMR3 packages on top of each other for transportation is

prohibited! Stacking other parts/equipment on the GMR3 packages for
transportation is also prohibited! Transporting GMR3 units without original
packaging is not permitted!
The original packaging should be inspected for visible damage directly after

Page 11 / 70
arrival at the destination, preferably while the representative of the haulage

company is still present.
When checking make sure that the special packaging has not been damaged
or dented/ripped open and therefore unserviceable.
Check the completeness of the delivery against the packing list. Report any missing parts
immediately via your purchasing department to the haulage company and inform ANDRITZ
Hydro accordingly.
In case of obvious transport damages such as damaged boxes, etc. please proceed as
follows:
Take photos of transport damages.
Open damaged boxes so far that damage to components can be verified and documented.
Report damages immediately via your purchasing department to the haulage company and inform
ANDRITZ Hydro accordingly.
Subsequently pack the damaged components properly and store them in a dry place.
When opening the packaging pay attention to the markings "Top" (•) and the warning and
safety notes on the packaging. Always open packages carefully to avoid any damage.
INFORMATION
Closed packages must never be opened en route or during handling,. Should
customs authorities open any closed packages, the haulage companies must
restore the packaging material to almost ex-factory condition, before
continuing transportation.
Please follow the corresponding notes on waste disposal to ensure

environmental disposal of packaging material.

Page 12 / 70
1.8. Storage
NOTE
An incorrectly stored GMR3 can suffer damage or may even become
unserviceable because of weather influences, after only a short storage
period.
The GMR3 must be stored in its original packaging. After the goods inwards
inspection this packaging must be restored in ex-factory like condition for
storage.
Storage class 4 applies for storing the GMR3 up to six months.

These are the following minimum requirements:
- warehouse (dry, closed, heated)
- tarmac, concrete floor or even higher quality
- temperature +5 to max. +60 °C
- rel. humidity 10 to max. 85 %
- electric light
- GMR3 protected against insects and rodents.
Storage class 5 applies for storing the GMR3 for longer than six months.
The following points apply in addition or as change to storage class 4:
- climatized rooms
- temperature +5 to max. +40 °C
- rel. humidity 10 to max. 75 %
Stacking several GMR3 packages on top of each other is prohibited!

Stacking other parts/equipment on the GMR3 packages is also prohibited!
Storing GMR3 units without original packaging is not permitted!
1.9. Abbreviations used
Abbreviations used
S Apparent power
P Active power
Q Reactive power
U Voltage

Page 13 / 70
I Current
Ug Generator voltage
Ig Generator current
Iw Active generator current
Ib Reactive generator current
If Field current
fg Generator frequency
DS/AC Three-phase current
GS/DC Direct current
B Command refers to digital signals
NB Negated command no command, refers to digital signals
M Message (refers to digital signals)
NM Negated message (no message, refers to digital signals)
n Index n means "Rated", e.g. Ugn is the rated generator voltage
1.10. Safety
The chapter "Safety" contains general safety notes which must generally be observed when
working on the GMR3 or the machine or plant. Additional general safety notes for individual
activities can be found in the chapters of the equipment manual. These are highlighted in the text
by special warning notes.
WARNING or CAUTION
Disregarding the safety notes can cause danger for the life and health of
persons, environmental damage and/or material damage.
The listed safety notes refer to the GMR3. Safety notes for components not manufactured by
ANDRITZ HYDRO can be found in the component descriptions of the suppliers, these must also
be followed.
ANDRITZ Hydro assumes that the user will ensure the following:
The user has worked out a comprehensive general safety program.
Each person who will work on the GMR3 or on the machine/plant or in the vicinity of the GMR3 or the
machine/plant has been trained for work on the GMR3 or the machine/plant of this design and the
methods proceeding therein.

Page 14 / 70
1.10.1. General protective equipment
It must generally be noted that the personal protective equipment as specified in the country-
specific regulations or the regulations of the plant operator must be used for any work (also
measurements) on a live GMR3.
CAUTION
Project planning, integration, installation, assembly, commissioning and
operation of this product must only be performed by
specially trained personnel (*).
ANDRITZ Hydro expressly does not assume liability for any damage caused
by operating errors, faulty design, incorrect plant integration, incorrect
configuration or assembly of our products.
Internal equipment modifications must only be carried out in the
manufacturing plant. Software updates are exceptional events and must only
be performed by expert personnel, which has been specially entrusted with
this work by
ANDRITZ HYDRO GmbH/Department EXC
.
When commissioning the product one must strictly follow the locally valid
safety regulations, alongside the product instructions.
(*) Definition: Specially trained personnel describes persons who,

among other, (at least)
- can be described as professional electrician (electro-technical
education),
- are familiar with the installation, assembly, commissioning and
operation of the unit GMR3 and the plant, into which it is to be
integrated,
- are familiar with the working principle of generators and exciter
systems,
- are able to perform switching actions in accordance with the
standards of safety technology and have the authority to switch on
and off, to isolate, to ground and to mark in particular.
- have been trained in the care and use of safety equipment
according to the standards of safety technology
- have been trained in First Aid.
CAUTION
Insulation and high voltage testers must not be used, except for
dielectric testing of power circuits against ground Improper use of
such equipment can damage installed electronic components.

Page 15 / 70
1.10.2. Safety equipment
The overall plant must be equipped with EMERGENCY STOP buttons for reliable shutting down
of the plant or individual plant components. These EMERGENCY STOP button must be taken
into consideration when integrating the GMR3 into the plant, so that actuation of these buttons
reliably switches off the supply voltages to the power section of the exciter field and fault tripping
is applied to a designated input of the GMR3.
Operation of the EMERGENCY STOP buttons should not cause any dangerous operating states
for machine/plant (circuit breaker intertripping, etc. Furthermore, access to all safety equipment
must be ensured at any time. Here two examples for EMERGENCY STOP button designs:
All operating and maintenance personnel of the user

must know the exact locations of these EMERGENCY
STOP buttons and their function.
CAUTION
Both the GMR3 and the plant will most likely still be live after operating an
EMERGENCY STOP button!
In accordance with the time constants currents will also flow in the field circuit
for a short time.
One of the safety facilities of the plant is the protective system (machine protection, electrical
protection). The GMR3 must be integrated into the protective system or the plant in such a way,
that if the designated output drops off or when the watchdog contact of the GMR3 responds the
plant is reliably shut down, equivalent to the operation of an EMERGENCY STOP button.
The limiters of the GMR3 must be adapted to the protective system in such a way, that the
limiters of the GMR3 will respond before the operating point of the machine comes close to the
characteristic curves for triggering the generator set in the protective system. The characteristic
curves set by the protective system in the operating diagram for triggering the generator must be
set in such a way, that the generator or machine or plant can be reliably be shut down without
being damaged at any operating point.
CAUTION
With incorrectly set limiters of the GMR3 it may happen that the machine is
shut down by the protective system (trip of machine).
With characteristic curves incorrectly set by the protective system it may

happen that generator/machine or plant suffer extreme damage.

Page 16 / 70
1.11. Obligations of the user
The user of the GMR3 or the machine or plant is responsible for the intended use of the GMR3
or the machine or plant. See paragraph 1.6 Intended Use.
In addition to this equipment manual you must also follow and assign any national legal and
other regulations concerning occupational safety, health protection and environmental protection!
The GMR3 or the machine or plant must only be operated and serviced by qualified, reliable and
authorized persons. Personnel qualified for operation of the GMR3 includes persons, who, due
to their education, experience, instruction and training are familiar with the characteristics of the
GMR3, with the operation of the GMR3 and with the operation of the system into which the
GMR3 has been integrated.
Qualified personnel must have knowledge about the applicable standards and regulations,
accident prevention instructions and operating conditions of the plant and must have been
entrusted to executed the necessary activities by the person responsible for the safety of the
plant. Qualified personnel must thereby be able to recognize and avoid possible dangers.
The user must make sure that only instructed personnel performs work on the GMR3 or the
machine or plant.
Personnel undergoing vocation training, participating on training courses or under instruction
must only work on the GMR3 or the machine or plant under strict supervision of a qualified
person. Always remember the legal minimum age.
Work on the GMR3 or the machine or plant must only be carried out by a skilled electrician or
instructed persons under the guidance and supervision of a skilled electrician.
The user is obliged to instruct any new operating and maintenance personnel to the same extent
and with the same diligence in the operation and upkeep of the GMR3 or the machine or plant,
under due consideration of all safety notes.
Persons involved in designing, plant integration, transport, assembly, commissioning, operation
and upkeep of the GMR3 must have read and understood this equipment manual and the safety
notes in particular, before they start their work.
Safety notes for components not manufactured by ANDRITZ HYDRO can be found in the
component descriptions of the suppliers, these must also be followed.
The user is responsible for:

the assignment of the person(s) responsible for operation of the GMR3 or the machine (machine
operator(s)
Determining the behaviour in case of malfunctions (measures, necessary inspections before resuming
operation, documentation of the fault, etc.)
the regular performance of maintenance work

Page 17 / 70
The user is obliged:

to check the tripping circuits at regular intervals
to check whether safety instructions are complied with as specified in the equipment manual
to conduct repetitive training of the operating and maintenance personnel
1.12. Duties of the personnel
In order to avoid personal injury and material damage the following safety notes apply for all
persons who operate the GMR3 or work on the GMR3 or the plant or machine.
The safety notes in this equipment manual and on the machine must be observed.
In case of safety relevant malfunctions on GMR3, both GMR3 and the machine or plant must be shut
down and secured immediately. The malfunction(s) must be reported and rectified immediately.
You should refrain from any unsafe modes of operation.
The GMR3 must be kept in clean condition. Tools and other objects must not be stored on the GMR3. The
air guidance must not be obstructed.
The personnel must be informed about the function of the GMR3 or the plant and all protecting and
monitoring equipment before operation or work is started.
Protective features must not be blocked or bypassed.
After maintenance work and tests the original state must be re-established.
For normal operation the operating mode of the GMR3 must be remotely switched to AUTOMATIC, to
make sure that the GMR3 or the machine can be correctly shut down in case of danger.
1.13. Software Options
Warning
Alternative software functions such as ST4B or AC9C or ST8C, UELC
and UEL3, PSSC or PSS2A/2B, etc. cannot be activated at the same
time.
Depending in several technical and legal conditions not all software
functions are active or can be activated.
Prior to commercial operation and during commissioning all safety
relevant software functions tested.

Page 18 / 70
2. General
The following block diagram shows the fundamental elements of an excitation for a synchronous
machine in shunt connection. The exciter energy is taken via three phase excitation transformer
from the generator bus bar. The secondary winding of the excitation transformer feeds the
excitation system AC-bus. A thyristor bridge rectifies this voltage and feeds the rotor.
thyristor controlled
voltage rectifier bridge gate control
transformer
AVR
automatic
excitation voltage regulator
transformer
field current
transformer
stator current
transformer
Figure 2.1 Principle diagram static excitation in shunt connection
The automatic voltage regulator (AVR) contains all necessary control and limiter functions, which
are required for operation as well as the control functions (Figure 2.1).
The regulator and gate-control unit GMR3 is a multi-processor voltage regulator for synchronous
single-phase and three-phase machines with a wide frequency range. It comprises a complete
voltage regulator, the firing circuitry for single-phase or three-phase operation and the control
logic that is necessary for the proper operation of an excitation system. The basic hardware
consists of ELTAS components, which is a freely programmable micro-processor system that
was developed for use in industrial and traction system applications. Specific components for
synchronous machines complete the regulator unit. On account of their areas of application, i.e.
traction and power stations, all components are largely insensitive to severe operating conditions
such as vibration, temperature, electromagnetic compatibility.
Matching transformers and transducer provide isolation for the actual values of stator voltage,
stator current, exciter current and thyristor voltage. They are transformed into low voltages
levels, connected to the regulator by a cable. The gate-control unit generates and amplifies the
firing pulses for the thyristors.

Page 19 / 70
In the software, parameters are reserved to normalize the measured values. The important
parameters for regulation, control and limiters are listed below together with the belonging
measured values.
2.1. Measurement and actual values of the AVR (3 573-417 Sh. 15, 16, 17, 25)
The following actual values are the main values measured by the automatic voltage regulators.
Several other actual values can be calculated from these actual values.
V500 IPIW Measured value of exciter current

Sh. 16.6 Normalisation: 1.00 per unit at rated field current.
Variable V1805 is the corresponding normalisation variable
V501 UGK Measured value of terminal voltage
Sh. 17.6 Normalisation: 1.00 per unit at rated generator voltage
V45 FGIW Frequency of terminal voltage
Sh. 17.6 Normalisation: 1.00 per unit at rated generator frequency
At three phase operation with three phase measurement the sign of
V45 refers to the sense of phase sequence
positive sign = positive phase sequence, negative sign = negative
phase sequence
V503 IGIW Measured value of stator current
Sh. 17.6 Normalisation: 1.00 per unit at rated stator current
V37 USYNIW Measured value of synchronizing/thyristor voltage
Sh. 15.6 Normalisation: 1.00 per unit at rated stator current
V78 FSYNIW Frequency of synchronizing/thyristor voltage
Sh. 15.6 Normalisation: 1.00 per unit at rated synchronising/thyristor voltage

The sign of V78 refers to the sense of phase sequence. (positive sign
= positive phase sequence, negative sign = negative phase sequence)
V73 UNIW Measured value of mains/grid voltage

Sh. 16.6, 25.1 Normalisation: 1.00 per unit at rated mains/grid voltage

Page 20 / 70
2.2. Set values of the AVR (3 573-417 Sh. 4, 11)
The following set values are the main set values of the system. Several other set values exist,
which will be explained later.
V10 IPSW Set value for field current in manual operating mode
Sh.11.7 Normalisation: 1.00 per unit at rated field current
V11 UGSW Set value for generator voltage in automatic operating mode
Sh. 11.7 Normalisation: 1.00 per unit at rated terminal voltage
V12 QSW Set value for reactive load in reactive load controller
Sh. 4.5 Normalisation: 1.00 per unit rated apparent power
2.3. Calculated values (3 573-417 Sh. 4, 15, 17, 28)
The following parameters are derived from the above mentioned actual values. These calculated
values are needed for the automatic voltage regulation.
V504 IBIW Calculated value for reactive stator current
Sh. 17.6 Normalisation: 1.00 = rated stator current
positive sign = overexcited, negative sign = under excited
V505 IWIW Calculated value for active stator current
positive sign = generation, negative sign = consumption
V65 PBIW Calculated value for reactive power, filtered
Sh. 4.3 Normalisation: 1.00 = rated apparent power
V99 TANIW Calculated value for tan ϕ
Sh. 4.3 Normalisation: 1.00 corresponds to 45° electrical degrees
V574 PWIW Calculated value for active power, filtered
Sh. 4.1 Normalisation: 1.00 = rated apparent power
V38 DEIW Calculated value for the outer load angle
Sh. 17.8 Normalisation: 1.00 = 100°
V509 ALPHIW Actual firing angle α
Sh. 15.6 Normalisation: 0...+16.0000 = 0...180° electrical degrees
V104 TEMP Calculated value for the rotor temperature
Sh. 28.9 Normalisation: 1.00 = 200 degree Celsius

Page 21 / 70
3. Voltage regulators
The regulator software uses normalized values for calculating. In general, every physical
measuring value is related to its rated value and represented as per unit value, so the software is
independent from the physical quantities.
Example: The terminal voltage is represented by variable V501. In case of rated voltage at the
machine terminals, V501 has the value 1.00 per unit.
In the software, parameters are reserved to normalize the measured values, these parameters
are listed below together with the belonging measured values.
3.1. Cascaded type voltage regulator ST8C (3 573-417 Sh. 1, 15, 16)
3.1.1. General (3 573-417 Sh. 1, 11, 16)
The regulator structure is embodied as voltage regulator with two control loops. The first control
loop (VCONT) consists of a PID regulator with integrator feedback and controls (Figure 3.1).
The secondary control loop is the field current regulator (CCONT), with PI regulator. Due to this
cascaded structure high control speed and electromechanical damping at all operation modes
and loads can be achieved. The second control loop is automatically compensating the field time
constant of machine without derivative element.
SWPI
IPSW
SWNI
load comp.
limiter 2 limiter 1
VCONT CCONT
SWPU + +
UGSW IPIW UGK
SWNU + - + S + -
voltage regulator current regulator rectifier field winding generator
Figure 3.1 Block diagram of ST8C
V501 UGK Sh. 17.6 Actual value of stator voltage
V11 UGSW Sh. 11.7 Set value for stator voltage in automatic operating mode
V500 IPIW Sh. 16.6 Actual value of field current
V10 IPSW Set value for field current regulator in manual operating mode
V14 limiter 1 Sh. 1.4 Output signal of instantaneous field current limiter
V4 limiter 2 Sh. 1.8 Sum of output signals of several limiters load compensation. Output signal of
reactive and active and load compensation

Page 22 / 70
S I10 Sh. 16.3 Change over switch for operating mode
PID voltage regulator:
1 s ⋅ KDU
FUREG(s) = VPU ⋅ (1 + + )
s ⋅ TNU 1 + s ⋅ TDU
FUREG(s) Sh. 1 Transfer function of voltage regulator
V1872 VPU Sh. 1.4 Proportional amplification
V1871 KDU Sh. 1.7 Differential amplification, setting KDU=0 disables the derivative part of the
voltage regulator
V1901 TDU Sh. 1.2 Differential damping
V1902 TNU Sh. 1.3 Settling time setting TNU=0 disables the integral part of the voltage regulator
PI current regulator:
1
FIREG(s) = VPI ⋅(1 + )
s ⋅ TNI
FIREG(s) PIMB Sh. 15 Transfer function of current regulator
V870 VPI Sh. 16.4 Proportional amplification
V1900 TNI Sh. 16.4 Settling time, setting TNI=0 disables the integral part of the field current
regulator)
According to the set value, which is selected by Switch S two different modes are possible:
Voltage regulation in automatic operating mode and field current regulation in manual operating
mode
In manual operating mode the current control loop CCONT is used to control the field current
IPIW dependent on the manual operating mode set value IPSW. In automatic operating mode
the voltage regulator VCONT is additionally active to control the terminal voltage UGK
dependent on the automatic operating mode set value UGSW. In this mode the output signal of
the voltage regulator serves as set value for the current regulator.

Page 23 / 70
3.2. Voltage regulator type ST4B (3 573-417 Sh. 1, 11b, 16)
3.2.1. General
Alternative to ST8C structure ST4B model can be used. ST4B structure has a similar structure
than the ST8C voltage regulator. For the implementation the first two Laplace blocks of the
ST4B structure have to be discussed which can be seen in Figure 3.2.
ST4B ST4B - GMR

VOEL V VOEL V
S S
VRmax VRmax
+ Bridge + Bridge
VREF + K VR 1 VREF +  1  VR 2
− Σ
K PR + IR
− Σ
1 + s ⋅ TA VPU⋅ 1 + 
1 + s ⋅ TA
s  s ⋅ TNU 
+ +
VR min VR min
Vc Vc
VUF VUF
a) b)
Figure 3.2 ST4B AVR model (a) and its implementation in the GMR system (b)
As far as there is no preparation for field voltage feedback (EFD) the feedback is not used in the
implementation. Instead of the field voltage feedback the linearization of the thyristor gate
characteristic is realized using a look up table in the regulator software.
ST4B structure is typically used were simulation software vendors do not have ST8C cascaded
model in its standard library or were implementation of new excitation system models is not very
comfortable.
For the implementation of the ST4B the primary loop of the cascaded structure is used. The
secondary field current control loop is deactivated by removing the field current feedback signal
from the loop. Just a proportional amplification factor of two is left which can be seen in the
ST4B figure.
For the activation of the ST4B structure program variable C19 has to be set high. This is
automatically deactivating the cascaded structure. There is no need for a program restart. For
closed loop testing with a synthetic generator model the changeover between AVR structure
ST8C and ST4B can be done.
WARNING
For real synchronous generators a switch over between the AVR structures
of ST4B and ST8C is definitely dangerous since there is no balancing
implemented.

Page 24 / 70
For the calculation of the parameters from an to ST4B the following methodology has to be used:
VPU
IEEE ST4B K PR = VPU ⋅ 2, IEEE ST4B K IR = ⋅2
TNU
or vice versa
IEEE ST4B K PR VPU

VPU = , TNU = ⋅2
2 IEEE ST4B K IR
Because of the direct action on the field voltage no normalisation to air gap has to be considered
for simulation.
3.3. Voltage regulator
In automatic mode the voltage regulator the generator terminal voltage UGK is controlled to the
variable set value for terminal voltage UGSW. Load compensation and limiting functions can be
additionally activated in this operating mode.
3.3.1. Actual value and set point (3 573-417 Sh. 1, 11, 11a, 17)
V501 UGK Actual generator terminal voltage

Sh. 17.6 Normalisation: 1.00 = rated power terminal voltage
Normalisation variable: V1813
V11 UGSW Setpoint for generator terminal voltage in automatic operation mode
Sh. 11.7 Normalisation: 1.00 = rated terminal voltage
3.3.2. Control parameters (3 573-417 Sh. 1)
C19 ST4B Configuration variable voltage regulator model (ST4B or ST8C).

Sh. 1.4 If variable C19 is set high ST4B is configured.
The voltage control loop contains a PID controller. The PI-component can be set with the
following two parameters.
V1872 VPU Sh. 1.4 Proportional gain of voltage regulator

Page 25 / 70
V1902 TNU Sh. 1.3 Integral action time of voltage regulator.

Normalisation: 1.00 = 1 second
The following two parameters define the D-component of the voltage regulator.
V1871 KDU Sh.1.6 Differential amplification voltage regulator

V1901 TDU Sh. 1.2 Differential damping of voltage regulator
At excitations for synchronous machines with slip rings this part of the controller should be
deactivated by setting the parameter V1871 KDU to 0.0. At systems with exciter machines the
differential component should be activated.
3.3.3. Limits of set value and set value for start-up (3 573-417 Sh. 11)
The following setting parameters determine the upper and the lower limit of the adjustable set
value:
V1828 SWPU Positive limit set value voltage regulator
Sh. 11.5 Normalisation: 1.00 = 1.00 per unit
V1829 SWNU Negative limit set value of voltage regulator
At stopped excitation the set value is reset to an adjustable constant value, thereby the stator
voltage is controlled to this start-up set value after every start in automatic mode.
V1827 SWAU Set value start-up position voltage regulator

3.4. Active and reactive load compensation of the AVR (3 573-417 Sh. 2)
Reactive and active load compensation are provided for line operation, or parallel operation of
several machines. When two or more machines work in voltage controlled mode without
sufficient reactance or compensation, every machine tries to control its voltage independent of
the reactive power, and no stable operating point of the machines can be achieved. To avoid this
problem the reactive load compensation with negative sign (falling characteristic curve) can be
used. It supplies an additional set value which reduces the stator voltage dependent on the
reactive current.
Reactive load compensation with positive sign and rising characteristic curve is used to
compensate the mains reactance, for example to compensate the reactance of generator
transformer.

Page 26 / 70
Additionally there is an active load compensation available, which can be used to compensate
the influences depending on the active current, for example resistive load voltage drop.
3.4.1. Calculated values (3 573-417 Sh. 17)

positive sign = overexcited, negative sign = under excited
V505 IWIW Calculated value for active stator current
positive sign = generation, negative sign = consumption
3.4.2. Setting parameters (3 573-417 Sh. 2)
The characteristics can be set by means of parameters:
V1831 BSTAT Reactive load compensation

Sh. 2.2 Normalisation: ±1.00 = ±1.00 p.u. (±100%)
Positive sign: increasing exciter current at increasing reactive stator
current used e.g. for the compensation of transformer and line
impedance.
Negative sign: decreasing exciter current at increasing reactive stator
current used for example for increasing of reactance at parallel
connection.
Warning
A positive sign of V1831 BSTAT can be used to compensate the
voltage drop of the unit transformer. If a positive sign is used there
must be a minimum margin of static left to avoid over compensation
and thus an instable machine.
Warning
A positive sign of V1831 BSTAT must be coordinated with the
maximum set value of the voltage regulator and the machine
nameplate data. If a positive sign is used the machine terminal voltage
may exceed the maximum set value of the voltage regulator and thus
the allowed machine terminal voltage by the percentage of the static
(V1831 BSTAT).
Warning
If the polarity or the wiring of the current transformers is incorrect static
may lead to an unstable machine.

Page 27 / 70
V1830 W STAT Active load compensation

Normalisation: ±1.00 = ±1.00 per unit (±100%)
Sh. 2.2 Positive sign: increasing exciter current at increasing active stator
current
Compensation of resistive voltage drop
Negative sign: decreasing exciter current at increasing reactive stator
current
NOTE
Active load compensation should be used very carefully because it may
interact very strongly with the electromechanical system. The load
compensation should not be used for increasing the stability of the machine.
The actual values of active-current V505 IWIW (for the active load compensation) and reactive-
current V504 IBIW (for the reactive load compensation) are used for the calculation of load
compensation signal. These two load compensation variables are added up and form variable
V23 STAT, which is added to the terminal voltage set value UGSW.
Static = WSTAT ⋅ IWIW + BSTAT ⋅ IBIW load compensation signal (variableV23)
3.5. Rotor current regulator (3 573-417 Sh. 16)
In manual operating mode the secondary field current control loop of the regulator is used to
control the field current IPIW (V500) dependent on the set value IPSW (V7). This mode is
especially used for test purposes. In the software diagrams of drawing 3-573 417 the modules
for the current regulator are not shown because they are part of the PIM-B module, which is
integrated in the PGS-board hardware on processor B.
3.5.1. Measurement and set values for field current regulator (3 573-417 Sh. 16)
V500 IPIW Measured value of exciter current field current

Sh. 16.6 Normalisation: 1.00 = rated exciter field current
Normalisation variable is V1805
V10 IPSW Set value for exciter field current in manual operating mode
Sh. 16. 4 Normalisation: 1.00 = rated exciter field current

Page 28 / 70
3.5.2. Set value for electrical breaking in field current regulator mode (3 573-417 Sh. 11)
The current regulator provides the possibility to electrical brake down the short circuited
synchronous machine to standstill. A requirement is that the exciter power supply is independent
from the generator and that a short circuit breaker or disconnector is installed in the generator-
bus bar. During electrical braking only the field current regulator is active and IPBRE parameter
is used as set value for electrical braking.
V1850 IPBRE Excitation set value for dynamic braking.

This set value determines the field current and thereby the stator current during electrical braking
due to the fact that the generator current is nearly independent from speed at a short circuit.
3.5.3. Control parameters (Sh. 11a, 16)
The current control loop contains a PI-controller. PI-component can be set by means of the
following parameters.
V1870 VPI Proportional amplification current regulator

Sh. 11a.1, 16.4
V1900 TNI Settling time of current regulator
Sh. 16.4 Normalisation 1.00 = 1 second
By setting V1900 = 0 the integral part is bypassed. Normally the
international part shall always be bypassed.
NOTE
For excitation systems for synchronous machines with slip rings the
integration part of the field current regulator should generally be switched off
by setting the parameter V1900 to zero.
3.5.4. Limits of set value and set value for start-up for ST8C, ST4B (3 573-417 Sh. 11)
The following parameters define the upper and lower limit of the variable set value for the field
current.
V1825 SWPI Positive limit set value exciter field current regulator

Page 29 / 70
V1826 SWNI Negative limit set value exciter field regulator

At stopped excitation the set value is set to an adjustable constant value, thereby the field
current is controlled to this start-up set value after every start in manual operating mode.
V1824 SWAI Set value start-up position I-regulator

3.6. Change-over between auto and manual of ST8C & ST4B (3 573-417 Sh. 11)
Follow-up regulators allow a bumpless change-over between current and voltage regulator
without balancing. A change-over from voltage regulator in automatic mode to exciter field
current regulator in manual mode may be done manually or automatically. If the voltage
regulator part fails, control is transferred automatically to the manual field current regulator mode
for example if the actual generator voltage measurement fails due to defective PT fuses.
NOTE
The transfer from manual to automatic mode can be done manually only.
After a system start up the AVR voltage regulating mode is automatically
selected.
If the operation mode has been changed to manual this mode will remain active also after
synchronous machine stop and restart until it will be manually changed back in automatic mode.
NOTE
If in case of manual operation in rotor current regulation mode the
actual set-point exceeds the maximum and minimum setting value
range of the voltage regulator, a switch over to automatic mode is
blocked.
A possible tracking error which can only occur at dual channel systems can be compensated
with the following parameter. The variable shall only be changed on one channel.
V1869 IPKOR Field current correction variable multiplying factor

Sh. 11.1

Page 30 / 70
4. Reactive load and power factor controller (3 573-417 Sh. 4)
The reactive power or the power factor can be regulated by means of the reactive load controller
(Figure 4.1). It acts on the voltage set value by means of re-adjusting commands and regulates
the reactive load to a stationary reactive-power set value. Voltage regulation continues to have
its full dynamic effect, it can therefore regulate transient load fluctuations without difficulty.
Warning
If the polarity or the wiring of the current transformers is incorrect
reactive power controller will not work correct.
SWPQ BHQ
SWPC
QSW
SWNQ + - BTQ
SWNC
FQRF
Qist UGSW
+ +
Figure 4.1 Block diagram of the reactive power regulator
V65 Qist Sh. 4.3 Actual value of reactive load or reactive power or power factor
V12 QSW Sh. 4.8 Set value for reactive load
V11 UGSW Sh. 11.7 Set value for generator voltage
I97 BHQ Command: increase, reactive load regulation

Sh. 10.5, 22.7
I98 BTQ Command: decrease, reactive load regulation

Sh. 10.5, 22.7
Reactive load regulator feedback:
s ⋅ K PQRF
FQRF (s) =
1 + s ⋅ TIQRF
FQRF(s) Transfer function reactive load regulator feedback
V1877 KPQRF Sh. 4.7 Differential amplification
V1957 TIQRF Sh. 4.7 Differential damping
The set value for the reactive load regulator depends on the selected reactive load either
reactive power (Q) or power factor (tan ϕ). The sign of the set value can be positive or negative.

Page 31 / 70
A positive sign means inductive, a negative sign means capacitive operation. The set value is
limited with a limiter according to the selected reactive load regulator.
The reactive load regulator contains a three step controller which gives either the commands
BHQ (command: increase, reactive load regulation), BTQ (command: decrease, reactive load
regulation) or no commands on its output. These commands act on the voltage set value and
cause a change of the reactive load of the synchronous machine.
To stabilize the regulation the differentiated set value of the generator voltage is fed back to the
actual value.
The two possibilities of reactive load control require the corresponding actual values:
Q = U GK ⋅ I BIW calculated value of reactive power
I BIW
tan ϕ = calculated value of tan ϕ
I WIW
V504 IBIW Sh. 4.1 Reactive stator current
V505 IWIW Sh. 4.1 Active stator current
V501 UGK Sh. 4.1 Stator voltage
4.1.1. Measured set values and calculated values (3 573-417 Sh. 4)
V501 UGK Sh. 4.1 Measured value of stator voltage. It is normalized to 1.00 at rated
stator voltage by normalisation variable V1813.
V12 QSW Sh. 4.8 Set value for the reactive load controller
V504 IBIW Sh. 4.1 Calculated value for reactive stator current, normalisation: 1.00 = rated
current
(pos. sign = overexcited, neg. sign = underexcited)
V505 IWIW Sh. 4.1 Calculated value for active stator current, normalisation: 1.00 = rated
current
(pos. sign = generating, neg. sign = consumption)
V65 PBIW Sh. 4.3 Measured value of reactive power normalised to 1.00 at rated power
V99 TANIW Sh. 4.3 Calculated value of tan ϕ. Normalisation: 1.00 at 45°.
4.1.2. Reactive load regulator feedback (3 573-417 Sh. 4)
The regulating characteristics of the load regulator feedback are determined by the following
parameters.

Page 32 / 70
V1877 KPQRF Sh. 4.7 Differential amplification reactive load regulator feedback
V1957 TIQRF Sh. 4.1 Differential damping reactive load regulator feedback
Normalisation: 1.00 = 100 sec
4.1.3. Limits of set value and set value for start-up of load regulation (3 573-417 Sh. 4)
The following parameter define the upper and lower limit of the variable set value for reactive
power.
V1834 SWP Sh. 4.4 Positive limit, set value Var-regulation
Normalisation: ±1.00 = ±1.00 per unit (i.e. reactive load = rated power)
V1836 SWNQ Sh. 4.4. Negative limit, set value Var-regulation
Normalisation: ±1.00 = ±1.00 per unit
At stopped excitation the set value can be set to an adjustable constant value, thereby the
reactive power is controlled to this start-up set value after synchronization of the synchronous
machine to means.
V1838 SWAQ Sh. 4.4 Starting set value Var-regulation
Normalisation: ±1.00 = ±1.00 per unit
4.1.4. Limits of set value and set value for start-up of pf-regulation (3 573-417 Sh. 4.)
The following parameter define the upper and lower limit of the variable set value for power
factor.
V1835 SWPC Sh. 4.4 Positive limit, set value power factor controller
Normalisation: ±1.00 = ±45° power factor (set value = tan ϕ).
V1837 SWNC Sh. 4.4 Negative limit, set value power factor controller
Normalisation: ±1.00 = ±45° power factor.
At stopped excitation the set value can be set to an adjustable constant value, thereby the power
factor is controlled to this start-up set value after synchronization of the synchronous machine to
means.
V1839 SWAC Sh. 4.4 Starting set value power factor controller
Normalisation: ±1.00 = ±45° power factor

Page 33 / 70
4.2. Change-over between voltage regulation and reactive load regulation
Change-over from voltage regulation to reactive load regulation is only possible in case of mains
operation that means load regulation cannot be activated in case of not synchronized machine.
Reactive load regulation is only possible in automatic operating mode.
NOTE
In case of isolated operation the remote control has to take care for
change over to voltage otherwise machine may get unstable.
5. Load diagram and limiting functions
Enhanced limiting functions were provided in order to keep the synchronous machine in its safe
operating area at any time to avoid protection trips and to prevent the equipment from any
damage. It cannot be jeopardized by operating errors, faulty input signals or sudden load
changes. The permissible operating area is the result of calculation and design of the
synchronous machine and shown in the power diagram Figure 5.1.
load angle limiter P (pu)

stator current limiter
1
delayed field current
limiter
0.5
operation area
-1 -0,5 0,5 1 Q (pu)
field current minimum limiter
Figure 5.1 Generator load diagram with possible limiting functions
The thick lines in the generator load diagram mark the operation point of the limiters.
These and additional limiters are integrated in the voltage regulator and guarantee, that the
generator and the generator transformer remain in their safe operating area. Therefore
generator trips by electrical generator protection are limited. All limiting functions can be
activated on separately. Thus electrical protection trips are avoided and the reliability increased.
Regulator limiters does not substitute electrical protection devices.

Page 34 / 70
Following design of limiting functions can be realized:
Instantaneous field current minimum limiter:

Increases the exciter current and prevents operation below the permissible minimum field current
- Instantaneous Field current maximum limiter:
Decreases the exciter current and limits to the permissible maximum ceiling current
- Field current maximum limiter, delayed:
Decreases the exciter current and prevents operation above the thermal permissible
maximum field current
- Stator current limiter, delayed:
Decreases resp. increases the exciter current depending on the operating mode (overexcited
resp. underexcited) and prevents operation above the thermal permissible maximum stator
current
- Load angle limiter (UEL):
Increases the exciter current and prevents a slipping of the synchronous machine
- Volt/Hertz and generator voltage limiter, delayed:
Decreases the exciter current and guarantees that the magnetic flux of the generator and the
generator transformer does not exceed its permissible operation area,
and decreases resp. increases the exciter current and prevents that the stator voltage
exceeds the permissible operation area
6. Instantaneous field current limiter (3 573-417 Sh. 1.)
The instantaneous field current limiter consists of two PI regulators for the minimum and
maximum field current limiters. Minimum limiting limits the exciter current to a minimum
permissible value, corresponding to the power diagram of the machine, while maximum limiting
limits it to a maximum ceiling current. These two limiters can be activated separately (Figure
6.1).
FRMin IPSoll
3,56 +
limiter 1
IPMIN IPSWG
+ - + + + total set value
for field current
min. limiter
FRMaxU
IPMAX
+ - -3,56
IPIW
max. limiter
Figure 6.1 Block diagram of instantaneous field current limiter
V1820 IPMIN Sh. 1.6 Minimum field current limit
V1821 IPMAX Sh. 2.4 Maximum field current limit
V14 QIP2 Sh. 1.8 Output signal of limiter
V4 IPSoll Sh. 1.8 Output signal of voltage regulator
V13, V14 Sh. 1.2 Total set value for the field current in automatic operating mode

Page 35 / 70
PI regulator for minimum field current limiter:
1
FRMin(s) = KPMin +
s ⋅ TIMin
FRMin(s) Transfer function for minimum field current limiter
V1873 KPMin Sh. 1.6 Proportional amplification
V1903 TIMin Sh. 1.9 Integration time
PI regulator for maximum field current limiter:
1
FRMaxU(s) = KPMaxU +
s ⋅ TIMaxU
FRMaxU(s) Transfer function for maximum field current limiter
V1874 KPMaxU Sh. 1.6 Proportional amplification
V1904 TIMaxU Sh. 1.2 Integration time
The output signal of the limiter is added to the output signal of voltage regulator which serves at
set value for the current controller. The limiter can thus influence the current controller directly.
When the actual value of field current falls below the minimum limit IPMIN, the limiter is activated
and the minimum field limiter increases the exciter current.
When the actual value of field current exceeds the maximum limit IPMAX, the limiter is activated
and the maximum field limiter decreases the exciter current.
6.1.1. Measured and limiting values (3 573-417 Sh. 1.)
V500 IPIW Measured value of exciter current

Sh. 1.6 Normalisation: 1.00 = rated field current
Normalisation variable V1805.
The activation point of the limiters can set by means of the following parameters.
V1820 IPMIN Min. field current limit

Sh. 1.6 Normalisation: 1.00 = 1.00 per unit (100%)
V1821 IPMAXU Max. field current limit for instantaneous limitation
Sh. 1.6 Normalisation: 1.00 = 1.00 per unit (100%)

Page 36 / 70
6.1.2. Control parameters (3 573-417 Sh. 1.)
The two limiting regulators can be adjusted by the following parameters:
V1873 KPMIN Proportional amplification minimum field current limiter.

Sh.1.6
V1903 TIMIN Integration time min. field current limiter
Sh. 1.4 Normalisation: 1.00 = 1 second
V1874 KPMAXU Proportional amplification max. field current limiter.
Sh. 1.6
V1904 TIMAXU Integration time max. field current limiter
7. Delayed maximum field current limiter (3 573-417 Sh. 8, 11)
This limiter has a current-dependent delay with inverse time characteristic and limits the field
current to a thermally admissible limit (Figure 7.1). It shall be noted the integrator using Ti is
used together with the stator current limiter.
iFD 1 IFD,max,2
1 + sTVIPB
IFD,ZONE &
-1
1
- 1 vDFCL
− 0
iFD,max,2 + s ⋅T i
− 1
-1
i FD,max,2 i FD, zone − 0
&
0
-1
Figure 7.1 Block diagram of delayed maximum field current limiter
V1842 IPIMAXV Sh. 8.1 Field current maximum value
P52 IPZONE Sh. 8.1 Dead band

Page 37 / 70
V35 VDFCL Sh. 8.8 Output signal of limit controller
(The integrator is also used by the stator current limiter)
V11 UGSW Sh. 11.8 Set value for generator voltage
V1 UGSWS Sh. 11.8 Total set value for generator voltage
The actual value of field current IPIW is supplied to a comparator with hysteresis via delay
element.
Is the delayed actual value of the field greater than the maximum allowed value IPMAXV the
comparator is active and the limiting integrator is started in negative direction. The negative
output of the integrator decreases the set value for stator voltage.
When the instantaneous actual value of the field falls below the maximum admissible value
IPMAXV, the limiting integrator is disabled and the output signal will not change.
When the instantaneous actual value of the field falls below the value IPMAXV-IPZONE, the
limiting integrator is controlled back towards zero, i.e. the limiting influence is reduced.
7.1. Threshold of the comparator (3 573-417 Sh. 8)
Transfer function F(s) of delay element:

1
F(s) =
1 + s ⋅ TVIPB
Subsequent formula allows the calculation of the response time tan of the comparator.
I P2 − I PMAXV
t an = −TVIPB ⋅ ln ⋅
I P2 − I P1
V1952 TVIPB Sh. 8.3 Delay time
V16 IP1 Sh. 8.4 Continuous current before over current
V500 IP2 Sh. 8.3 Overcurrent (Corresponds to actual current)
V1842 IPMAXV Sh. 8.1 Threshold limit of the comparator
In Figure 7.2 two examples of calculated response times of the comparator in case of an
overload are shown. The actual values of field before occurrence of overcurrent are different,
whereas the overcurrent value in both cases is the same.

Page 38 / 70
Figure 7.2 Step change of field current

from IP1=0,2 p.u. to IP2=1,4 p.u. from IP1=0,8 p.u. to IP2=1,4 p.u.
IPMAXV=1,1 p.u. IPMAXV=1,1 p.u.
tan/T1=1,3863 tan/T1=0,6931
7.1.1. Measured value and setting parameters (3 573-417 Sh. 8)
V500 IPIW Sh. 8.3 Measured value of exciter current. Is normalized to 1.00 at rated
exciter current by means of V1805.
The function of the limiter can be set by means of following parameters.
V1842 IPMAXV Sh. 8.1 Field-current maximum value (limiting value)

Normalisation: 1.00 = 1.00 p.u. (100%)
V1952 TVIPB Sh. 8.3 Delay time constant field-current limitation
Normalisation: 1.00 = 100 sec

Page 39 / 70
7.2. Advanced over excitation limiter AOEL (3 573-417 Sh. 113, sh. 114)
The advanced over excitation limiter AOEL is consisting of a high limit, which is followed by a low
limit and a limit down ramp function, which can be seen left in figure 7.3. The limits shown in the
figure will superpose other OEL limits.
This allows the generator to supply reactive power up to its maximum limitation. This in turn
allows the enhancement of voltage stability of a power systems. In any case it is not a boosting
function, just the limits of the over excitation limiter OEL set values are automatically adjusted
during transient situations. The high limit function will typically be activated when the generator
terminal voltage drops very fast within a very short time. This would presumable indicate a high
reactive power demand of the grid. The low limit AOEL function with the following ramp will be
activated if the field current exceeds a certain value, which would typically indicate a high
reactive power need of the grid.
Figure 7.3 The sample shows the activation of the “high limit” AOEL limiting function at time t1.
During the high limit, the field current would be limited at IFAOEL_H. The high limit is followed by a
lower constant field current limitation IFAOEL_L during tBOOST-tAOEL. After the low limit, a “down
ramping” after tAOEL-tAOELRAMP is initialised. At t2 the high limit AOEL function is not activated and
the field current is limited to a constant value for tAOEL, followed by a down ramping to the
limitation value IFAOEL_R for tAOEL - tAOELRAMP.
NOTE
The settings of the AOEL must at least be coordinate with the
generator manufacturer and with the transmission system operator.
Typically system studies and thermal capability studies must advance
any implementation of the function.

Page 40 / 70
7.2.1. Measured value and setting parameters
V500 IPIW Sh. 8.3 Measured value of exciter current. Is normalized to 1.00 at rated
exciter current by means of V1805.

C26 Sh. 114.1 AOEL enabling parameter for AOE low limit and ramping function
C27 Sh. 114.1 AOEL enabling parameter for AOEL high limit function
V2024 Sh. 113.4 AOEL_H AOEL HIGH ACTIVATION VALUE
AOEL HIGH LIMIT FUNCTION is activated, if the generator voltage
V501 drops within 20 ms more than V2024
Normalisation: 1.00 = 1.00 p.u. (100%) of generator voltage V501
V1821 Sh. 113 AOEL_H AOEL HIGH LIMIT
The field current is limited to this value if AOEL_H was activated
Normalisation: 1.00 = 1.00 p.u. (100%) of field current V500
V2027 Sh. 114.6 TAOEL_H AOEL HIGH LIMIT ACTIVATION time
Time length were the high AOEL limit is activated
Normalisation: 0,0975 = 1 s
V2031 Sh. 114.3 AOE_L AOEL LOW ACTIVATION VALUE
AOEL LOW LIMT FUNCTION is activated, if the field current V500
exceeds the activation value V2031
V2029 Sh. 114.6 AOEL_L AOEL LOW LIMIT
The field current is limited to this value if AOEL was activated
V2028 Sh. 114.6 TAOEL_L AOEL LOW LIMIT ACTIVATION time
Time length were the high AOEL limit is activated
V1842 Sh. 8, 114.1 IPMAXV generator thermal stationary thermal capability limit
The value corresponds to the AOEL end value of the ramping function
V2030 Sh. 114.6 TAOEL_R AOEL RAMP ACTIVATION time
Time length were the ramp limit is activated

Page 41 / 70
8. Stator current limiter IEEE SCL 1 (3 573-417 Sh. 8)
8.1. General (3 573-417 Sh. 8)
This thermal limiter (Figure 8.1) is using inverse time characteristic fITO for modelling. Stator
current IT [pu], is supplied via inverse time characteristic to comparator function fIT1 with current
hysteresis (ITMAX[pu] - ITZONE[pu]). If the stator current IT is larger than the maximum admissible
thermal current ITMAX than the comparator function fIT2 is active. If comparator functions fIT1 and
fIT2 are active, the comparator functions for reactive power fQN and fQP either release a raise
fRAISE or lower control function fLOWER to the limiting integrator (1/s) via selector switch S.
Figure 8.1 Block diagram of IEEE SCL1 stator current limiter
The integration time for limiting action is defined by T1[s]. QPOSZEROZONE[pu] and QNEGZEROZONE[pu]
represent the dead band for unity power factor operation. Within that reactive zero zone, stator
current limitation remains blocked. When the actual value of the stator current falls below
maximum admissible value ITMAX[pu], the limiting action on the integrator is stopped .
V503 IT [pu] Sh. 8.1 Actual value of the stator current (IGIW)
V1841 ITMAX [pu] Sh. 8.1 Stator current maximum value (IGMAXV)
P65 ITZONE [pu] Sh. 8.1 Dead band (IGZONE)
V35 VITL [pu] Sh. 8.9 Output signal of the limiter normalized to terminal nominal voltage
P16 QPOSZEROZONE [pu] Positive dead band limit for unity power factor operation (IBGWP)
Sh. 8.2

Page 42 / 70
P17 QNEGZEROZONE [pu] Negative dead band limit for unity power factor operation (IBGWN)
Sh. 8.2
P53 T1 [s] Integration time for limiting action (T1= T2)
Sh. 10.6 The same integrator is used for the generator current limiter
P53 T2 [s] Integration time for the reset (T1= T2)

Sh. 10.6 The same integrator is used for the generator current limiter
V1951 TINVT [s] Time delay/inverse time characteristic for limitation (TVIGB)
Sh. 8.2
P1 vITLMAX [pu] Sh. 8.8 Maximum output limit generator current limiter (+1)
P2 vITLMIN [pu] Sh. 8.8 Minimum output limit of generator current limiter (-1)
If stator current IT, falls below the hysteresis value ITMAX-ITZONE (comparator function fIT3) the
limiting integrator is controlled back towards zero using functions fRESTP or fRESTN. The criteria for
up or down integration is given by the sign of the integrator output with comparator function
fVITL1 and fVITL2. If there is no limiting or reset command, fREST0 forces the integrator input to zero.
The independent integration time for the integrator reset is defined by T2[s].
The limiter output VITL is normally connected to the summation point of the voltage regulator and limited by
VITLMAX and VITLIMN. In practice thermal limit ITMAX of the stator current limiter can either be constant or a
function of properties of the cooling such as fluid temperature and fluid pressure or flow rate.
8.2. Inverse time characteristic (3 573-417 Sh. 8)
The simplified model of inverse time characteristic fIT0 is a first order delay with time constant
TINVT. By neglecting hysteresis and limiting integrator this allows the calculation of the limiter
 I T ( t2) − I TMAX 
response time with formula t RESP = −TINVT ⋅ ln  . The starting current in per unit
 I ( t2) − I ( t1) 
 T 
is defined by IT (t1) and the overcurrent in per unit by IT (t2).
The behaviour of this simplified thermal limiter model with a stator current start value of
IT = 1 pu at starting time t1 and an inverse time constant TINVT of 30 seconds can be seen in the
figure y.

Page 43 / 70
Figure 8.2 Block diagram of stator current limiter Inverse time characteristic tRESP using a first order filter
function.
The thermal over current IT at time t2 is varried. The realisation is shown in the software drawings sheet
8.4.
8.3. Sample parameters (3 573-417 Sh. 8)
In the following table sample parameters for the stator current limiter SCL1 can be seen.
V1951 TINVT=30s Time delay/inverse time characteristic for limitation (TVIGB)

Sh. 8.2
P53 T1=T2=100s per 1 pu of generator nominal voltage
Sh. 10.6 in GMR system T1 and T2 are always equal
P65 ITZONE=0.04 pu of nominal stator current (IGZONE)
Sh. 8.1
V1841 ITMAX =1.05 pu of nominal stator current (IGMAXV)
Sh. 8.1
P1 vITLMAX =+1 pu Maximum output limit generator current limiter
Sh. 8.8
P1 vITLMAX =-1 pu Minimum output limit of generator current limiter
Sh. 8.8
P16 QPOSZEROZONE= 0.1 pu Positive dead band limit for unity power factor operation (IBGWP)
Sh. 8.2
P17 QNEGZEROZONE=0.0 pu Negative dead band limit for unity power factor operation (IBGWN)
Sh. 8.2
8.3.1. Measured and calculated values and setting parameters (3 573-417 Sh. 8)
V503 IGIW Measured value of stator current

Sh. 8.1 Is normalized to 1.00 at rated stator current by means of V1817
positive sign = overexcited, negative sign = underexcited

V1841 IGMAX Stator current maximum value (limiting value)
V1951 TVIGB Delay time constant stator current limitation
Sh. 8.2 Normalisation: 1.00 = 100 sec

Page 44 / 70
9. Load angle limiter
Load angle limiter (UEL) are used to limit under-excitation. They act fast and controlled and
prevent that a maximum load angle is exceeded, which could endanger machine stability.
Warning
If the polarity or the wiring of the current transformers is incorrect
under excitation limiter UEL can make the machine unstable.
9.1. Classic load angle limiter UELC (3 573-417 Sh. 7)
The classic load angle limiter UELC derives its actual value for the limitation with the classical
formulas for the calculation of the rotor angle. The block diagram of the UELC is shown in
Figure 9.1. For the calculation of the actual value for this UELC a fictive quadrature reactance
and grid reactance is chosen, which normally differs from the corresponding physical values of
these reactances. The base point for the limiter is thus xqUELC and the influence from the outer
load angle is derived with a typical value of the grid reactance xnUELC. The grid reactance is
basically the reactance of the unit transformer and the estimated grid impedance. If xnUELC is set
to zero than there is no voltage depending characteristic of the load angle limiter.
UGSW
FRDT1
+
DEIW ZUEB UGSWS
- + + + + + + total set value
for stator voltage
limiter
DESWD DT1-component
FRPI
- +
limiter
DESW PI-component
Figure 9.1 Block diagram of the classic under excitation limiter UELC
V38 DEIW Sh. 7.6 Actual value of load angle
V1905 DESWD Sh. 7.1 Differential load angle limit
V1823 DESW Sh. 7.3 Stationary load angle limit
V36 ZUEB Additional signal under excitation limiter

Sh. 7.8, Sh. 1.1
V1 UGSW Sh. 1.1 Set value for stator voltage
V50 UGSWS Sh. 1.3 Total set value for stator voltage
Transfer function of the limiting controllers:

Page 45 / 70
1
FRPI (s) = K PUEB + PI-component
s ⋅ TIUEB
s ⋅ KDUEB
FRDT1 (s) = DT1-component
1 + s ⋅ TDUEB
V1876 KPUEB Sh. 7.4 Proportional amplification
V1906 TIUEB Sh. 7.1 Integration time
V1875 KDUEB Sh. 7.3 Differential amplification
V1905 TDUEB Sh. 7.1 Differential damping
The equation of the control variable:
 DESWD   DESW 
ZUEB(s) =  − DEIW(s)  ⋅ (FRDT1 (s) + 1) +  − DEIW(s)  ⋅ FRPI (s)
 s   s 
The under excitation limiter uses PIDT1 regulation. DT1-share of the regulator is used to
ensure a fast intervention in case of rapid load angle changes, also at very small amplification
settings of the PI-component.
9.1.1. Measured and limiting values for the UELC (3 573-417 Sh. 7)
V38 DEIW Sh. 7.2 Calculated value for the external load angle, Normalisation: 1.00 =
100°el
The function of the limiter can be set by the following parameters.

V1823 DESW Sh. 7.2 Stationary load-angle limit, normalisation: 1.00 = 100°el
V1822 DESWD Sh.7.4 Differential load-angle limit, normalisation: 1.00 = 100°el
Instantaneous limiter
Figure 9.2 Block diagram of the classic under excitation limiter UELC

Page 46 / 70
NOTE
For stability reasons the stationary load angle limit V1823 must be typically ten
degrees smaller than the differential load angle limit V1822
(V1823<V1822+10°).
If the differential load angle limit shall be disabled it can be set to a very large
value i.e. 160 degree.
9.1.2. Control parameters of the classic load angle limiter (3 573-417 Sh. 7)
9.1.2.1. UELC regulator parameter

The regulating characteristics of the limiter can be set with following parameters:
V1876 KPUEB Sh. 7.4 Proportional amplification under-excitation limiter
V1906 TIUEB Sh. 7.2 Integration time under-excitation limiter, normalisation: 1.00 = 1 sec
V1875 KDUEB Sh. 7.3 Differential amplification under-excitation limiter
V1905 TDUEB Sh. 7.1 Differential damping under-excitation limiter, normalisation: 1.00 = 1
sec
9.1.2.2. UELC machine data (3 573-417 Sh. 7)

The machine data is needed for the calculation of the fictive under excitation limiter. The
calculation is explained in the following chapter. The vector diagram can be seen in Figure 9.3.
xqUEL is the fictive foot point of the under excitation limiter. xnUEL is the typical or the weakest
network reactance, which should include the unit transformer reactance.
V1818 XqUELC Quadrature-axis reactance to calculate load angle V38 DEIW

Normalisation: 1.00 = 100%
V1819 XNUELC Net reactance (block transformer reactance) to calculate the load
angle
Normalisation: 1.00 = 100%
9.1.3. Determination of the load angle for the UELC (3 573-417 Sh. 7)
When referring to the load angle of synchronous machines, one must distinguish between an
internal and external load angle. As can be seen from the below vector diagram, the internal load
angle δi is the angle between the vector of the fictitious rotor EMK ep (which is identical to the
quadrature axis of the rotor) and stator voltage u. The external load angle δa is found between ep
and line voltage un. Angle δa is decisive for the stability of the machine.

Page 47 / 70
p p
δ a = arctan + arctan
u2 u2 (See also regulator software sh. 7.1-4)
q+ q−
xq xn
Formula for the calculation of the rotor angle for the classical rotor angle limiter
q-axis
jixd ep
e jixq
u -jixn
un
a
i
i
d-axis
Figure 9.3 Vector diagram for the calculation of the load angle of a synchronous machine
V504 p (IWIW) Sh. 7.1 active power component in pu
V505 q (IBIW) Sh. 7.1 reactive power component in pu
e Internal voltage
V501 u (UGK) Stator voltage
un Line voltage
i Stator current
δi Internal load angle
δa External load angle
xd Synchronous direct axis reactance of the machine
V1818 xq Sh. 7.1 Synchronous quadrature axis reactance of the machine
V1819 xn Sh. 7.1 Net reactance
For the calculation of δa, ep is replaced by the vector with the same phase relation e.
e(t ) = u (t ) + j ⋅ i(t ) xq internal voltage

Page 48 / 70
u n (t ) = u (t ) − j ⋅ i (t ) xn line voltage
9.1.4. Determination of the slope-• and offset-• for straight line UELC
For straight line UEL based on the UELC, the UEL can be determined by formula
2
Q P U 
=α ⋅ − β ⋅  S  . For this assumption the grid impedance xnuel is neglected (see
SN SN  U SN 
figure 9.4).
For calculation of • and • out of the load angle limit •UEL and the UEL foot-point XqUEL formulas
P 1 1 1
ϑUEL = arctan  = arctan  or α = = and
Q α  tan(ϑUEL ) tan(V1823)
1 1
β= = can be used.
xquel V1919
For the influence of the grid impedance XnUEL (V1919) may be considered additionally.
Figure 9.5 Diagram for the UELC of • and • out
9.2. UEL3 under excitation limiter (3 573-417 Sh. 7a)
It shall be noted that the UEL3 model was originally published in IEEE Transaction on Energy
Conversion, Vol. 10, No. 3. September 1995, “Underexcitation limiter models for power system
stability studies”. The UEL3 corresponds to the UEL2 limiter described in IEE421.5-2005. The
nomenclature UEL3 is more often used in literature.
For this model, the UEL limit has a multi segment characteristic when plotted in terms of
machine reactive power output QT versus real power output PT. The block diagram of the UEL3
implementation is shown in Figure 9.6.
If the UEL3 is configured to limit based on the real and reactive components of the apparent
impedance looking from the machine terminals, the UEL3 limit characteristic can be made
proportional to VT 2 using k1 = k2 = 2 in the model. This setting can also be seen as a standard
because it corresponds to the implementation of the THYNE system and the real system
behaviour.

Page 49 / 70
The UEL3 limit can be unaffected by terminal voltage VT by setting the exponential constant k1 =
k2 = 0 such that F1 = F2 = 1. Normally the influence of the generator voltage should be
considered (k1 = k2 = 2).
Figure 9.6 UEL3 under excitation limiter, Input VF and VFB , and Block KUF and KFB / (1+s·TUI) not realized in
GMR35 implementation thus KUF=KFB=0 for simulation programs.
In the UEL3 model of the UEL3-figure, after the real power PT is modified by F1 (applying the
appropriate effect of terminal voltage VT), the resulting normalized absolute value P' (motor or
generator operation) is sent to the UEL3 look-up table (GMR MODULE KVB) to determine the
corresponding normalized value of the reactive power Q' at the UEL3 limit characteristic.
This normalized limit value Q' is then multiplied by function F2 to determine the UEL3 limit
reference QREF, which is compared with the machine reactive power QT. Note that the UEL3 limit
characteristic specified in the curve table utilizes normalized values of real and reactive power
(P' and Q'), which are valid at rated terminal voltage (VT = 1.0 pu). The functions F1 and F2
provide the appropriate adjustments so that the effects of terminal voltage, if any, on the UEL3
limit are properly taken into account.
When the points (P1, Q1) and (P2, Q2) are specified, they define two points on the
straight-line UEL3 characteristic similar to the classic load angle limiter. Intercepts of the P and
Q axes such that P1 = 0 and Q1 = 0, but the points would not need to be defined in this manner.
Note that the P and Q values used to specify the UEL3 limit are those values that would be
applicable with VT = 1.0 pu. For any value of P', the corresponding value of Q' can readily be
determined by linear interpolation. A UEL3 limit continuing along the Q' = 0 axis can be
represented by defining the point (P4, Q4) such that Q4 = P4 = 0 and P5>P4. If the point (P5,
Q5) was not defined in this example, then the UEL characteristic would extend to the upper right
with the same slope as the line segment defined by the points (P3, Q3) and (P4, Q4). Under
normal conditions when the UEL is not limiting, the UEL3 error signal VUerr shown in UEL3-
figure is negative, since the reactive power QT will be greater than the limit value QREF. Typically
VUmin and VULmin are set to zero to disable the UEL3 output in this synchronous machine
operating point.
When conditions are such that the UEL3 limit is exceeded, VUerr becomes positive. This will drive
the UEL3 output in the positive direction, and if the gain is sufficient, the UEL3 output will take
over control of the voltage regulator to boost excitation to move the operating point back toward
the UEL3 limit. The input VFB allows provision for the feedback signal necessary in non-windup

Page 50 / 70
integrator function, depending on the chosen representation. To allow proper takeover function
the minimum output limit VUImin of the UEL3 hast to be set to zero.
The type UEL3 model allows provisions for lead and lag functions presented by TU1 through TU4.
These parameters may be appropriated adjusted in certain applications to provide damping.
Nomally TU1 through TU4 are not used and thus set to zero.
9.2.1. Measured and limiting values for the UEL3 (3 573-417 Sh. 7a)
V501 UGUIW Machine terminal voltage VT

Sh. 7a.1 Normalisation: 1.00 = rated terminal voltage
V574 PWIW Active power PT
Sh. 7a.1 Normalisation: 1.00 = rated apparent power
V53 PBIW Unfiltered reactive power QT
Sh. 7a.6 Normalisation: 1.00 = 100°el
VF Not realized
VFB Not realized
9.2.2. Control-parameters of the UEL3 (3 573-417 Sh. 7a)
C23 UEL3enable Enable Variable for UEL3.

Sh. 7a.6 By setting C23 HIGH the classic under excitation limiter UELC is
disabled.
The regulating characteristics of the limiter can be set by means by the following look up table
variables. For all active and reactive power points the normalisation is: 1.00 = 1pu
V2186 P1UEL3 UEL3 Normalized active power for first look up table point
V2187 Q1UEL3 UEL3 Normalized reactive power for first look up table point
V2188 P2UEL3 UEL3 Normalized active power for second look up table point
V2189 Q2UEL3 UEL3 Normalized reactive power for second look up table point
V2190 P3UEL3 UEL3 Normalized active power for third look up table point
V2191 Q3UEL3 UEL3 Normalized reactive power for third look up table point
V2192 P4UEL3 UEL3 Normalized active p ower for forth look up table point
V2193 Q4UEL3 UEL3 Normalized Reactive Power for forth look up table point
V2194 P5UEL3 UEL3 Normalized Active Power for fifth look up table point

Page 51 / 70
V2195 Q5UEL3 UEL3 Normalized Reactive Power for fifth look up table point
V2182 TU1 UEL3 lead time constant
Sh. 7a.1 Normalisation: 1.00 = 1 seconds
V2183 TU2 UEL3 lag time constant
V2184 TU3 UEL3 lead time constant
V2185 TU4 UEL3 lag time constant
TUL Not realized
V2171 k1 UEL3 terminal voltage exponent applied to real power input to UEL
Sh. 7a.2 limit look up table
V2172 k2 UEL3 terminal voltage exponent applied to reactive power output from
Sh. 7a.2 UEL3 limit look-up table
V2174 TUP UEL3 real power filter time constant
V2173 TUV UEL3 voltage filter time constant
V2175 TUQ UEL3 reactive power filter time constant
V2176 KUL UEL3 proportional gain
Sh. 7a.8
V2177 KUI UEL3 integrator gain
Sh. 7a.8
KUF=0 Not realized
KFB=0 Not realized
V2178 VUImax UEL3 integrator maximum output limit
Sh. 7a.9 Normalisation: 1.00 = rated machine terminal voltage
V2179 VUImin UEL3 integrator minimum output limit
V2180 VULmax UEL3 maximum output limit
V2181 VULmin UEL3 minimum output limit
9.2.3. UEL3 sample data (3 573-417 Sh. 7a)
The following is a set of sample data for a four segment type UEL3 for a bus fed static excitation
system, as applied to the voltage error summing junction of a cascaded AVR or ST4B excitation
system model. Typically the look up table data must be adapted to the machine.
C23=UELenable=1
V2186=P1UEL3= 0.0 pu V2176=KUL=0.8 pu V2182=TU1=0.0 s V2171=k1=2
V2188=P2UEL3= 0.3 pu V2177=KUI=0.5 pu V2183=TU2=0.0 s V2172=k2=2
V2190=P3UEL3 = 0.6 pu KUF=0 n.a. V2184=TU3=0.0 s

Page 52 / 70
V2192=P4UEL3= 0.9 pu KFB=0 n.a. V2185=TU4=0.0 s

V2194=P5UEL3= 1.02 pu
V2187=Q1UEL3=-0.31 pu V2174=TUP=0.0 s
V2189=Q2UEL3=-031 pu V2178=VUImax= 0.25 V2173=TUV=0.0 s
pu
V2191=Q3UEL3=-0.28 pu V2179=VUImin= 0.0 V2175=TUQ=0.0 s
pu
V2193=Q4UEL3=-0.21 pu V2180=VULmax= 0.25 TUL=0.0 s n.a.
pu
V2195=Q5UEL3=0.0 pu V2181=VULmin= 0.0
pu
10. Volt/Hertz limiter (3 573-417 Sh. 9)
10.1. General (3 573-417 Sh. 1, 9, 11)
This limiter limits the stator voltage to a maximum and minimum value which depends on the
frequency of the synchronous machine. In addition, there can be a change-over to a frequency
dependent additional signal for the voltage regulation. Both of these functions can be switched
off separately. The block diagram is shown in Figure 10.1.
UGSW
FRMax
+
FGIW V41 ZFZS UGSWS
+ - -0,5
+ + + + + total set value
for stator voltage
curve charactarize max. limiter
upper limit
FRMin
0,2
V42
+ -
curve charactarize min. limiter

lower limit
UGK
KFI
Figure 10.1 Block diagram of the volts hertz limiter
V45 FGIW Sh. 9.1 Frequency of stator voltage
V501 UGK Sh. 9.1 Actual value of stator voltage
V34 ZFZS Additional signal volt/hertz limiter

Sh. 1.1, 9.9
V11 UGSW Sh.11.7 Set value for stator voltage

Page 53 / 70
V1 UGSWS Sh.1.1 Total set value for stator voltage
PI regulator for maximum and minimum stator voltage:
1
FRMin (s)=FRMax (s)=K PF +
s ⋅ TIF
FRMax(s) Transfer function of limiter for maximum stator voltage
FRMin(s) Transfer function of limiter for minimum stator voltage
P62 KPF Sh.9.7 Proportional amplifier
V1950 TIF Sh. 9.7 Integration time
10.2. Function of the flux limiter (3 573-417 Sh. 9)
The actual value of generator frequency FGIW is connected to two curve characterizers. They
form the upper and the lower limit of the admissible operating range of the stator voltage. The
possible voltage working range is within these two limits. Subtraction, following after curve
characterizers, determine the deviations of measured voltage UGK from the admissible working
range and supply the value to the two PI regulators for maximum and minimum limitation. The
limiting curves can be seen in Figure 10.2.
U=V41, V42
FGMXUG V41
V832
FGMNUG V42
V833
f=V33
FGMXFO FGMXFG FGMNFG
P95 P60 P61
Figure 10.2 Working range of the flux limiter at normal adjustment
Parameter FGMXFO determines the base point of the upper limit curve. The slope and
maximum limit of the generator voltage is determined by parameters FGMXFG and FGMXUG.

Page 54 / 70
The lower limiting curve of the admissible voltage range is determined by parameters FGMNFG
and FGMNUG.
CAUTION
On fast stopping hydro machines the flux limier must be coordinated with
turbine ramping or machine stopping time to avoid over-fluxing.
10.3. Measured and limiting values for the volts per hertz limiter (3 573-417 Sh. 9)
The following actual values are needed for the function of the volts per hertz limiter.
V501 UGK Sh. 9.1 Measured value of stator voltage
Normalisation: 1.00 = rated stator voltage
Normalisation variable: V1813.
V45 FGIW Sh. 9.1 Frequency of stator voltage
Normalisation: 1.00 = rated machine frequency
At three phase operation with three phase measurement the sign of
V45 refers to the sense of phase sequence. positive sign = positive
phase sequence, negative sign = negative phase sequence
10.4. Set values for the volts per hertz limiter (3 573-417 Sh. 9)
The limits of the operating area for stator voltage are defined with following parameters.
V1832 FGMXUG Maximum voltage limit value
V1833 FGMNUG Minimum voltage limit value
10.5. Control parameters of the volts per hertz limiter (3 573-417 Sh. 9)
Proportional amplification of additional signal P62 KPF is normally set to zero. As a result, PI
regulators act as integrators, and the limitations have a frequency dependent delay. The
integration time can be set with following parameter.
V1950 TIF Sh. 9.7 Integration time additional frequency signal


Page 55 / 70
10.6. Detection of isolated operation (3 573-417 Sh. 9)
A frequency dependent additional signal (V52, Sh. 9.6) is formed, which creates a linear
frequency influence on the stator voltage. In certain cases, this function is used for generators in
isolated networks with mainly resistive load, in order to form a frequency proportional
characteristic for the generator voltage, which can then support turbine speed regulation.
The level of the frequency influence can be set by means of parameter:
V1840 KFI Sh. 9.4 Amplification frequency share for isolated network
10.7. Composed signal of volts per hertz and frequency signal
The output variables of all three functions (upper range limit, lower range limit, frequency
dependent additional signal) are added to the voltage set value as ZFZS (additional signal
volt/hertz limiter).
11. Power system stabilizer
11.1. General
The power system stabilizer supplies an additional signal for system damping. For detailed
information it is also recommend to refer to IEEE PES papers, for example to the "IEEE PSS
tutorial", which is explaining the detailed functions of power systems stabilizers.
NOTE
Any wrong setting of the power system stabilizer may lead to an unstable
unit.
11.2. The single input PSSC (3 573-417 Sh. 18)
In the classic power system stabiliser (PSSC) implementation the calculated active power is
used to generate an additional signal to the summing point of the voltage regulator. Electrical
active power derivative is measured and split into components, which are in direct proportion to
the angle velocity and the angle acceleration of the rotor.
These two components are used to generate a signal with adjustable phase relation and
amplitude, which act on the voltage regulator summing point.
If the stabilising signal is connected, the inevitable side-effect on hydro machines during ramping
is an influence upon the generator voltage. The signal can be limited in both directions BEGR+,

Page 56 / 70
BEGR-, in order to keep the resulting voltage level within admissible limits. In hydro applications
the limits should not exceed one per-cent to limit these load ramping effects.
11.3. Transfer function of the PSSC (3 573-417 Sh. 18)
The transfer function of the PSSC is shown in Figure 11.1. The function itself is realised in the
PGS hardware board. The parameter interface is shown in the regulator software sh. 18.
B(s)
k2 +LIMIT
Pin Uout
G(s) Z(s)
k1 V(s)
-LIMIT
1 + s⋅T6
Figure 11.1 Block diagram of classic power system stabilizer PSSC
The individual components of the stabilizing signal are:
1 1 sT3 sT4 sT5

G(s) = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ input filter
1 + sT1 1 + sT2 1 + sT3 1 + sT4 1 + sT5
B(s) = G(s) ⋅ k 2 acceleration signal
k1
V(s) = G(s) ⋅ velocity signal
1 + sT6
P210 T1 Sh.18.4 Filter time constants
P212 T3 Sh.18.4 Wash out time constant
V1888 k1 Sh.18.4 Amplification of the velocity signal
V1889 k2 Sh.18.4 Amplification of the acceleration signal
Factory settings:
T1= T2= 0,02 s T3= T4= T5= 4.22 s T6= 2.15 s
k1= 6.77 k2= 0.5

Page 57 / 70
The two adjustable parameters a and p allow the individual setting of phase compensation and
amplitude of the stabilizer signal, thus providing a simple way to adopt the PSS to site
conditions. The stabilizer signal is limited to a maximum and a minimum value and added to set
value for generator voltage.
V1883 aAMPL Sh. 18.8 PSS amplification range

Setting range: 0...15.9995
V1886 pPHASE Sh. 18.1 Phase compensation

Setting range: 0..4=0…360°
The entire stabilizer signal Z(s) is composed from the speed and acceleration signal:
Z(s) = +a ⋅[B(s) ⋅ (1 − p ) + V(s) ⋅ (1 − p − 1 )] for p = 0...2
Z(s) = −a ⋅[B(s) ⋅ (3 − p ) + V(s) ⋅ (1 − p − 3 )] for p = 2...4
11.4. PSSC activation (3 573-417 Sh. 18b)
Either the PSSC or the PSS2A/2B can be used on the GMR system.
T257 PSSMODE The PSS node can be set with variable T257. If T257 is set to zero
Sh. 18b.4 than the PSSC is active. If T257 is set to one then PSS2A/2B
implementation is active.
11.5. Actual value for the PSSC (3 573-417 Sh. 18)
For the function of the PSSC only the unfiltered active power is need. This value
V485 PWIWunfilt Unfiltered calculated value of active power

Sh. 18c.6 Normalisation 1.00 = nominal apparent power
11.6. Parameters of the PSSC (3 573-417 Sh. 18)
The following parameters can be used for the tuning of the PSSC

Page 58 / 70
V1886 PHASE Phase compensation of stabilizing signal, setting range: 0...4 =

Sh. 18.4 0...360°
V1887 AMPL Amplification of stabilizing signal
Sh. 18.4
V1890 BEGR+ Positive limit of stabilizing signal,
Sh. 18.8 Normalisation 1.00 = rated terminal voltage
V1891 BEGR- Negative limit of stabilizing signal
Normalisation 1.00 = rated terminal voltage
Sh. 18.8
P210 TF1pss Filter time constants T1 of PSSC power system stabilizer
P211 TF2pss Filter time constants T2 of PSSC power system stabilizer
P212 TF3pss Wash out time constants T3 of PSSC power system stabilizer
P215 TF6pss Filter time constant of acceleration signal of PSSC power system
Sh. 18.4 stabilizer
V1888 gain90° Amplification factor k1 of velocity signal of PSSC power system
Sh. 18.4 stabilizer
V1889 gain0° Amplification factor k2 of acceleration signal of PSSC power system
Sh. 18.4 stabilizer
12. PSS2A/2B power system stabilizer (3 573-417 Sh. 18a, 18b, 18c)
Alternative to the PSSC the IEEE PSS2A/2B is implemented in the GMR hardware. For the
detailed function of a PSS please to refer to IEE421.5-2005.
In GMR implementation always speed (wCOMP) and electrical power (PEL) is used for the
calculation of the PSS signals. As a result typically the wash out block with Tw4 is bypassed and
TW1=TW2=TW3=TW4=T7 are set equal. Also KS3 is set to 1 and KS2=T7/2H were H is the
inertia of the complete machine arrangement.
The implementation is shown in Figure 12.1.

Page 59 / 70
PEL 1 sTw 3 sTw 4

K s2
1 + sT7 1 + sTw3 1 + sTw 4
K s3
•COMP 1 sTw1 sTw 2 + +

1 + sT6 1 + sTw1 1 + sTw 2
-
1 1 1 1 1 + sT8 +
1 + sT9 1 + sT9 1 + sT9 1 + sT9 1 + sT9
V
V ST
1 + sT1 1 + sT3 1 + sT10
STMAX
PSS2B
10 K S1
1 + sT2 1 + sT4 1 + sT11 0
V
STMIN
PSS2A
Figure 12.1 Implementation of PSS2A/2B in GMR35 software
12.1. PSS2A/2B activation (3 573-417 Sh. 18b)
Either the classic PSSC or the PSS2A/2B can be used on the GMR system.
T257 PSSMODE PSS Mode can be set with T257. If T257=0 than the PSSC is active.
Sh. 18b.4, Sh. 18a.8 If T257=1 then PSS2A/2B implementation is active.
12.2. Actual value for the PSS2A/2B (3 573-417 Sh. 18c)
For the function of the PSS2A/2B the unfiltered compensated frequency w of the synchronous
machine and the electrical active power is implemented in the GMR software.
V481 w_PSS Unfiltered compensated frequency wCOMP, normalisation 1.00 = 1 pu
Sh. 18c.6
V481 P_PSS Unfiltered electrical power PEL, normalisation 1.00 = 1 pu
Sh. 18c.6

Page 60 / 70
12.3. PSS2A/2B calculation of the compensated frequency w (3 573-417 Sh. 17)
For the calculation of the compensated frequency w, quadrature impedance xqPSS2B has to be
considered. The basics for the calculation of the compensated frequency w are explained in the
chapter for the rotor angle calculation. The calculation is based on the math and vector model of
the synchronous machine. For consistency the math model for the load angle calculation and for
the PSS compensated frequency measurement are used. XnPSS2B is normally set to zero and
thus deactivated for the PSS. xqPSS2B normally corresponds to the transient quadrature
reactance because PSS action is always a transient situation. It shall be noted that increased
quadrature reactance parameter is also increasing the sensitivity of the compensated frequency
signal.
V1918 Xqpss2B Quadrature-axis reactance to calculate the compensated frequency w.

Sh. 17.3 Normalisation: 1.00 = 100%
V1919 XnPSS2B Net reactance and block transformer reactance). This variable is
Sh. 17.3 normally set to zero - Normalisation: 1.00 = 100%.
12.4. PSS2A/2B wash out time constants parameter set A (3 573-417 Sh. 18.a)
Input filters of TW1 and TW4 can be bypassed by setting parameters TW1 or TW4 to zero.
TW2 and TW3 cannot be bypassed. If TW2 or TW3 are set to zero the complete corresponding
input path is blocked.
For the implementation of the PSS, which is using compensated frequency input w and electrical
power input PE the time constants TW1, TW2 and TW3 are typically set equal and TW4 is set to
zero to bypass the TW4 wash out block.
V2117 TW1 Wash out time constant TW1 for PSS2A/2B

Sh. 18a Normalisation 1.00 = 1 second

Page 61 / 70
12.5. PSS2A/2B time constants for PSS2A/2B parameter set A (3 573-417 Sh. 18.a)
In the GMR implementation T6 is accessible and is typically set to 10 ms. For the implementation
of the PSS using compensated frequency input and electrical power input T7 input filter is
typically set to the same value as TW1 to TW3 so that the mechanical power signal (Pmech) is
calculated properly. The filter block using T5 is not implemented in the software.
V2125 T5 Time constant T5 for PSS2A/2B

This time constant is not used in the software implementation.
12.6. PSS2A/2B lead lag time constants parameter set A (3 573-417 Sh. 18.a)
The leads lags of the PSS2A/2B are used for the phase compensation of the lagging of the
voltage regulator so that the PSS2A/2B signal can be applied without any phase error to the
electromechanical system. The lead lag parameters are typically pre-calculated during simulation
for a certain grid reactance or calculated with ANDRITZ PSSTUNE 1.00 or measured during
commissioning. It is also possible that the phase compensation is measured on site. If PSS2A is
required T10 and T11 has to be set equal, which is mathematical bypassing the third lead lag.
For bypassing in this implementation T10 and T11 parameters a typically set to one. The ratio of
the lead lags and transient gain for the PSS implementation not be larger than 15 (T1/T2<15,
T3/T4<15, T10/T11<15. All time constants of the in this implementation and especially the lags
in the lead/lags shall not be smaller than 10 ms.


Page 62 / 70

Normalisation 1.00 = 1 sec
12.7. PSS2A/2B amplification factors parameter set A (3 573-417 Sh. 18.a)
Because of the implementation of the PSS2A/2B in the GMR35 software, which is using
compensated frequency and electrical power input amplification, KS2 and KS3 are more or less
predefined. Typically KS3 is always 1 and SK2 is T7 divided by two times the inertia of the
complete machine arrangement.
KS1 is the overall amplification of the power system stabilizer. In the GMR35 implementation
there is already a pre-amplification of ten, which must be considered when setting V2151. V2151
must be set ten times smaller than the required KS1 for the power system stabilizer.
V2151 KS1x10 Amplification factor KS1x10 for PSS2A/2B

Sh. 18a
V2152 KS2 Amplification factor KS2 for PSS2A/2B
Sh. 18a
V2153 KS3 Amplification factor KS3 for PSS2A/2B
Sh. 18a
12.7.1. PSS2A/2B ramp tracking filter ordered parameter set A (3 573-417 Sh. 18.a)
The nominator order of the ramp tracking filter (N) is one. The order of the denominator can be
changed from 1 to 5 by changing the following parameters.
V2101 S1_PSS Ramp tracking filter order. If variable is set to 1 ramp tracking order
M=M+1. If the variable is set o zero the order of the power is 0. If set to
Sh. 18a one the order of the power is one.
M=M+1. If the variable is set to zero the order of the power is 0. If set
Sh. 18a to one the order of the power is one.

Page 63 / 70
13. Rotor temperature calculation (3 573-417 Sh. 28)
This function serves to calculate the rotor temperature of synchronous machines with slip rings.
For this purpose, the rotor resistance is determined from rotor voltage and rotor current, and the
temperature is calculated from the temperature dependence of the rotor resistance.
Temperature value is the output, and a signal appears when an adjustable limit value is
exceeded.
NOTE
The best measurement result for rotor temperature measurement are
archived if field voltage is calibrated. The highest measurement error is
coming from brush drop due to exciter field current .
13.1. Modelling of the rotor temperature (3 573-417 Sh. 28)
The relation between rotor temperature and rotor resistance, or rotor voltage and rotor current is
given in the following formula.
1 U − UB 1
T = A⋅R − =A⋅ P − rotor temperature [°C]
k IP k
V539 or V1539 Rotor voltage [V]

Sh. 28.1 UP
V500 IP (IPIW) Rotor current [A]
Sh. 28.1
R Rotor resistance [Ω] this value is derived by the software
V1847 UB Total brush drop [V] (On static systems this value is around 4 V but must be
measured.
Sh. 18.1
P39 K Temperature coefficient of copper, k = 1/235 [1/°C]
Sh. 28.3
V1848 A Calibration quantity

Sh. 28.2

Page 64 / 70
The relation between temperature and rotor resistance in regulator software is computed using
reference quantities for rotor voltage, rotor current and rotor temperature.
When a field voltage measurement is not available also the internally calculated field voltage
V1539 may be used for temperature calculation. In this case please follow the standard
procedure calibration of actual values. This requires a change in the software were variable
V539 must be replaced by V1539 for the rotor temperature calculation.
The temperature is related to 200°C, the rotor voltage and rotor current are related to the
reference values so that the analogue input for field current and the analogue input for the field
voltage have the value 1.00.
The equation for the rotor temperature is as following:
UP − UB 1
TEMP = AN ⋅ − normalised rotor temperature
IP K
with
1 235°C
= = 1,175 . normalised temperature coefficient of copper
K 200°C
Following parameters have to be adjusted according site specific conditions:
UB
UB = normalised total brush drop
U P1
U P1  T0 
AN = ⋅ + 1.175  . normalised calibration quantity
R 0 ⋅ I P1  200°C 
UB Total brush drop in volts at rated exciter field current
UP1 Rotor exciter field voltage in Volts
IP1 Rated rotor current Ampere
R0 Known rotor resistance in Ohm at reference temperature T0 in degree Celsius
13.2. Measured and calculated values of the rotor temperature (3 573-417 Sh. 28)
For the measurement of the rotor temperature following analogue inputs and actual values are
reserved.
V500 IPIW Exciter field current

Normalisation: 1 pu = rated exciter field current
Sh. 28.1 Offset correction exciter field current: V1804
Normalisation offset: 1 pu = rated exciter field current

Page 65 / 70
V539 or V1539 Exciter field voltage

Up
Sh. 28.1 Normalisation: 1 pu = rated exciter field current
Offset correction exciter field voltage: V1807
V1907 Input filter time constant of field voltage measurement

V104 TEMP Calculated value for rotor temperature
Sh. 28.9 Normalisation: 1.00 = 200°C
Temperature in degree Celsius is V104 divided by 200
13.3. Setting values of the rotor temperature modelling (3 573-417 Sh. 28)
For the setting of the rotor temperature model the following parameters can be used.
P36 Threshold field voltage to activate measurement

Sh. 28.3 Normalisation: 1 pu = rated exciter field voltage
P37 Threshold field voltage to de-activate measurement
Sh. 28.3 Normalisation: 1 pu = rated exciter field voltage
V1847 UB Normalised brush drop
Sh. 28.1
V1848 AN Normalised calibration quantity A
Sh. 28.2
V1849 TMAX Temperature limit for alarm
Sh. 28.6 Normalisation: 1.00 = 200 degree Celsius
T28 Time delay of alarm, default value = 600 = 60 seconds.
Sh. 28.8
14. Diode failure detection (3 573-417 Sh. 16, 29)
14.1. General (3 573-417 Sh. 16, 29)
This function is used to detect an open circuit, in an arm of a rotating three phase diode bridge
rectifier of an exciter machine by monitoring the exciter field current. A three phase bridge on an
exciter output, with an arm open or short circuited, will cause an increase of the exciter
frequency ripple induced by flux onto the exciter field current. The shape of the field current is
nearly proportional to the rotor voltage. The function consists basically of a band pass tuned to
the exciter frequency. A signal appears when the frequency of the output signal of band pass
filter exceeds an adjustable limit.

Page 66 / 70
For an open diode the Band pass trigger value is approximately 120% of the nominal field
current. An alarm or trip may be triggered after 30 seconds.
For a shorted diode the Band pass trigger value is approximately 200% to 300% of the nominal
field current. An alarm or trip may be triggered after 5 seconds.
CAUTION
The alarm and trigger values may be derived or tested on the exciter diode in
advance.
The Band pass function is implemented in the in the PGS board. The variable interface is shown in the
regulator software on sh. 16.
14.2. Actual value for the diode failure supervision (3 573-417 Sh. 16, 29)
For the detection of the diode fault the band pass output of the filed current is used.
V518 BPOUT Output signal of band pass. It corresponds to the magnitude of the
ripple of the field current.
Sh. 16.6
14.3. Parameters for the diode failure supervision (3 573-417 Sh. 16, 29)
The characteristics of the band pass can be adjusted with following parameters.
V2002 RESFBP Resonance frequency of band pass

It is equal to the fundamental frequency of the main exciter machine.
Sh. 16.4 Normalisation: 1 = 1/10 Hz
T215 QFILTBP Quality of band pass
Sh. 16.4
P208 GAINBP Amplification of band pass
Sh. 16.4
P209 TBPOUT Time constant for the damping of the output signal of band pass V518
BPOUT.
V2040 Limit of acceptable ripple to trigger the alarm I190
Sh. 29.1

Page 67 / 70
CAUTION
If the field voltage transducer is connected to the analogue input IP2, the
band pass output is always active. If the diode failure supervision is not de-
activated the signal may cause an alarm or trip output in the system software.
CAUTION
If the diode failure supervision is used the field voltage transducer time
constant must be approximately ten times smaller than the resonance
frequency of the band pass (variable T214).

Page 68 / 70
15. Actual Value Measurement Mode (3 573-417 Sh. 17)
For the actual value measurement either single or three phase mode can be selected.
V2001 1/3 PHASEg Selection variable for measurement mode

Sh. 17.4 1 = Single phase machine
3 = phase machine with 3-phase measurement
4 = Three phase machine with single phase measurement (U13, I2)
5 = Three phase machine with single phase measurement (U23, I1)
NOTE
After changing the measurement mode parameter V2001 a PGS or system
or power reset has to be carried out to enable the new measurement mode.
Before a reset program variables have to be updated. A change of this
measurement mode parameter shall only be carried out with the unit at stand
still.
16. Synchronizing Measurement (3 573-417 Sh. 15)
For the measurement of the synchronizing voltage different modes, either single or three phase selection is
possible.
V2000 1/3PHASEsyn Selection variable mode

Sh. 15.4 1 = Single phase synchronizing voltage (ANSI phase A,C or IEC L1,L3)
3 = Three phase synchronizing voltage (ANSI phase A,B,C or IEC L1,L2,L3)
NOTE
After changing the measurement mode parameter V2001 a PGS or system
or power reset has to be carried out to enable the new measurement mode.
Before a reset program variables have to be updated. A change of this
measurement mode parameter shall only be carried out with the unit at stand
still.

Page 69 / 70
17. Correction sheet
Sender: ........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
Date: ........................................................................................................
Name of the document: ........................................................................................................
Version of the document: ........................................................................................................
Please correct the following items in the above documentation:
page wrong text should read as
For in-house use only: Improved by:

Date:

Page 70 / 70

GMR3 Functionaldescription e DIT002

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

GMR3 Functionaldescription e DIT002

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Functional Description GMR3

Voltage Regulator and Gate

Edition: 10.10.2013 EXC/GMR3_functionaldescription_DIT002 REV003h Draft.doc DIT-002-1.02

Identification Voltage Regulator and Gate

This document is valid for the following product(s):

GMR3 with software version GM35

© 2013 by ANDRITZ HYDRO GmbH, All rights reserved.

Edition: 10.10.2013 EXC/GMR3_functionaldescription_DIT002 REV003h Draft.doc DIT-002-1.02

Edition: 10.10.2013 EXC/GMR3_functionaldescription_DIT002 REV003h Draft.doc DIT-002-1.02

Edition: 10.10.2013 EXC/GMR3_functionaldescription_DIT002 REV003h Draft.doc DIT-002-1.02

6.1.2. Control parameters (3 573-417 Sh. 1.) ......................................................................... 37

Edition: 10.10.2013 EXC/GMR3_functionaldescription_DIT002 REV003h Draft.doc DIT-002-1.02

14.1. General (3 573-417 Sh. 16, 29).................................................................................... 66

Edition: 10.10.2013 EXC/GMR3_functionaldescription_DIT002 REV003h Draft.doc DIT-002-1.02

1.1. Using this manual

Special attention must be paid to:

The safety notes in the individual chapters.

Edition: 10.10.2013 EXC/GMR3_functionaldescription_DIT002 REV003h Draft.doc DIT-002-1.02

the handling of hazardous substances or the provision or wearing of personal protective

1.1.1. Safety notes

Edition: 10.10.2013 EXC/GMR3_functionaldescription_DIT002 REV003h Draft.doc DIT-002-1.02

Paying attention to this information eases or supports the professional use or

Touching prohibited, Touching prohibited

Danger of burning Danger of electric

1.2. Where to keep this manual

Edition: 10.10.2013 EXC/GMR3_functionaldescription_DIT002 REV003h Draft.doc DIT-002-1.02

1.3. Warranty and liability

Exceeding the technical specifications of the GMR3

Impermissible connecting variants of the power section

Incorrect integration of inputs and outputs

Non-compliance with the maintenance instructions

Inappropriate commissioning and operation of the GMR3 or the machine/plant.

Unintended use of the GMR3 or the machine/plant.

Repairs not carried out in the manufacturing plant

Unauthorized modifications to the GMR3 or its software

1.4. Name and address of manufacturer

ANDRITZ Hydro GmbH

You can contact ANDRITZ Hydro under contact@andritz.com.

Edition: 10.10.2013 EXC/GMR3_functionaldescription_DIT002 REV003h Draft.doc DIT-002-1.02

© 2013 ANDRITZ Hydro

1.6. Intended Use

1.7. Transport or delivery

The GMR3 is delivered, as internationally usual, in original packaging with

Stacking several GMR3 packages on top of each other for transportation is

Edition: 10.10.2013 EXC/GMR3_functionaldescription_DIT002 REV003h Draft.doc DIT-002-1.02

arrival at the destination, preferably while the representative of the haulage

Please follow the corresponding notes on waste disposal to ensure

Edition: 10.10.2013 EXC/GMR3_functionaldescription_DIT002 REV003h Draft.doc DIT-002-1.02

Storage class 4 applies for storing the GMR3 up to six months.

Stacking several GMR3 packages on top of each other is prohibited!

1.9. Abbreviations used

Edition: 10.10.2013 EXC/GMR3_functionaldescription_DIT002 REV003h Draft.doc DIT-002-1.02

Iw Active generator current

Ib Reactive generator current

DS/AC Three-phase current

GS/DC Direct current

B Command refers to digital signals

NB Negated command no command, refers to digital signals

M Message (refers to digital signals)

NM Negated message (no message, refers to digital signals)

n Index n means "Rated", e.g. Ugn is the rated generator voltage

Edition: 10.10.2013 EXC/GMR3_functionaldescription_DIT002 REV003h Draft.doc DIT-002-1.02

1.10.1. General protective equipment