GSP202SUMMARYCOMPI

LEDBYUMEOKOLIANASTASI
ACHI
NECHEREM

CHAPTERONE

Hi
stor
y,ev
olut
ionandNat
ureofPeaceandconf
li
ct

•
Peace&conf
li
ctst
udi
esdev
elopedasanacademi
cfi
eldofst
udyi
n1940st
o1960s.

•PCSisdef
inedasthesci
enti
fi
cst
udyoft
henat
ureanddy
nami
csofhumanconf
li
ctsandt
he
peacef
ulwaysofresol
vi
ngthem.

•
It
'st
hesci
enceofhumanconf
li
ctandi
tspeacef
ulr
esol
uti
on.

•St
udyingthenatur
eofnatur
eofhumanconfli
ctswil
lencompassthevar
iousexpl
anat
ionsand
assumptiosfort
heemergenceofconf
li
ctandatall
level
s;mi
cro,
macro,
mesoandmega
confl
i
cts.

•PCSi
nvolvesavari
etyofresear
chapproaches,
tool
sandtechni
quessuchasquali
tat
iveand
quant
it
ati
vedata,
stat
ist
icalanal
ysi
s,exper
iments,f
iel
dsur
veyandcasestudi
es.

•Threeposi
ti
onsemer
gedf
rom t
hedebat
eoft
hegener
ict
ermt
ocapt
urepeaceandconf
li
ct
studies;

1):
Oli
verRamsbotham,
Tom woodhouseandHughMi
all
(2011)
per
suadedt
hatt
hegener
ict
erm
shoul
dbe"conf
li
ctResol
uti
on"
.

2)
:Vay
rynen(
1991)
,Rupesi
nghe(
1995)andLeder
ach(
2003)-
"Conf
li
ctr
esol
uti
on"
.

3)
:Mat
yok(
2011)
-"Peaceandconf
li
ctst
udi
es"
.

Def
ini
ti
onsofPCS;

1:
ByMat yok-
"Tr
ansfor
mat i
veLeader
shi
pfi
eld,
i
nter
discipl
i
naryinnatur
eandpoisedtoprov
ide
arangeofnonvi
olentact
ionstoaddr
esscomplexsociali
ssuesfacedbycur
rentandfut
ure
generat
ions"
.

2:WebelandJohansen(2012) -
"Tr
ans-di
scipl
inar
yenqui r
yintot henatureofPeaceandt he
reasonsforwarandot herformsofhumanconf l
i
ct".
Incorporatinganthr
opology,soci
ology,
poli
ti
calsci
ence,ethi
cs,
theologyandhistor
yaimst ouncov erther oot
softheconf l
ict
,t
ransf
orm
theunderl
yingcauses,
developprevent
ivestr
ategi
es,andteachr esol
uti
onskil
ls.

•
Conf
li
ctol
ogy
-Sci
enceofconf
li
ct

•
Ir
enel
ogy
-Sci
enceofpeace.

Fi
veEv
olut
ionar
yst
agesPCS;

i
):
1stgener
ati
onort
hepr
ecur
sor
s'er
a(1918-
1945)
;act
ivi
ti
esoft
heact
orsatt
hatst
ageont
he
evol
uti
onofPCS.
•
Devel
opmentdur
ingthi
speri
odcouldbeclassi
fi
edinto3broadar
eas;
emer
genceof
i
nst
it
uti
onal
mechanism,act
ivi
sm andacademicresear
ch.

i
i):
2ndgenerati
onorFoundati
onEra(1945-1965);
onemajordevel
opmentinthi
ser
awas"a
sustai
neddevelopmentinP&Cresearchintheform ofi
nst
it
uti
onalgr
owth"(
Ramsbot
ham,
Wood
houseandMi al
l,
2011).

•
1stPeaceResear
chLabor
ator
ywasf
oundedbyTheodor
eLent
zatMi
ssour
iUni
ver
sit
y.

•
Theeraal
sowit
nessedt
hewor
ksofkeyf
oundi
ngf
igur
essuchasKennet
hBoul
din,
Johan
Hal
ti
ngandJohnBurt
on.

i
ii
):
3rdgenerat
ionorConsoli
dat i
onEra(1965-
1985);
Itdef
ineditsel
finrespectt
othepragmati
sts
andstruct
ural
i
stsperspect
ives-i
tsfocusonprevent
ingnuclearwar,r
emov i
ngst r
uct
uralf
orms
ofvi
olenceandenvi
ronmental securi
ty.

i
v):
4thgener
ati
onortheReconst
ruct
ionEra(
1985-
2005)
;t
hephasecoi nci
dedwi
tht
heendof
col
dWarandt huspr
esent
edPCSwi ththechal
l
engesofreconst
ruct
ioninanewWorl
dorder
.

•4keyissuesoccupiedthemindsofpeacescholar
sduringthi
speri
od; Confl
i
ct
complexit
y,Confl
ictasy
mmet ry
,cult
ural
div
ersi
tyandconfli
cti
ntr
actabil
it
y(Ramsbotham,Wood
houseandMi al
l
,2011).
Theyexaminedsyst
emiccomplexit
ythatgav
er isetoviol
enceespeci
all
y
i
nemer gingdemocr aci
esinAfri
ca,
Asia,
Lat
inAmericaandEaster
nEur ope.

•3t
ypesofsyst
em complexi
ty;
dynami
ccompl
exi
ty,
Soci
alcompl
exi
tyandgener
ati
ve
compl
exi
ty(Kahane,
2007)
.

v
):5t
hgener
ati
onorCosmopol
i
tanEr
a(2005)
;t
hisi
sthecont
empor
aryer
a.

Xt
eri
sti
csofPCS;

•
Underl
yi
ngcauses,
Multi
discipl
i
nar
yapproaches,
Mult
il
evel
anal
y si
s,
Non-vi
olent
t
ransf
ormat
ions,
Theor
eti
cal andpr
act
ical
,Anal
yti
candnormat
ive,Mul
ti
cul
tur
al orGl
obal
out
look.

2maj
orschooloft
hought
sinPCS;

•Mini
mal
ist
sorPragmat i
stsperspect
ive;
PCSwasf ocusonachi
evi
ngwhathascomet
obe
knownas"negat
ivepeace"intheint
ernat
ional
syst
em.

-
Themi
nimal
i
stt
radi
ti
onwasdev
elopedi
nNor
thAmer
icawi
thKennet
hBui
l
ding.

•
Maxi
mali
stsorStr
uct
ural
istperspecti
ve;
Thi
st r
adit
iongrewoutoftheworksofJohanHalt
ing
i
nEur
opeinScandi
navi
a.I
tsrootisfrom Gal
tung'
sConfli
cttr
iangl
eandthenatur
eofviol
ence.

-
It
'sf
ocusedonpr
event
ingphy
sical
viol
ence.

Fact
orsi
ntheemer
genceanddev
elopmentofPCS;

•
Thet
wowor
ldwar
s,dev
elopmenti
nter
nat
ional
Rel
ati
onsandCol
dwar
.
COMPI
LEDBYUMEOKOLIANASTASI
ACHI
NECHEREM

CHAPTERTWO;
Basi
cconcept
sinpeaceandconf
li
ctst
udi
es.

•PCSismult
idi
sci
pli
nar
yinnat
ure,
they'
ret
obef
oundi
nvar
iousdi
sci
pli
nesi
nthesoci
al
sci
ences,
humanit
iesanevensci
ences.

•
Def
ini
ti
onsofpeace;

1)Thet
erm"peace"i
sbeli
evedt
ohaveit
'sr
ooti
ntheAngl
o-Nor
manwor
d"pas"whi
chmeans
fr
eedom f
rom ci
vi
ldi
sorder
(Nwoli
se,
2009)
.

2):
Bibl
icalt
erm-:
"pax"
,Gr
eekword-
:"
eirene",
Hebrewword-
:"
shal
om",Ar
abi
cwor d-
:Salaam al
l
meaningaconditionofsaf
ety,
wel
fare,secur
it
y,
fri
endl
i
ness,
for
tuneandprosper
ity
(Nwoli
se,2009)
.

3):
Peaceisnott
heabsenceofwarbutt
hepr
esenceofj
ust
ice,
l
aw,
order
,andev
engov
ernment
(Ei
nst
ein,
1968).

4):
JohanGalt
ung(Fatherofpeace)underst
andspeaceinr el
ati
ontoviol
ence(1990).
Hei denti
fi
ed
thr
eetypesofvi
olence;dir
ect
,cul
tur
alandstructur
alvi
olence.
Theabsenceofdi r
ectviolenceis
whatherefer
redtoas" Negat
ivepeace",
theabsenceofothertypesofvi
olenceisregardedas"
"Posi
ti
vePeace".

5)
:Tr
uepeacei
snotmer
elyt
heabsenceoft
ensi
on;
i
tist
hepr
esenceofJust
ice(
King,
1986)
.

6):
Theconceptofpeaceisoftenhi
ghl
yemot i
veandisof
tenabusedforatoolofpoli
ti
cal
propaganda,
Peaceismorethantheabsenceofwarbutt
hemaintenanceofjustandorder
ly
societ
y(Howard,1971)
.

7)
:Peaceisnott
hesameaspacifi
cati
on,Rat
her
,i
nit
'spr
ogressi
vemodedenotesact
ive
i
ndiv
idual
andcoll
ect
ivesel
fdet
erminat
ionandemanici
pat
orempowerment(Webel,
2007)
.

8):
Franci
s(2006)ofBradfor
dPSdepart
mentholdsthatpeaceisbotht
heabsenceofwar
,f
ear
,
anxi
etyaswel lasthecreat
ionandmai
ntenanceofajustorderi
nthesoci
ety
.

9):
Miall
(2004)givestheconceptofPeacet hefoll
owingsixmeani ngs;absenceofdirectvi
olence,
absenceofstructur
al vi
olence,Peaceasrespectandtolerancebetweenpeopl e,
Peaceas
Gaia(
harmonyandbal anceintheecosystem orecosphere),
innerpeace(spi
ri
tualpeace)and
peaceaswhol enessandbei ngcomplete.

•
Peacei
soneoft
het
wokey
sinPCS.

•
Def
ini
ti
onofsomeconcept
s;

-Peacekeepi
ng:
-UNorr egional
bodi
es'ef
forttowardspubl
icsecur
it
yinconfl
ictzones.
Iti
snot
expressl
ymentionedintheUNchar t
erbutevolvedasacreati
vecompr omi
seofChapterVIand
VIIoftheUNcharter
.It
'sthusthe"
mean"bet weenChapter
sVIandVI Iandsomescholarshave
r
efer
redt
oitasChapt
er"
six-
and-
hal
f(Rambot
ham,
WoodhouseandMi
all
,
2011)
.

TheUNistheonlyor
ganaut
hori
zedbyt
heUNchar
tert
odepl
oypeackeepi
ngf
orces.
Ther
ear
e4
ty
pesofpeacekeepi
ngoper
ati
on;

•
TypeI
,
TypeI
I,
Type111,
TypeI
V.

-Peaceenfor
cement:
-Mul
ti
lat
eral
mi l
i
tar
yoperat
ionstar
getedatendi
ngaggr
essi
onor
seperat
ingbel
li
ger
entswi
thorwithoutt
heconsentofpart
ies.

-Peacebui
ldi
ng:-
Rebuil
dingt
heinst
it
uti
onsandi
nfrast
ruct
uresofnati
onst
ornbyciv
ilwarand
st
ri
feandbuil
dingbondsofmutualmutual
benef
it
samongnat ionsfor
merl
yatwar(Brout
ous-
Ghali
,
1992)
.

-Confl
ict
:-
From t
heLati
nwor d"confl
iger
e"meaningtocl
ashorengageinaf i
ght
, aconf
ront
ati
on
betweentwoormor eactor
s(Mill
er,
2005).
Confl
ictisi
nevi
tablei
nsocial
int
eract
ion.
Confl
ict
sdo
notoccurinavacuum.Itcouldalsobecausedbycommuni cat
iongapwit
hinandamong
groups.

-War:
-Anar
medconfr
ont
ati
onbetweentwoormor epart
ieswit
htheint
ent
iont
ocompel
"a
changeint
henat
ureoft
hei
rpol
it
icalandot
herr
elati
ons(Igwe,
2007)
.

-
Confl
ictmanagement:
-I
trefer
stothecont
rol
l
ingandmit
igat
inganobvi
ousconf
li
ctsi
tuat
ioni
n
or
dert
oensurethatt
hepot ent
ial
ofsuchconf
li
ctt
oescal
ateisli
mit
ed.

-Conf
li
ctResolut
ion(
CR)
:-
Thi
sref
erst
ovar
iouspr
ocessesai
medatr
esol
vi
ngconf
li
ctt
hrough
nonvi
olentmeans.

-Confl
icttr
ansformati
on:-
It
'sadeeperl ev
elofconfl
ictresoluti
on.
Itr
efer
stochanges(
usual
ly
posit
ive)i
nt heconfl
i
ctsit
uati
ons.Peacescholarsidentif
yt hefol
l
owingasthecomponentsof
confl
icttr
ansformati
on;act
ortransformati
ons,
issuetransformati
ons,
rul
etr
ansfor
mations,
contextandstruct
uretr
ansfor
mat ions.

-
Alt
ernat
iveDisput
eResol
uti
on(ADR):-
Itseekst
omov
ether
esol
uti
onofconf
li
ctf
rom l
i
tigat
ion
whi
chusuall
yresul
tsi
nWin-l
oosesi
tuati
on.

•Wehav eotherwaysofConf l
ictmanagement;
Arbi
tr
ati
on,
Concil
iat
ion,
Negotiat
ion,
Mediat
ion,
securi
ty ,
Mul
ti
-TrackDi
plomacy(
MTD);
Track1:gov
ernment
,Tr
ack
2:Nongovernmentandprofessionet
c.

-Mediation:-Theword"mediate"isader
ivat
iveof"mediat
o"whichintur
ncomesf rom theLati
n
noun" medi ums(mean)andt heverb"mediate"meaningt
oseparateint
ohalves.
It
'sdefinedas
theinterventionofathir
dpartyunfamil
i
artot heconf
li
ct,
trust
abl
e,
unbiasedandintendingtobe
neutral(
Hor owitz,
2007).Mediat
orscanbeclassif
iedi
nto3categor
ies;I
ndependent,Social
networ kandaut hori
tat
ivemediator
s.
COMPI
LEDBYUMEOKOLIANASTASI
ACHI
NECHEREM

CHAPTERTHREE;
Theor
iesofSoci
alConf
li
ct

•I
tshoul
dbenotedt
hatt
het
erm CONFLI
CTi
sdef
inedi
namannert
hati
swi
dert
hancommon
sensemayal
low.

•Confl
i
ctisdef
inedasthepur
sui
tofi
ncompat
ibl
eint
erest
sandgoal
sbydi
ff
erentgr
oups(
Dav
id
Franci
sinBest
,2006)
.

•
Int
hesoci
ologyl
i
ter
atur
e,anyabsenceofconf
li
cti
sregar
dedasconf
li
ct.

•Atheor
yissupposi
tionorasyst
em ofideasint
endedtoexpl
ainsomethi
ng,
especi
all
yone
basedongeneralpr
inci
plesi
ndependentofthethi
ngtobeexpl
ained.

Maj
ort
heor
istonConf
li
ct;

KarlMarx:
-Bestknownofallt
het heor
ist
swhohav emadeConfli
ctthesubj
ectmatterofthei
r
wri
ti
ngs.Hi
sv i
ewisdichot
omous.Theent ir
esociet
yisdiv
idedi
nto2;onesi
deprot
ectingt
he
i
nter
estofcapit
al(t
hebourgeoi
sie)andtheotherpartt
heworki
ngclasswhoprovi
dest he
capi
tal
(Prolet
ari
at).

GeorgeSimmel:
-Hedeni
edt he2basi
cpl
anksofMar
x'st
heor
y.Hev
owedconf
li
ctasa
l
egit
imatecomponentofsocial
li
fe(
Soci
ati
on)
.

LewisCloser:
-Heext
endsSi
mmel'
sposi
ti
on.Headdedthatconf
li
ctwascrosd-cut
ti
ngi
nsuch
thatsoci
alact
orswhowereall
i
esi
nonedisput
emi ghtbeopponent
sinanother.

Davi
dLockwood:-
Hecl assi
fi
edconf l
i
cti
ntot
wo;
Syst
em andSoci
alconf
li
ct.
Forhi
m,conf
li
ct
ar
isefr
om i
nter
personalint
eract
ions.

Conf
li
ctandMarxi
sm:-
TheMarxi
anv
ariantessenti
all
yseesconf
li
ctast
heaber
rat
ionst
hat
ar
oseduetocl
assrel
ati
onst
othemeansofpr oduct
ion.

Ot
hert
heor
iesofconf
li
ct;

Fr
ustr
ation-
Aggressi
ont
heory:
Ithasit
srooti
n1939monogr
aphonaggr
essi
onpubl
i
shedby
Dol
lar
s,Doob,Mi
l
ler,
MowrerandSears.

Humanneedstheor
y;I
twasproposedbyAbr aham Maslow(arenouncedpsychol
ogi
st).They
i
ncludebot
hphysi
calandnon-
physicalelement
sneededf orhumangr owthanddevel
opment.
Accordi
ngtohi
m,t
heseneedsarehierarchi
cali
nnatur
e.Needstheori
sts'
li
stofhumanessenti
als;

•
Saf
etyandsecur
it
y

•
Bel
ongi
ngl
ess/
lov
e

•
Sel
f-est
eem et
c.
Relat
ivedepr
ivat
iontheory
;(ByGur
r,
1970).
Hei dent
if
iesitasthedi
scr
epancybetweenwhat
peoplethi
nktheydeserveandwhattheyactuall
ybeli
evetheycanget
;t
hedispar
itybet
ween
aspir
ati
onsandachievement s.

Gr
eed/
Gri
evancet
heor
y;(
ByPaul
Col
l
ier
).

EdwardAz ar
'st
heoryofPr
otract
edsocialconfl
ict
(PSC).
Theterm emphasi
zesthatthesources
ofconfl
ictsl
aypredomi
nantl
ywithin(
andacross)rat
herthanbetweenstat
es,
withfourcl
usters
ofvar
iablesi
denti
fi
edasprecondit
ionsf
ortheirtr
ansfor
mationtohighl
evel
sofintensi
ty.

COMPI
LEDBYUMEOKOLIANASTASI
ACHI
NECHEREM

CHAPTERFOUR;
Ethni
cit
y,Et
hni
cIdent
it
yandConf
li
cti
nAf
ri
ca.

•Niger
iansar
emor el
ikel
ytodef
inethemsel
vesi
nter
msoft
hei
ret
hni
caf
fi
nit
iest
hanbyany
otheri
denti
ty(
OsagheandSeber
u,2005).

Di
ff
erentdef
ini
ti
onsofet
hni
cit
y;

•Asoci
all
ydef
inedcat
egoryofpeoplewhoi denti
fywit
heachotherbasedoncommon
ancest
ral
,
soci
al,
cul
tur
alornat
ionalexper
ience(Oxfor
ddict
ionar
y)

•Member shipofanet hni

cgr oupt endstobedefinedbyasharedcultur
al
her
itage,ancestry
,ori
ginmyt
h,history,
homeland,l
anguageand/
ordialect,
symboli
csyst
emssuch
asreli
gion,my t
hologyandri
tual,cuisi
ne,
dressi
ngst y
leandphy
sicalappearance(
Peopl
eand
Garr
ick,2010:389).

•
Agr
oupofpeopl
ehav
ingacommonl
anguageandcul
tur
alv
alues(
Okpu,
1978)
.

•
Thei
nter
act
ionsamongmember
sofmanydi
ver
segr
oups(
Nnol
i
,1978)
.

Maj
ort
heor
iesofEt
hni
cit
y;

Primordial
i
sm:-I
tassumesthataperson'
sfundamentalet
hnici
denti
tyi
sfi
xedatbir
thand
cannotchangeov er
ti
me.I
tisdefi
nedbyfamilyt
ies,
wit
hinthi
sschooloft
hought
,t
here'
s
Biologi
calper
specti
veandcult
uralper
specti
ve.

I
nstr
umentali
sm:-
Iti
sfocusedont heaimsofethni
cgroupsr
atherthanthei
ror
igi
ns.
thi
smeans
t
hatone'
sethnici
denti
tyi
sneitheracquir
edatbir
thnori
sconsist
entoverti
me,
rat
her
, i
tis
t
ransf
err
ableandchangeable.

SocialConstr
uct
ivi
sm:-
Theemphasisi
sonthefl
uidnat
ureofet
hnici
dent
it
y.Et
hni
cident
it
yis
recognizedasacominat
ionofbot
hone'si
nbor
ntrai
tsandsoci
alst
andi
ng.

Et
hni
cident
it
yandconf
li
ct;

•Socialconf
li
ctoccurswhenthereisstr
uggleovervaluesorcl
aimstostat
us,power,
scarce
resourcesinwhichtheai
msoft heconfl
ict
ingparti
esarenotonlytogai
ndesir
ableval
uesbut
alsotoneutral
ize,
inj
ureand/orel
iminat
etheirr
ival
s.Thisexpl
ainsNnol
i
's(
1978)posit
ionthat
conf
li
cti
sani
mpor
tantaspectofet
hini
ci
sm.

•
Conf
li
ctsar
eei
therj
aw-
jaw(
warofwor
ds)orwar
-war
.

Ethni
cconf
li
ctscanbeclassi
fi
edinanumberofway s.Theremaybedi st
inct
ionbet weenPubl
i
c
real
m et
hni
cit
ywhichinv
olvesconfl
ictr
elat
edtothedeter
mi nati
onofwhoget swhat ,
whenand
howandpriv
atereal
m et
hnici
tythatmaynotinvi
test
ateintervent
ion(
Osaghae, 1994).

•
Accordi
ngt
oOy
eni
yi
(2011)
,Af
ri
cahashadmor
ethanaf
airshar
eofet
hni
c-i
nducedwar
sand
v
iol
ence.

•
Theseconf
li
ctsi
saproductofdif
fer
entf
act
ors;
str
uct
ural
ethni
cconsci
ousness,
col
oni
al
f
act
orsandunheal
thycompeti
ti
ons.

•Amongt hesef
actor
s,col
oni
ali
sm i
sseenasthecardi
nalandpiv
otal
cont
extt
hatgav
eri
set
o
otheri
ssuespreci
pit
ati
ngethni
cri
valr
iesandconf
li
ctsi
tuat
ionsi
nAfri
ca.

•Asaresult
,Af
ri
cahasrecordedal ongli
stofethni
cviol
enceint
hepastdecades.
Someofwhi
ch
i
nclude;t
heonesinSudan,Nigeri
a,
Rwanda,Burundi
,Et
hiopi
a,Mozambi
que,
Somalia,
Angol
a,amongothers(Horowit
z,1993).

•
Int
er-et
hni
cvi
olencecanal
sobet
ermed"
ethni
cgenoci
dal
war
s"(Agy
eman,
1992)
.

COMPI
LEDBYUMEOKOLIANASTASI
ACHI
NECHEREM

CHAPTERFI
VE;
Conf
li
ctAnal
ysi
s

•Confl
icti
snotnecessari
l
yanegativ
eordest
ruct
iveprocess,
but
,i
t'
sal
soi
nst
ructi
vetostat
e
categori
cal
lyt
hat,
ami smanagedconfl
i
cti
sapotenti
alti
mebombcapableofdestr
ucti
onif
all
owedt odet
onate.

What
'sconf
li
ctAnal
ysi
s?

•Conf
li
ctanal
ysisist
hesy
stemat
icst
udyoft
hepr
ofi
l
e,causes,
act
orsanddy
nami
csof
confl
i
ct(
IDASA,2004)
.

•I
thastodowit
hthepract
icalpr
ocessesofexaminingandunder
standi
ngt
her
eal
i
tyoft
he
conf
li
ctfr
om avar
iet
yofperspect
ives(Fi
sheretal2000)
.

•Awayofgainingat hor
oughunderst
andingofthedynamics,
nat
ureandchar
acter
ist
ics,
i
ssues
andcontextoftheconfl
i
ctaswellasthepart
iesinv
olvedandt
hei
rrel
ati
onshi
pinthe
conf
li
ct(
Madu, 2015)
.

•I
tisoneoft hethreekeyaspect
stopeacepr acti
ce.
Theothert
woar
e;Conf
li
cttr
acki
ngand
confl
icti
nterventi
on.Theter
m"Peacepract
ice"isanumbrel
lanamef
ortheent
ir
espectr
um of
peacekeeping,peacemakingandpeacebuilding.
Atev erystageofconfl
i
ctanalyses,
ther
earecertai
ngeneral
andspecif
icissuesthatar
e
revealed;Type,
natur
eandstructureofconf
li
ct,
Charact
erofconf
li
ctpart
ies,powerandgroup
dynami csetc.

Ai
msandobj
ect
ivesofConf
li
ctAnal
ysi
s;

•
Under
standi
ngt
hehi
stor
y,nat
ureandconextoft
hecof
li
ct

•I
dent
if
ypar
ti
esandi
ssuesi
ntheconf
li
ct.

•
Rev
eal
thest
agesofconf
li
ctand

•
Desi
gnappr
opr
iat
eint
erv
ent
ionst
rat
egy(
IDASA,
2004)
.

•I
ssue,act
orAnal
ysi
s,conf
li
ctst
agesandcont
extAnal
ysi
sar
ethe4component
sofConf
li
ct
Anal
ysi
s.

St
agesofconf
li
ctanal
ysi
s;

i
):Pre-confli
ctstage:i
tcoul
dalsobecal
l
edt hef
ormat
ionorl
atentst
age.I
t'
saperi
odwhen
thenthere'
sani ncompati
bil
i
tyofgoal
sbetweentwoormorepart
ieswhi
chcoul
dleadt
oopen
confl
ict
(Fisheretal)
.

Conf
rontat
ionst
age:
Here,
theconf
li
cti
snol
ongerahi
ddenthi
ng,
ithasbecomeopen.Thi
sst
age
i
smar kedbyopenconf
li
ctwheret
here'
sal
evel
ofconf
ront
ati
onandlowlevel
viol
ence.

Cri
sisst
age:Thisi
sthehei
ghtrpeakofconf
li
ctsi
tuat
ions,Atthi
slevel
,t
hepart
iesar
eresol
ved
tofi
ghtconclusi
vel
ywit
heveryki
ndofweaponsavail
ableatthei
rdisposal
s.

Out
comestage:Her
e,t
hevi
olencei
sreduced,
thusmaki
ngway sforgai
nfuldi
scussi
onwi t
ht he
bel
l
iger
entpar
ti
estobeini
ti
atedoral
ternat
ivemeansofset
tl
ingtheconfl
i
ctsought(Best
,2006).

Postconfl
ictstage:
Thi
sphaseexpl
ainsconf
li
ctdeescal
ati
onandi
slar
gel
ychar
act
eri
zedbyt
wo
l
evelsofactiv
iti
es;i
mpr
oventandtr
ansfor
mation.

Cont
extAnal
ysi
s:I
tassumest
hatev
eryconf
li
cthasaspeci
fi
ccont
ext
,hi
stor
yandbackgr
ound.

Met
hodsofconf
li
ctAnal
ysi
s;

Oni
on/doughnutAnalysi
s:Mostconfli
ctsassumet henaturalt
raitoftheoni
onbyhavi
ngmany
l
ayer
sinnature.
Confli
ctshavelayersint
erspersedwithneeds,inter
estsandposi
ti
on.Tobeabl
e
t
osolveitwouldrequi
recaref
ul st
udyandi nvesti
gat
ionont herootcauses(
Enyi
oma,2011)
.

ABCTr
iangl
ebyGaltung:I
tisPr
emisedonthr
eemaj
orcomponent
s;Theat
ti
tudes,
thebehav
ior
oft
hei
nv ol
ved,
thecontextort
hesit
uat
ion.

A=At
ti
tudes,
B=Behav
iourandC=Cont
ext
.
Tr
iangl
eisanobj
ectoft
hreeequal
sides.
Thebal
anceoft
heobj
ecti
sther
efor
ebasedonequal
st
rengt
hsandposi
ti
on.

Ot
hermet
hodsi
ncl
ude;
Mappi
ngmet
hod,
theconf
li
ctt
reemet
hod,
thepy
rami
d/I
slandmet
hod.

•casestudy
,Analy
sisofMeet
ings/
Wor
kshopsandFactf
indi
ngar
ethemaj
orchal
l
engesof
Confli
ctAnaly
sis.

Casestudy;
It
'saspeci
fi
crat
herthanageneral
researchthati
ssubj
ect
edt
othe
ri
gour
,methodol
ogyandprocedureofconf
li
ctr
esearch(Best,
2006)
.

COMPI
LEDBYUMEOKOLIANASTASI
ACHI
NECHEREM

CHAPTERSI
X;Conf
li
cthandl
i
ngst
yles

•
Confl
i
cthandl
i
ngst yl
esisaprocessofanal
yzingconfl
i
cti
nor dertohandl
e,
manageand
r
esol
veit
.Theprocessofhandl
ingconfl
i
ctstakesdif
fer
entapproachesandstages.

•
Thefi
rstt
hinganal
ystsneedtoi
denti
fyi
nanyconfl
i
ctbefor
eappr
oahi
ngthevari
ant
s
i
ncl
ude;
theactor
s,i
nter
estsandi
ssuesandwhattheopport
uni
tyl
ooksl
ikefort
hepart
ies
i
nvol
vedintheconfl
ict
.

TheActors:
Toi
dent
if
ythepar
ti
esi
nvol
vedandt
hei
rconst
it
uent
s.Theact
orscanbei
nter
nal
or
ext
ernal
.

I
nterestandi
ssues:Atanyconfl
i
ct,
ther
emustbeani ssueofi
nter
est.I
tcoul
dbeexpressedi
n
di
fferentway
s;scar
cegoods,l
andowner shi
p,r
esour
cecontr
ol,
chief
tai
ncyti
tl
es,
col
l
ective
i
dentiyandvalueset
c.(
Reychl
er,
2001).

Oppor
tunit
ystr
uctur
e:I
t'
sthepowerr el
ati
onsbetweenthepart
iesandt
heobj
ect
ivecondi
ti
onsi
n
t
heconfli
ctenvi
ronmentthatenhanceorinhi
bitt
heuseofviol
ence.

Str
ategi
cthi
nking:
Howdot heactor
sdef i
nethepresentsit
uati
onandhowdot heyseethe
fut
ure?,
whataretheyt
hinki
ngabouttheconfl
ict?
,whatalt
ernat
ivedotheyconsiderast
heirbest
toanegoti
atedagreement?
,whatar
et hepossibl
esolut
ionsforthepart
iesi
nquest i
on?

Basi
cconf
li
cthandl
ingst
yles;
accommodat
ing,
avoi
ding,
col
l
abor
ati
ng,
compet
ing,
compr
omi
sing.

Pr
obl
em sol
vi
nghandl
ingst
yle;
For
giv
eness

Pr
oblem sol
vi
ngi
saprocesswhi
chi
nvol
vespar
tiesinaconf
li
cttodemonstrat
ethei
r
wi
ll
ingnesst
osear
chf
orsomewayofhandli
ngtheirpr
obl
em const
ruct
ivel
y.

Forgiveness:
-I
t'
stheintenti
onalandvolunt
aryprocessbywhichavi
cti
m under
goesachangei
n
feel
ingsorat t
it
uderegardinganoffenceandlet
tinggonegati
veemoti
onssuchas
vengefulness,
withanincreasedabi
lit
ytowishtheof f
enderwel
l.
•Keyt
hingst
onot
ewhenchoosi
ngaconf
li
cthandl
i
ngst
yles;

1)
:whet
hert
hest
ylehast
hepot
ent
ial
tor
educet
hei
ntensi
tyoft
heconf
li
ct

2)
:whet
herornott
hest
ylehast
hepot
ent
ial
tol
eav
ebehi
ndgr
udgesbet
weent
hepar
ti
es

3)
:whet
hert
hest
ylesgi
vest
hepar
tyasenseofcont
rol
overt
hef
inal
out
come.

•I
nconsi
der
ingt
hecostofwar
,Peacef
ulset
tl
ementi
sthebestwayt
ohandl
econf
li
ct.

Confli
ctResoluti
on;It
'savar
iet
yofappr oachesaimedatter
minatingconfli
ctsthrough
constr
uctiv
esolvingofprobl
ems, di
sti
nctfrom managementortransformati
onofconf l
ict(Mil
ler
,
2003).
Confli
ctresoluti
onconnotesasenseofsenseoff i
nali
ty,
wher etheparti
esaremut ual
ly
sati
sfi
edwi t
htheout comeofaset t
lementandt heconf
li
cti
sr esolv
edi natrue
sense(Best,
2006).

Confl
ictManagement;
Thisisaprocessofr
educingthenegati
veanddest
ruct
ivecapaci
tyof
conf
li
ctthroughanumberofmeasuresandbywor ki
ngwithandthr
oughtheconfl
ict
ingpar
ti
es
i
nvol
ved.Itissi
mil
art
oconfli
ctr
esoluti
onbutsl
i
ght l
ydif
fer
ent.

Confl
ictRefor
mat ion;I
tisassumedt hatt hi
sgoesbeyondconfl
ictresolut
ionandmanagement
tobuil
dlongerstandingrelat
ionshipst hroughthepr
ocessofchangei nper cept
ionand
behavi
ouralatt
it
udeoft hepar t
ies.Theai m oftr
ansf
ormationi
st ochanget heparti
es,
thei
r
rel
ati
onshipsandthecondi ti
onst hatcr eatedt
heconfl
ict
(Mial
letat,2001).

Confli
ctsuppr
essi
on;Thisi
stoport
raytheunwi l
li
ngnessofmorepower f
ulpart
iesorstr
onger
i
ntervener
swhohav etheabi
li
tyt
otransform ormanageaconf li
ctsi
tuat
iontotakenecessar
y
acti
onsleadi
ngtothemanagementorr esol
utionoftheconf
li
cts.

Conf
li
ctResol
uti
onpr
ocesses;
Twopr
ocessesar
einv
olv
ed;

Cooper
ati
vepr
ocess:
Thepar
ti
esi
nvol
vedpr
off
erawi
n-wi
nsol
uti
ont
othei
rpr
obl
em.

Compet
it
ivepr
ocess:
Itt
endst
oresul
tinwi
n-l
oosesi
tuat
ion.

St
rat
egi
esofconf
li
ctr
esol
uti
on:
Lit
igat
ion(
Adv
ersar
ial
andI
nqui
sit
ori
almet
hods)
.

I
nli
ti
gat
ion,
ther
oleoft
hej
udgei
sneut
ral
.

Mediat
ion:I
tcanbevi
ewedasaconf
idencebui
l
dingexer
cise,
wit
hthemedi
atoract
ingasa
br
idgebetweenpar
ti
es.

COMPI
LED BYUMEOKOLIANASTASI
ACHI
NECHEREM

CHAPTERSEVEN;
Medi
a,
LanguageandCommuni
cat
ioni
npeaceandConf
li
ct.

•
Inf
ormat
ionpl
aysv
ital
rol
eint
hedeescal
ati
onorescal
ati
onofconf
li
ctdependi
ngonhowi
tis
used.

•
Thesci
ent
if
icst
udyofhumanconf
li
ctandwari
sknownas"
pol
emol
ogy
".

Language;

•
Languagei
sthekeyt
othehear
tofapeopl
e(Sapi
r,
1963)
.

•
Awonder
ful
andr
ichv
ehi
cleofcommuni
cat
ion(
Adej
i
mol
a,
2009)

•Languageisacul t
urebecauseitexpr
esses,
preser
vesandt
ransmi
tst
hewholesetofbehav
iour
patter
ns,bel
i
efs,
tradit
ions,
cust
omsandmodel softhinki
ngt
hatmakeonegr
oupofpeoplefr
om
another(
Ocho,2005).

•Languagei
snotonl
yacreati
vebutal
sodynami
candf l
uid(thi
scharact
eri
sti
cofl
anguage
uniquel
ymakeshumanbeingtheonl
ycreat
uret
hatuseslanguage)
.

Communi
cat
ion;

•Allt
heprocedurebywhi chonemindmayaffectanot
her(
ShannonandWeaver,
1977)
.I
nthi
s
sit
uation,
communi cati
oninvol
vesasenderandarecei
verwhichhast
hegoalofel
ici
ti
ng
reacti
ons(Feedback).

•Ahumanphenomenon, atr
ansacti
onalprocessofex changi
ngandnegot i
ati
ngmeani
ngto
establ
ishandmaintainr
elat
ionshi
ps(Udoh,1990).
Here,communi
cationisseenasatooland
processwhichenablespeopleshar
eexperiences,
ideasandexertcontr
olsoverot
her
sand
envir
onment.

•
Thepurposei
stoi
nfl
uencetheknowl
edge,att
it
ude,
bel
i
efs,
per
cept
ionsandbehav
iour
sofot
her
i
ndi
vi
dualsandbei
nfl
uencedint
urn(I
moh,2008).

Media;
Channel
sofcommunicat
iont
hroughwhi
chmessages,
exper
iencesandi
deasar
eshar
ed
bet
weenoramongaudiences.

•
Massmedi
aar
egener
all
ycat
egor
izedi
ntoPr
intandel
ect
roni
cmedi
a.

•
Soci
almedi
aar
eweb-
basedandi
nter
act
ivemedi
apl
atf
orms.

Conf
li
ctmanagement
;Scar
cit
yofi
nfor
mat
ionorl
ackofi
tmostt
imegener
atesconf
li
ct.

•
Processofreduci
ngthenegati
veanddestr
ucti
vecapaci
tyofconf
li
ctt
hroughanumberof
measuresandbyworkingwit
handthroughthepar
ti
esinvol
vedinaconfl
ict
(Obaj
e,
2008)
.

Medi
aappr
oachest
oconf
li
ctmanagement
;

There'snohardandfastr ul
eformanagingconfl
ict
,Acombinati
onofapproachesi
sof t
en
adoptedbyt hemediatomanageconf l
i
ctduetothemul t
idi
mensional
andinter
rel
atedness
natureofconfli
cti
ssues.Therearefourbasi
cstrat
egiesforconf
li
ctmanagement
(I
mobi ghe,
1999andWi lson,1999)
.Theyincl
ude:
1)
:Thei
ntegr
atedconf
li
ctmanagementappr
oach;
Itseekst
oel
i
minat
ethecondi
ti
onst
hat
cr
eat
eanenvir
onmentforconf
li
ct.

2):
Probl
em-sol
vi
nApproach;I
dent
if
icati
onofthepar
ti
es'
int
erest
s,f
ear
sandposi
ti
ont
hrougha
comprehensi
veanal
ysi
softheconfl
ictsi
tuat
ion.

3):
Vil
lagesquar
epar adi
gm;themediaoff
eraforum andt
her
efor
eaf
for
dsoppor
tuni
ti
esf
ort
he
part
iesandalli
nter
estgroupsinconfl
i
cttodi
alogue.

4)
:Syner
gisti
cApproach(
Buil
dingTrust
);t
hemediaareusedassour
cesofmessageswhi
char
e
di
sseminatedtoconveyt
rust
,r
espectandunder
standi
ng.

•
Conf
li
ctr
epor
ti
ngi
sal
soknownasPeacej
our
nal
i
sm.

Bar
ri
erst
oEf
fect
ivecommuni
cat
ion;
Language,
psy
chol
ogi
cal
,phy
sical
,
Att
it
udi
nal
bar
ri
er.

Factor
spromot
ingEf
fect
iveCommuni
cat
ioni
nConf
li
ctSi
tuat
ion;
Non-
ambi
gui
ty,
Appr
opr
iat
e
channel
.

•Themediasuchasthedai
l
ynewspaper,t
heNTA,Radi
oNigeri
aet
cdi
sseminatesi
nfor
mati
on
onConfl
ictwhichi
mmediat
elyper
meatesever
ypartoft
heglobet
osensi
ti
zethepubli
c.

COMPI
LEDBYUMEOKLIANASTASI
ACHI
NECHEREM

CHAPTEREI
GHT;
Nonv
iol
entResi
stance

•
Freedom,
j
ust
iceandpr
ogr
esscanonl
ybeachi
evedt
hroughnonv
iol
entt
echni
que.

•Non-voiencer
esist
anceisapeacef
ulmeansoftur
ningdownorresi
sti
nggov
ernmentl
aws
andotherobnoxi
ouspoli
ciest
hatanotfav
ourabl
etothemasses.

Duodet
(2008)expl
ainedt
heconcept
ofnonv
iol
entr
esi
stancei
nthef
oll
owi
ngway
s;

-
Nonv
iol
enceasopposi
ti
ont
odi
rectv
iol
ence

-
Nonv
iol
enceasopposi
ti
ont
ost
ruct
ural
viol
ence

-
Nonv
iol
enceacont
ent
iousandDi
rectact
ion.

Galt
ung(1967)defi
nednonvi
olenceasantit
hesi
sofvi
olenceexpr
essi
ngthem i
nwordssuchas
di
rect,
str
uctur
alandcul
tural
violenceeachhavi
ngi
santit
hesi
sinthecont
extofnonv
iol
ence.

Histori
caloverv
iew;Accordi
ngt oGregg,1958,i
torigi
natedamongaf ewofthef or
estsagesof
Indi
aaboutt hr
eethousandy earsago.Theintel
lectualt
radi
ti
onsofnonvi
olentthoughts
developedintheUnitedStatesofAmer i
ca( USA)inthe19thand20thcent
ury.I
tlatermovedto
AsiaandAf r
ica.
It'
straceabl
etotheact i
vit
iesofAnabapt i
stChri
sti
ansofEuropei nthe16th
century.
Char
act
eri
sti
csofnonv
iol
entr
esi
stance;

1)
:I
t'
snotamet
hodf
orcowar
ds

2)
:Doesnotseekt
odef
eatorhumi
l
iat
etheopponent

3)
:Theatt
acki
sdirect
edagai
nstf
orcesofev
ilr
athert
hanagai
nstper
sonswhoar
ecaughti
nthe
webofthosef
orcesetc.

•Nonvi
olentdemonst
rat
ion,pr
otestmarch,
picket
ing,
i
ndustr
ialst
ri
kes,vi
gil
s,wor
ktor
ule
boycot
ts,prot
estr
all
i
esetc.areallmet
hodsofNonv iol
enceresi
stance.

Nonv
iol
entmechani
sm ofchange;

•
Conv
ersi
on,
accommodat
ion,
nonv
iol
entcoer
cion,
Disi
ntegr
ati
on.

COMPI
LEDBYUMEOKOLIANASTASI
ACHI
NECHEREM

CHAPTERNI
NE;
Ter
ror
ism

Def
ini
ti
onsoft
err
ori
sm:

•
Viol
entact
sthatappeart
obei nt
endedtoint
imidat
eorcoerceacivi
li
anpopulat
ion;
inf
luence
t
hepoli
cyofagovernmentbyinti
midati
onorcoerci
on;oraff
ectt
heconductofagov er
nmentby
massdestr
uct
ion,
assassi
nat
ionorkidnappi
ng(Federal
BureauofInv
esti
gat
ion,FBI)
.

•
Cri
minal
actsdi
rectedtowardsastat
eandi
ntendedorcalcul
atedt
ocreateast
ateoft
err
ori
n
t
hemindsofpar
ticul
arpersonsort
hegener
alpubli
c(LeagueofNat
ion,
1937)
.

•Useofvi
olenceagai
nstci
vi
li
ansbynon-
stat
eact
orst
oat
tai
npol
i
tical
goal
s(Wal
terand
Kydd,
2006).

Or
igi
nofTer
ror
ism;

Terrori
sm hasit
'sor
igi
nfrom t
heLatinword"
ter
rere"whichmeans"tocauset ot
remble".Thi
s
term becamepopulari
zedduri
ngthe"Rei
gnofTerror"car
ri
edoutbyrevol
utionar
ygovernmentin
Francefrom 1793to1794.I
tdatesbackt
othefi
rstorganizedhumanint
eracti
on.

Somenot
abl
edi
scour
sei
nter
ror
ism;

•Peri
odwhenJewishZeal
otsusedt
err
ori
sm t
oresi
stt
heRomansbyki
l
li
ngmanyRoman
Soldi
ersanddest
roy
ingRomanproper
ti
es(Oj
ukwu,
2009)
.

•Themoder
ndevel
opmentoterr
ori
sm asatool
forachi
evi
ngpol
i
ticalandr
eli
giousgoal
sbegan
duri
ngt
heFrenchRev
olut
ion(
1793-1794)
.

•I
n1966,Cubahostedthet
ri
-conti
nent
alconf
erencewhi
chwassponsoredbytheSovi
et
Union(
Ojukwu,
2009).
Theconf
erencemarkedt
hebeginni
ngoft
heinter
nali
zat
ionofTerr
ori
sm.
•Tabwaterr
ori
sm t
hatcr
eat
edascenar
iowher
eMi
ssi
onar
ieswher
emi
ssi
onar
ieswer
e
rebuf
fedbyTabwa.

•Amoder nt
rendi
nter
ror
ism i
stowar
dloosel
yor
gani
zed,
sel
ffi
nanced,
i
nter
nat
ional
net
wor
ksof
ter
ror
ist
s.

Ai
msoft
err
ori
stsgr
oups;

-
Int
erest
edi
npl
ant
ingt
heseedofpr
imor
dal
i
sm anddi
suni
ty

-t
heyempl
oyunpr
ecedent
edat
tacksont
hepeopl
ether
ebyi
nfl
i
cti
ngv
eryhugel
osesand
sorr
owsonfami
li
es.

-
Creat
efearanddecl
aremedi
awaragai
nstgov
ernment
s.et
c.

Char
act
eri
sti
csi
fTer
ror
istOr
gani
sat
ions;

-Theyar
enotuni
ntel
l
igentpeopl
e

-
Recr
uit
mentofSecondar
yandUni
ver
sit
yst
udent
sint
othei
rrankscl
andest
inel
yoropenl
y.

-
Rel
i
giousori
deol
ogi
cal
bel
i
efsdr
ivet
hei
rsear
chf
orpol
i
tical
power
.

-Thei
robj
ect
ivei
nanycasei
stoi
nducef
eari
napopul
ati
onet
c.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofTer
ror
ism;

Theyar
ecl
assi
fi
edbasedont
hei
rideol
ogi
es,
mot
ivat
ion,
l
ocat
ion,
sizeandsuppor
t.

Basedonideol
ogi
es;anar
chi
es,
raci
st,
ant
i-gl
obal
i
zat
ion,
env
ironment
al,
communi
st/
soci
ali
st,
rel
i
gious,
lef
ti
stamongother
s.

Basedonl
ocat
ion;
int
ernat
ional
,tr
ansnat
ional
,domest
icandst
atet
err
ori
sm.

•
4ty
pesofpol
i
tical
ter
ror
ism;

1)
:Rev
olut
ionar
yter
ror
ism:
member
sseekt
hecompl
eteabol
i
tionofapol
i
tical
syst
em.

2)
:Anarchi
st:
Revol
uti
onari
ezstr
ategi
zedwaysofov
erthr
owi
ngestabl
i
shedgover
nment
s,
l
aunchedawayofbombi ndandassassi
nat
edaseri
esofheadofst
ates,
i
ncl
udi
ngthe25t
h
Pr
esidentoftheUS,
Will
iam McKi
nley
.

3):
Sub-rev
oluti
onaryt
err
ori
sm:
thi
sisl
esscommon,
themot
ivei
stomodi
fyanexi
sti
ngsoci
o-
pol
iti
cal
str
ucture.

4):
Repr
essiveTerr
ori
sm:I
t'
sthesameasst
atesponsor
edt
err
ori
sm,
empl
oyedbyGov
ernment
agai
nstthatgover
nment
'
sciti
zens.

GeneralcausesofTer
ror
ism;
Abjectpovert
y,Corrupt
ion,
Sel
fi
sh/
Sit
-t
ightLeader
shi
p,Resour
ce
cont
rol,Yout
hunemployment
,Reli
giousfanati
cism.
Ef
fectsofTerr
ori
sm;Physi
calvi
olence,
psychol
ogi
cal
viol
ence,
wast
eoft
imeandr
esour
ces,
Fi
cti
onal
isat
ionofthesoci
ety
,Humanr i
ght
scost.

I
mpl
icat
ionsofTerror
ism t
onat i
onaldevel
opment
;Poli
ti
cali
mplicat
ion,
Soci
al
i
mpl
i
cati
on,Educat
ionali
mplicat
ion,
Reli
giousi
mpli
cati
on,Economicimpli
cat
ion,
Psy
chol
ogi
cal
i
mpl
i
cati
on.

Managementofgl
obalt
err
ori
sm;

•
Decl
arat
ionofst
ateofemer
gency

•
Mul
ti
lat
eral
appr
oacht
ocount
ert
err
ori
sm

•
Ext
radi
ti
onoft
err
ori
stsuspect
s

•
Judi
cial
int
erv
ent
ionet
c.

COMPI
LEDBYUMEOKOLIANASTASI
ACHI
NECHEREM

CHAPTERTEN;
I
nter
nat
ional
Organi
zat
ionsandconf
li
ctmanagement

•
Mostoft
heOr
gani
zat
ionswer
efor
medaf
tert
hesecondwor
ldwar

•Theywerefor
medbecauseoftheneedf ori
ncr
easedcooper
ati
onandnetwor
kingi
nfi
ndi
ng
solut
ionst
ocommonpol i
ti
cal
,
mi l
i
tar
y,economicandhumanit
ari
anprobl
emsofthewor
ld.

•
Thei
nter
nat
ional
organi
zat
ionsexi
standoper
ateatsub-
regi
onal
,regi
onal
global
lev
els.

•Theyf ormthebasi
sfori
nter
act
ionamongsover
eignSt
atesandmanysuchorgani
zat
ions
presentreadypl
atf
ormsandserv
easv er
it
abl
etool
sforconf
li
ctmanagement
.

•
Thepr
imar
yobj
ect
ivet
othei
rfor
mat
ioni
stomanageconf
li
ct.

•Someexamplesincl
ude;
UN( Unit
edNations),
AU(Afr
icanUnion)
,ECOWAS(Economi
c
Communi t
yofWestAfri
canSt at
es),
AMU( ArabMaghrebUnion),
SADC(Sout
hAfri
can
Devel
opmentCommuni t
y),
IGAD( I
nter
governmentalAuthor
it
yonDev el
opment)
,
ECCAS(Economi
ccommuni tyofcentral
Af r
icanst
ate).

Meani
ngofI
nter
nat
ional
Organi
zat
ions;

•AformalOr
gani
zati
onisasocialsyst
em or
ganizedaroundspeci
fi
cgoalsandusual
l
y
consi
sti
ngofsev
erali
nter
rel
atedgroupsorsubsystemsgovernedbycl
earl
ystat
edand
enfor
cednorms(
KatzandKahn,1978).

Unit
edNati
onsOrgani
zat
ion;
Itof
fi
cial
lycameint
oexist
enceonOctober24,
1945sequel
tot
he
fai
l
ureoft
heLeagueofNati
onstopreventt
heoutbr
eakofsecondworl
dwar.

•Thefi
vemaj
oral
l
iedpower
sar
eChi
na,
France,
Russi
a,t
heUni
tedKi
ngdom andt
heUni
ted
Stat
es.
•AsaglobalOrganizat
ion,t
heUNhasbeenthewor l
d'
sleadi
ngconf
li
ctmanagerbypr
event
ing
byprev
entingdisputefrom escal
ati
ngt
oful
lscal
ewar.

Pur
poseofEst
abl
ishi
ngt
heUN;

•
Mai
ntai
nint
ernat
ional
peaceandsecur
it
y

•
Todevel
opf
ri
endl
yrel
ati
onsamongnat
ionsbasedont
hei
rrespectf
ort
hepr
inci
pleofequal
r
ight
s.

•Tocooper
atei
nsol
vi
ngi
nter
nat
ional
economi
c,soci
al,
cul
tur
alandhumani
tar
ianpr
obl
ems.et
c.

Uni
tedNati
onsPeacesuppor
ti
veoper
ati
ons;
prev
ent
ivedi
plomacy
,pr
event
ivedepl
oyment
,
pr
event
ivedi
sar
mament.

Unit
edNati
onsandconf
li
ctmanagement
;Conf
li
ctpr
event
ion,
peacemaki
ng,
peaceenf
orcement
,
peacebui
l
ding.

•
Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofpeacebui
l
ding;
Prev
ent
iveandpost
-conf
li
ctPeacebui
l
ding.

I
nter
nat
ionalNongov
ernment
alor
gani
zat
ionsi
nConf
li
ctmanagement
;

•Theyworkandi nt
eractdir
ectl
ywi t
hthepeopl
einthei
rlocali
tyort
hroughcol
l
aborati
onswit
h
networ
ksofl ocalNGOst hatworkindif
fer
entaspect
sofcrisessuchasmonitor
ingconf
li
ctand
earl
ywarningofimpendingv i
olence.

•InConfl
ictandpost -
confl
ictsi
tuat
ions,t
hemayengageparti
esi
npeaceful
dial
ogue,medi
ate
sett
lement,hel
pininstit
uti
onbuildi
ng,andindul
gei
nadvocacyci
rther
uleoflawand
Democraticprocesses.

COMPI
LEDBYUMEOKOLIANASTASI
ACHI
NECHEREM

CHAPTERELEVEN;
Conf
li
ctr
esol
uti
oni
ntr
adi
ti
onal
Afr
icanSoci
ety

•Confl
icthadbeenprev
alenti
ntr
adi
ti
onal
Afr
icanSoci
eti
esandhadi
tsor
igi
ninmanyaspect
s
ofthei
rcultur
all
if
e.

•Conf
li
ctisanationalphenomenoni
nhumansoci
eti
es,however
,t
heapproacht
oit
s
per
cepti
veness,
nat ur
eandmanagementvar
iedf
rom societ
ytosoci
ety
.

•Intr
adi
ti
onalAf
ri
cansoci
eti
es,
theunder
standingofconf
li
ctandi
t'
sresol
uti
onwasl
i
nkedwi
th
thedi
saf
fect
ionbet
weenhumanandt hesupernatur
al.

•Cert
aincri
ter
iamustbemetf orasocietytobetermed"Peacef
ul",
theyinclude;
asenseof
coll
ecti
vesecuri
ty,
asenseofbelongi
ng,sharedvi
sionsanddreams,acompassi onateandcar
ing
l
eadership,
asenseofcommonl awsandagr eements,asenseofguaranteedfreedom.
Conf
li
ctasaconcept
;

•
Conf
li
ctst
akesv
ari
ousf
ormsanddi
mensi
onsi
nAf
ri
canSoci
ety(
Ajay
ietal
,2014)
.

•t
hestudyofconfl
icti
nAfr
icahasnotal
waysbeenmindf
uloft
heneedtoconsi
dert
he
i
nter
acti
onoflocal
andint
ernat
ional
fact
orsi
ntheevol
uti
onofconf
li
ctsbet
weenAfr
ican
Nati
ons(
Ajay
i,
2014).

•Confl
ictcan bedescri
bedasacondi t
ioninwhichi
denti
fi
ablegroupofhumanbeingswhet
her
tr
ibal
,
ethnic,
l
ingui
sti
c,r
eli
gious,
soci
opoli
ti
cal
,economic,
cult
uralorotherwi
sei
sinconsci
ous
opposit
iontooneormor eotheri
denti
fi
ablegr
oupbecausethesegr oupsar
epursui
ng
i
ncompat i
blegoal
s.

Sour cesofConfli
cti
nTr adi
tionalAfr
icansocieti
es;t
hefamil
y,
theeconomy ,
Chieft
aincy
,
Breakdownofdi pl
omaticRelations,
Reli
gion,
Personal
it
yannoyanceoverbehavi
oral
pattern,
devi
ati
onfrom cult
uralnorms.

Si
gni
fi
canceofconf
li
ctResol
uti
on;

•
Itpr
ovi
desanopportuni
tytoi
nter
actwitht
hepart
iesconcer
ned,
wit
hthehopeofatl
east
r
educi
ngthescope,
i
ntensit
y,
andeffect
sofconf
li
ct.

•Dur
ingformalandi
nfor
malmeet
ings,
i
texer
cisesper
mitareassessmentofv
iewsandcl
aims
asbasisforf
indi
ngopti
onsf
orcr
isi
sandtodiver
gentpoi
ntofvi
ew.

•Thosewhoorgani
zeconfl
ictr
esol
uti
onexer
cisesormeeti
ngsusuall
yconsti
tut
esthet
hir
d
part
yinatr
iangul
arar
rangementandconsi
stoftradi
ti
onal
rul
ers(
King,
Chi
efs,
etc.
).

•I
tper
for
msaheal
i
ngf
unct
ioni
nAf
ri
canSoci
eti
es.

Featur
esofAfricanTradi
ti
onal
Conf
li
ctResol
uti
onandPr
event
ion;
Medi
ati
on,
Adj
udi
cat
ion,
Reconcil
i
ati
on,
Negotiati
on.

Tradi
ti
onalAfr
icanPersonal
it
iesi
nConfli
ctResoluti
on;t
heseincludet
heElder
sandf
ami
l
y
head,
KingsandChief
s,Age-
gradeAssoci
ati
on,SecretSoci
eti
es,Ancest
ors.

COMPI
LEDBYUMEOKOLIANASTASI
ACHI
NECHEREM

CHAPTERTWELVE;
Theor
yandPr
act
iceofPeaceeducat
ion

Meani
ngofPeaceeducat
ion;

•
Peaceeducat
ioni
sthet
eachi
ngsaboutpeace,
whati
tis,
whyi
tdoesnotexi
sthowt
oachi
evei
t.

•
It
shi
stor
ydat
esbackt
otheant
i-
waract
ivi
ti
esoft
hewary
ear
sinEur
ope.

•
Gumut
(2006)def
inesi
tasadel
i
ber
ateat
temptt
oeducat
echi
l
drenandadul
tsi
nthedy
nami
cs
ofconf
li
ctandt
hepromot
ionofpeacemakingski
l
lsinhomes,
school
sandcommuni
ti
es
thr
oughoutt
hewor
ldusi
ngallt
hechannel
sandinstr
umentsofsoci
ali
zat
ion.

•Accor
dingtoHarr
is(
2008)
,Peaceeducat
ioni
saboutempower
ingpeopl
ewi
thski
l
ls,
att
it
udes
andknowledge.

Qual
it
iesandobj
ect
ivesofPeaceEducat
ion;

Thequali
ti
esincl
ude:Thedemonstrat
ionofthepr
inci
pleofequal
i
tyandnondiscr
imi
nat
ioni
n
admini
str
ati
vepoli
ciesandpracti
ces,
Confli
ctsmustbehandledi
nanonvi
olentmanner
,I
tbui
lds
acli
matethatmodelspeacefulbehav
ior.

Theobjecti
vesincl
ude:Toachi
evemor epeacefulfutur
ef orhumanity,
toachi
eveanonvi
olent
andpeacefulcoexi
stencesoci
ety
,enl
ightensstudentsondi ff
erenti
l
lsconfr
onti
nghuman
soci
ety
,itbr
ingsaboutthehumanisti
c,at
heist
ic,et
hicalvalues.

For
msofPeaceeducat
ion;

•
Dev
elopment
alpeaceeducat
ion

•
Env
ironment
al

•
Conf
li
ctr
esol
uti
onEducat
ion

•
Humanr
ight
seducat
ion

Ty
pes/
met
hodsofpeaceEducat
ion;

•Formal:Takespl acemostl
yinschoolsandispar toftheschool
curri
cul
um.
Var
ioussubj
ect
s
arebeingt aughtinschoolwhi
chcanportraythemessageofpeace.They
i
nclude:History,
Music,
Language,
FineArt
,Reli
gionetc.

•Inf
ormal/
non-formal:
Muchofi tt
akesplacei
ninformal
sett
ingsl
ikeplacesofworkorl
eisur
e,
thehomeorf amilysett
ing,
placesofrel
axati
on.
Itcanbepassedacrossusingsuchmedi
um as
Folkl
ores,
proverbsetc.

Chal
lengesi
npeaceeducat
ion;
Sal
omon(
2012)
ident
if
iest
hreebasi
schal
l
enges;

1):
Creati
onofar i
ppl
eeff
ect
:It
'sof
tenachal
l
engef
ort
heef
fectofpeaceeducat
iont
ospr
ead
towidersect
ionsoft
hesoci
ety
.

2)
:Enhanci
ngthesustainabi
l
ityoft
heEffectsofPeaceEducat
ionProgrammes;Desi
redeff
ect
s
maynoteasil
ybeattainedwithshor
tter
m pr ogr
amsbecauseinter
nali
zati
onpr
ocessesand
pr
ocessingdept
htakesomet imetoachi
ev e.

3):
Theneedf ordif
fer
enceinMethodsofApproach:I
thasbecomeanormthatt
he
methods/approachesusedint
eachingPeaceeducat
ionProgr
amshavetowedt
hesamel
i
nef
or
var
iousty
pesofConf li
ct.