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JURISDICTION
HEARS
ORDINARY CIVIL ACTIONS
Jurisdiction
& SPECIAL CIVIL ACTIONS
Jurisdiction in Philippines means the authority given to
the courts of justice to hear and decide cases with the
COURT PROCEDURE: STAGE 1 - 4
ultimate goal to give justice to any issue or controversy
brought to them. It is also comes with the power to
1st
Stage
Complaint Answer 1
enforce its decisions.
Issues Enjoin

Power to: Any judgment,

1. Hear and decide decision, or final order
2. Enforce Judgment rendered by a court
without jurisdiction is
Jurisdiction null & void
"Authority" No valid exercise of Jurisdiction
Exercise of Jurisdiction
"Equity follows the law" Expt. Estoppel by laches

At symepre dahil ito ay binigay ng batas, ang ito ay

To whom is jurisdiction VESTED?
Jurisdiction is vested with the court, not on the judge.
A court may have several branches, and each is not a
court distinct and separate from the others. (Tagumpay
vs. Moscoso, L-14723, May 29,1959)
Jurisdiction over the subject
N.B matter cannot be waived by
the parties to the case.
Test of jurisdiction
The test of jurisdiction is whether the court has the
power to enter into the inquiry and not whether the
decision is right or wrong (Perkins vs. Roxas, G.R. No.
47517, June 27, 1941).
Ang jurisdiction ay power or authority ng korte
to hear and decide case, kasama diyan ang pag-enforce
ng decision nila. Vested or binibigay ng batas ang
authority na ito sa mga korte, at kapag ito ay naibigay
na sa isang korte, ito ay magsisilbing limitation sa
powers ng courts kung ano-ano lamang ang kanilang
mga dapat pakikinggan at bigyan ng desisyon.
hindi pwede pagkasunduan ng parties kung saan nila
gusto lamang mag file ng case. Dapat sundin ng
complainant ang batas kung ano ang korte na may
jurisdiction over his complaint (subject matter and issue)
Example binigay ng batas sa RTC na ang isa sa
jurisdiction nito ay ang makinig sa mga issues pertaining
money claims na merong exceeding two million pesos
amount (two million and piso pataas). It only means na
sa RTC mo dapat i-file ang iyong complaint kapag ang
gusto mo na kolektahin na pera ay 2 million and 1 peso
pataas. Kapag sa MTC ka nag file niyan, walang
jurisdiction ang MTC sa ganitong amount for collection
at ipapawalang bisa agad agad ng korte ang iyong
complaint.
Sa moment na nag file ka ng complaint sa korte na
merong jurisdiction over the subject matter and issue na
syempre binigay ng batas, that court will now act in
excercise of its jurisdiction at ang mga decision nito ay
magiging valid and binding until reversed in an appeal.
Kapag naman nagkamali ang judge ng decision over the
merits of the case, meaning nag kamali ng appreciation
ng either facts or law si judge, ang tawag sa maling
pagdedesiyon ni judge is error of judgment. Pano naman
kung walang jurisdiction talaga at the first place ang
korte at ito ay nagpatuloy sa pag bibigay ng decision?
Ang decision na iyon ay void, walang bisa. The only
exception to that is the concept of estoppel by laches na
na naging principle sa subject ng jurisdiction sa case ng
Tijam vs. Sibonghanoy (G.R. No. L- 21450, April 15,
1968)
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Laches, in a general sense is failure or neglect, for an

Exercise of unreasonable and unexplained length of time, to do that
Jurisdiction which, by exercising due diligence, could or should
Jurisdiction havebeen done earlier; it is negligence or omission to
assert a right within a reasonable time, warranting a
the "Act of trying the case presumption that the party entitled to assert it either has
the "Authority" to try a and redering a abandoned it or declined to assert it.
case and render judgement. judgment" is an exercise
of jurisdiction The doctrine of laches or of "stale demands" is based upon
grounds of public policy which requires, for the peace of
Commencement of Exercise of jurisdiction society, the discouragement of stale claims and, unlike the
statute of limitations, is not a mere question of time but is
When jurisdiction over the person and subject principally a question of the inequity or unfairness of
permitting a right or claim to be enforced or asserted.
matter is properly acquired by the court, exercise of
jurisdiction starts. It has been held that a party can not invoke the jurisdiction
of a court to sure affirmative relief against his opponent
The errors which the courts may commit in the and, after obtaining or failing to obtain such relief,
exercise of jurisdiction are errors of judgment of repudiate or question that same jurisdiction (Dean vs.
which the remedy is appeal. Dean, 136 Or. 694, 86 A.L.R. 79). In the case just cited,
by way of explaining the rule, it was further said that the
question whether the court had jurisdiction either of the
Error of Error of subject-matter of the action or of the parties was not
Jurisdiction Judgement important in such cases because the party is barred from
such conduct not because the judgment or order of the
court is valid and conclusive as an adjudication, but for the
Judgement based on Judgement based on
reason that such a practice can not be tolerated —
error of jurisdiction is error of judgment is obviously for reasons of public policy."
null or void! binding!

Remedy is

Remedy is
Requisites of Jurisdiction by
Rule 65 - Certiorari appeal Estoppel in Tijam vs. Sibonghayon.
No jurisdiction With jurisdiction N.B You can only apply Jurisdiction by estoppel if the
case is the same case with Tijam vs. Simbonghayon.
Correct decision Wrong decision Thus, below facts must be the same with the case at
G. rule Decision is BINDING hand:
Decision is VOID Error of Judgement 1. Losing party participated in the proceeding
Error of Jurisdiction 2. Ask an affirmative relief in the court
3. Losing party only question the jurisdiction of the
TIJAM, ET AL., vs. SIBONGHANOY court after 15 years or more
Expt.
April 15, 1968 , DIZON, J.
Jurisdiction over subject matter becomes WAIVABLE in N.B Available to Criminal Case (People v. Regalario), if
this only instance. This is the so colled Jurisdiction by only the factual circumstances are same in Tijam vs.
Estoppel. Thus, even if there is an error of jurisdiction, Sibonghayon,
according to principle of estoppel by laches, it will still
be valid.

This is the exception to the rule that Jurisdiction over Jurisdictional Estoppel can not be applied to
subject matter can't be waived. jurisdiction over the person of the defendant.
(Boston Equity Resources, Inc. vs. CA., G.R. No. 173946,
HELD: “A party may be estopped or barred from raising a
June 19, 2013.)
question in different ways and for different reasons. Thus
we speak of estoppel in pais, or estoppel by deed or by
record, and of estoppel by laches.
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How jurisdiction is determined? Types of Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction is determined by the allegations of the 1. General vs Special Jurisdiction
2. Original vs Appellate Jurisdiction
parties in the complaint, not in the answer. 3. Exclusive vs Concurrent Jurisdiction
Doctrine of
Adherence of Jurisdiction Nature of Cause:
Also called as Doctrine of continuity of jurisdiction
ORIGINAL APPELLATE
"The court, once jurisdiction has been
properly acquired, it retains that jurisdiction The power of the higher
until it finally disposes of the case. The power of the court to
G. rule court to re-examine the
take cognizance of a case decision of a lower court
The doctrine means that once jurisdiction has attached, it at its inception or
cannot be ousted by subsequent happenings or events, which originally tried the
commencement case.
although of a character which would have prevented
jurisdiction from attaching in the first instance(Baritua vs.
Mercader, G.R. No. 136048, January 23, 2001). Power to reverse, modify,
Jurisdiction at its first or affirm decisions or
Expt. The doctrine shall not apply when: instance orders of a lower court.
1. A subsequent statute expressly prohibits the
continued exercise of jurisdiction;
2. The penal law where the action is based is repealed
by a subsequent law; General Special / Limited
3. Constitutional right has been violated.
4 Where the statute expressly provides, or is construed The authority of the court
The authority of the court
to the effect that it is intended to operate as to actions to hear and determine
to hear and determine all
pending before its enactment particular cases only. Its
5. When the proceedings in the court acquiring actions and suits, whether
civil, criminal, power is limited.
jurisdiction is terminated, abandoned or declared void:
6. Appeal has been perfected; administrative, real,
7. When the change in jurisdiction is curative in personal or mixed. Broad
character (Lucia BarramedaVda. De Ballesteros vs. in nature.
Rural Bank of Canaman, Inc.,G.R. No. 176260
November 24, 2010).
General Jurisdiction is also jurisdiction over
cases not falling within the jurisdiction of any
Doctrine of Note court, tribunal or person, or body exercsing
immutability of judgments judicial or quasi-judicial functions.

"Means that when a judgment becomes final and

executory, it is made immutable and unalterable, EXCLUSIVE CONCURRENT
meaning it can no longer be modified in any
respect either by the court which rendered it or The power and authority The power and authority of
even by this Court. possessed by the court to the court to take
the exclusion of all others. cognizance of a case at its
When a supervening event renders the execution of a
inception or
judgment impossible or unjust, the interested party can
petition the court to modify the judgment to harmonize it commencement
with justice and the facts.

A supervening event is a fact which transpires or a new

circumstance which develops after a judgment has become
final and executory. This includes matters which the parties
were unaware of prior to or during trial because they were
not yet in existence at that time. (Dy vs. Bibat-Palamos,
GR No. 196200, September 11, 2013)
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Other kinds of Jurisdiction Split Jurisdiction

The exercise by two judicial bodies, of jurisdiction over
Expanded Jurisdiction basically the same subject matter precisely the split
jurisdiction situation which is anathema to the orderly
The power of the Court to determine whether or not there administration of justice. (City of Manila vs. Judge Cuerdo,
has been grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or G.R. No. 175723, February 4, 2014). Split Jurisdiction
excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or is prohibited by law.
instrumentality of the government (Art. VIII, Sec. 1 1987
Constitution). Universal Jurisdiction
The power of the domestic court to prosecute rimes against
Equity Jurisdiction international law. E.g. war crimes, genocide, and torture. It
based on the notion that such violations endanger the
Equity jurisdiction aims to provide complete justice in cases
International community which individual states may act to
where a court of law is unable to adapt its judgments to the
defend. Such jurisction has considered part of Philippine
special circumstances of a case because of a resulting
law, as a generally accepted principle of international law,
inflexibility to adapt the law when is applied to a given
both through the incorporation clause of our Constitution
situation.
and through the enactment in 2009 of the Philippine Act on
Crimes against International Humanitarian Law, Genocide
The purpose of the exercise of equity jurisdiction among
and Other Crimes Against Humanity.
others, is to prevent unjust enrichment and to ensure
restitution. (Regulus Development, Inc. vs. Dela Cruz, G.R.
No. 198172, January 25, 2016)
Epistolary Jurisdiction
It is the power of the court to hear and decide cases
arising from a Petition introduced by a THIRD
Primary Jurisdiction
PERSON, and not by the the aggrieved party, for
The doctrine of primary jurisdiction holds the protection of public interest.
that if a case is such that its determination
requires the expertise, specialized training It is used to lower the threshold for LOCUS STANDI in the case of:
and knowledge of an administrative body,
relief must first be obtained in an Resident Marine Mamals of the Protected Seascape Tanon Strait vs. Sec.
administrative proceeding before resort to Angelo Reyes, 756 SCRA 513, April 21, 2015, J. Leonardo - De Castrp
the courts is had even if the matter may well
be within their proper jurisdiction. (Industrial
Enterprises, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R.
Citizens may represent
No. 88550, 18 April 1990, 184 SCRA 426, animals as "stewards
431-432.) of nature" in a citizen
suit for violation of
Delegated Jurisdiction
environmental laws.
The grant of authority to inferior courts to
hear and determine special cases not within It lowers the benchmark in
their original jurisdiction. Example: SC locus standi in such a way that
delegated cadastral proceedings to MTC environmental cases may be
brought in the name of Resident
Jurisdiction Estoppel Marine Mamals through their
Jurisdiction by Estoppel (Estoppel in Pias) stewards which is the people.
– after voluntarily submitting a cause and
encountering an adverse decision on the In the rules of procedure for
merits, it is too late for the losing party to environmental cases, the Court
question the jurisdiction or power of the allows and permits any Filipino
court. Citizen to file a "citizen suit" for
violations of environmental
laws even in the names of
Residual Jurisdiction generations yet unborn based on
Jurisdiction of a trial court that remains even the concept of intergenerational
after it has lost jurisdiction over the case responsibility in so far as the
because of appeal. right to a balance and healthful
ecology is concerned.
 Elements: Aspects of Jurisdiction
Elements Meaning How conferred
The power to hear and determine cases of Conferred by law
SUBJECT general class to which the proceedings in
MATTER question belong and is conferred by the law

It is the legal power of the court to render 1. Plaintiff

personla judgment against a party to an action Upon filing of complaint and payment of correct docket fees
and proceeding 2. Defendant
PARTIES Valid service of summons
Voluntary appearance in court
3. Intervenor
Upon the approval of the motion for leave to intervene

Power of the court to try and decide issues Determined in the allegations in the pleadings
raised in the pleadings of the parties or by their
agreement in a pre-trial order or those tried by Exception: 1. By stipulation of the parties, as when in the pre-trial,
the implied consent of the parties the parties enter into stipulations of facts and documents or enter into
ISSUES an agrement simplifying the issues of the case; or
2. By express or implied consent of the parties, e.g. when the issues
not raised in the peladings are tried, it will be treated as if it has been
raised in the pleadings.

Jurisdiction over the THING which is subject of By seizure of the property under a legal process e.g. Attachment
RES ("thing") the case As a result of the institution of legal proceedings in which the
power of courts is recognized or made effective

Venue is jurisdictional in Criminal Cases The offense must have been committed or any one of its essential
Territory ingredients should have btaken place within the territorial
(Applies only for
The place where the crime was committed jurisdiction of the court.
Criminal Jurisdiction ) determines not only the venue of the action but
also it is an essential element of jurisdiction,

How is jurisdiction over the subject matter acquired

or conferred?
Jurisdiction over the subject matter is conferred by
LAW. This is a matter of legislative enactment which
the congress can only change, modify, and amend.

Jurisdiction over the subject matter is the power of Rule It can never be acquired by waiver.
the court to hear and determine cases of the Expt. Jurisdictional Estoppel (Tijam vs Sibonghanoy)
general class to which the proceedings in question
It cannot be acquired by an agreement between the
belongs. (Banco Español-Filipino vs. Palanca, 37
parties, waiver, failure to object or silence.
Phil. 291)
So kung mag file ka ng case at hindi nag object ung
defendant. His silence will not be a waiver of jurisdiction of
the court. Kahit na may usapan pa sila kung saan na court of
justice sila magkasuhan, ang jurisdiction over the subject
matter can only be conferred by law.

Jurisdiction of Courts & other tribunals
Jurisdiction of Courts
(Civil Procedure)
4th level courts: Supreme Court
3rd level courts:
Court of Appeals/ CTA/ SB
2nd level courts:
Regional Trial Courts
1st level courts: MTC
Barangay: Lupon
Authority: All disputes between parties actually
residing in the same city or
municipality for amicable
settlement:
Exception
Where one party is the GOVERNMENT, or any
subdivision or instrumentality thereof;
Where one party is a public officer, or employee,
and the dispute raltes to the performance of
his/her official functions;
offenses punishable by imprisonment exceeding 1
year or a fine exceeding 5,000 pesos
Offenses where there is no private offended party
where the dispute involves real properties located
in different cities and municipalities
Exeption: the parties thereto agree to submit
their differences to amicable settlement by an
appropriate lupon
Disputes involving parties who actually reside in
barangasy of different cities or municipalities.
Exeption: Where such barangay units adjaoin
each other and the parties thereto agree to
submit their differences to amicable
settlement by an approprieate lupon
Such other classes of disputes which the President
of the Philippines may determine in the interest of
jusitice or upon the recommendation of the
Secretary of Justice.
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Katarungan Pambarangay
Quasi-Judicial Bodies
Sharia'h Courts
Appellate
District
Circuit
Procedural Exception
Accused is under police custody
Person has benn deprived of personal liberty,
thus, calling for a habeas corpus proceeding
Labor disputes
CARL disputes
Those involving the traditions of indigenous
cultutral community
What is the force and effect of a "Kasunduan" in
barangay conciliation proceeding?
The amicable settlement and arbitration award shall
have the force and effect of a final judgment of a
court upon the expiration of ten (10) days from the
date of its execution, unless the settlement or award
has been repudiated or a petition to nullify the award
has been filed before the proper city or municipal
court.
By having him (1) arrested; (2) by service of the
warrant of arrest; or (3) by his voluntary surrender.
G. rule No complaint, petition, action or proceeding
involvig any matter within the authority of the Lupon
shall be filed or instituted directly in court or any
government office for adjudication.
Expt. 1. There has been a confrontation between the
parties before the Lupon chairman or pangkat
2. No conciliation or settlement has been reached
or if a conciliation or settlement is reached,
that it has been repudiated by the parties
thereto.
 MTC's Jurisdiction (Subject Matter)

Prior to amendment 2019 amendment

In all civil actions which involve the title to, or possession of, NEW:
real property, or any interest therein, where the assessed Jurisdictional amount of assessed
value of the property involved exceeds Twenty thousand
pesos (P20,000.00) or for civil actions in Metro Manila, value DOES NOT EXCEEDS 400k
where such value exceeds Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) regardless if within Metro Manila or
except actions for forcible entry into and unlawful detainer outside.
of lands or buildings, original jurisdiction over which is
conferred upon the Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal

Trial Court, and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts

NEW:
In all actions in admiralty and maritime jurisdiction where Jurisdictional amount of demand or
the demand or claim DOES NOT EXCEEDS Three hundred
thousand pesos (P300,000.00) or, in Metro Manila, where claim DOES NOT EXCEEDS 2
such demand or claim exceeds Four hundred thousand pesos Million regardless if within Metro
(P400,000.00) Manila or outside.

NEW:
In all matters of probate, both testate and intestate, where Jurisdictional amount of gross value
the gross value of the estate DOES NOT EXCEEDS Three
hundred thousand pesos (P300,000.00) or, in probate matters of the estate DOES NOT
in Metro Manila, where such gross value DOES NOT EXCEEDS 2 Million regardless if
EXCEEDS Four hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00) within Metro Manila or outside.

In all other cases in which the demand, exclusive of interest, NEW:

damages of whatever kind, attorney's fees, litigation Jurisdictional amount of money
expenses, and costs or the value of the property in
controversy DOES NOT EXCEEDS Three hundred claims DOES NOT EXCEEDS 2
thousand pesos (P300,000.00) or, in such other cases in Million regardless if within Metro
Metro Manila, where the demand, exclusive of the Manila or outside.
abovementioned items DOES NOT EXCEEDS Four
hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00)
Small Claims: NEW:
Money claims which are exclusively for the payment or Jurisdictional amount of money
reimbursement of a sum of money DOES NOT EXCEEDS
Three hundred thousand pesos (P300,000.00) or, in such claims DOES NOT EXCEEDS 1
other cases in Metro Manila, where the demand, exclusive of Million regardless if within Metro
the abovementioned items DOES NOT EXCEEDS Four Manila or outside.
hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00)

Forcible entry and unlawful detainer Same

MTC's delegated jurisdiction on cadastral proceeding: Same

1. Lots where there is no controversy
2. Lots with assess value not exceeding 100,000

 RTC's Jurisdiction (Subject Matter)

Prior to amendment 2019 amendment

In all civil actions which involve the title to, or possession of, NEW:
real property, or any interest therein, where the assessed Jurisdictional amount of assessed value
value of the property involved exceeds Twenty thousand pesos
(P20,000.00) or for civil actions in Metro Manila, where such is 400k regardless if within Metro
value exceeds Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) except actions Manila or outside.
for forcible entry into and unlawful detainer of lands or
buildings, original jurisdiction over which is conferred upon
the Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Court, and
Municipal Circuit Trial Courts
NEW:
In all actions in admiralty and maritime jurisdiction where Jurisdictional amount of demand or
the demand or claim exceeds Three hundred thousand pesos claim is exceeding 2 Million regardless
(P300,000.00) or, in Metro Manila, where such demand or
claim exceeds Four hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00) if within Metro Manila or outside

NEW:
In all matters of probate, both testate and intestate, where the Jurisdictional amount of gross value of
gross value of the estate exceeds Three hundred thousand
pesos (P300,000.00) or, in probate matters in Metro Manila, the estate EXCEEDS 2 Million
where such gross value exceeds Four hundred thousand pesos regardless if within Metro Manila or
(P400,000.00) outside.

In all other cases in which the demand, exclusive of interest, NEW:

damages of whatever kind, attorney's fees, litigation expenses, Jurisdictional amount of money claims
and costs or the value of the property in controversy exceeds
Three hundred thousand pesos (P300,000.00) or, in such other exceeds 2 Million regardless if within
cases in Metro Manila, where the demand, exclusive of the Metro Manila or outside.
abovementioned items exceeds Four hundred thousand pesos
(P400,000.00)
NEW:
In all cases not within the exclusive jurisdiction of any court,
Jurisdictional amount of money claims
tribunal, person or body exercising jurisdiction of any court,
tribunal, person or body exercising judicial or quasi-judicial does not exceed 1 Million regardless if
functions within Metro Manila or outside.

Special Commercial Courts to try and decide cases involving Same

intra-corporate controversies and violations of Intellectual
Property Rights.

In all civil actions and special proceedings falling within the Same
exclusive original jurisdiction of a Juvenile and Domestic
Relations Court and of the Court of Agrarian Relations as
now provided by law

In all actions involving the contract of marriage and marital Same

relations

Incapable of Pecuniary Estimation Same