Rajasthan

History
Rathore Dynasty
of Bikaner
● Geographical Expansion
Ancient Name
● Kuru Jaangla and Madreya Jaangla.
● Capital: Ahicchatrapur
● Jangal Pradesh and Ratighati.

Background
● Rao Satal as the new Heir.
Rao Bika/ Rao Vikram Singh (1465-1504)
● Parents
● Control over Ratighati with the help of his associates in 1465.
● Importance of Ratighati.
● Coronated in Kodamdesar in 1472 by Pandu Godara.
● Marriage to Rangkunwari and Established Bikaner city in 1488.
● Vow at Chapar-Dronpur and Attack on Jodhpur.
● Last campaign.

Construction works by Rao Bika

● Bhairon Temple in Kodamdesar.
● Nagnechi Mata temple in Bikaner.
Rao Lunkaran (1504-1526 AD)
● Parents

Political Achievements
● Dadreva/Rudreva ruler Man Singh Chauhan- 1509.
● Kayamkhani Muslims of Fatehpur, Jaisalmer- 1512 (Rang Khan & Daulat Khan)
● Rawal Jaitasi of Jaisalmer in the Battle of Rajolai.
● Muhammad Khan, the Hakim of Nagaur.
● Battle of Dhosi/Dhosa- 1526 against Narnaul Nawab Sheikh Abimeera.
Construction
● Lunkaransar Lake of Bikaner.
● Lakshimath Temple in Loonkaransar.
Title
● Kaliyug ka Karn by Beethu Suja.
Rao Jaitasi (1526-1542 AD)
Political Achievements
 Attack on Chapar-Dronpur. Gave it to Sanga (nephew of Rao Kalyanmal)
 Battle of Khanwa.
 Battle of Raatighati- 1534.
 Battle of Paheba (Saheba)- 1541-42. (Koompa Mehrajoy and Panchayan
Karamsinghot)
Court Scholar
 Beethu Suja's 'Rao Jaitasi Roa Chhand’.
Rao Kalyan Mal (1544-1574 AD)
 Battle of Giri-Sumail in 1544 AD.

 Subjugation of Akbar- 1570.

 Two Sons: Prithviraj and Rai Singh.

Prithviraj Rathore
● Fort of Gagraon as Jagir.
● Kabul expedition of 1581 AD and then in Ahmednagar expedition of 1596 AD.
● 'Veli Kisan Rukmani Ri’ is considered as his masterpiece.
● Other Books: Ganga-Lehari, Dashrath Varauth and Dasham Bhagwat ra Duha.
● Dr. L P Tessitori has compared the writings of Prithviraj Rathore with Poet Horace.
● Col. James Todd: Tudor Royals of Britain.
Maharaja Rai Singh (1574-1612 AD)
Title: of Maharaja and Maharajadhiraj.

Division of Mughal service of Rai Singh

First phase (1570-1574 AD)

Gujrat Conquest
● 1573: Suppression of the rebellion of the Mirza brothers.
● Battle of Kathauli.
● Killing of Mohd. Hussain Mirza.
Second Phase (1574 AD-1605 AD)
Campaign against Rao Chandrasen
● Kalla Rathore of Sojat and Patta Rathore of Siwana.
● Annexed Sojat Fort.
● Sivana Fort was annexed by Shahbaz Khan in 1575 AD.

Conquest against Surtan Deora of Sirohi: 1576.

Conquest of Kabul: 1581.

Conquest of Balochistan: 1585

Third Phase (1605-12 AD)
 Jehangir conferred a Mansab of 5000 to Rai Singh in 1605.
 Responsibility of administering Agra.
 Raisingh was appointed as Subedar of South where he died in Burhanpur in 1612
AD.
Conflict with Akbar
● Mentioned in Dayaldas ri Khyat and Raja Rai Singh ri vel.
● Bhatner was under his control.
● Conflict due to Nasir Khan and Teja.
● Ban on entry in Mughal Court.
● Akbar gave Jagir of Junagadh (1593), Shamshabad and Noorpur (1604).
● Title of Rai by Akbar.
The Junagarh Fort and Inscription
● In 1589-1594 AD, under the supervision of Minister Karmachand.
● Idols of Jaimal And Fatta at Suraj Pole in Junagarh Fort.
● 'Rai Singh Prashasti’ (Inscription) composed by ‘Jaita’.
● Modern Historian Munshi Devi Prasad had called him 'Karna of Rajputana’.
● Title of 'Rajendra' in 'Karmachandra Vanshottkirtanam Kavya' written by Jaisom.
● Karamchand’s Attempted Coup.
Books by Rai Singh
● ‘Rai Singh Mahotsav’ and Vaidyak Vanshavali.
● 'Jyotish Ratnakar/Ratnmala and 'Bal Bodhani’.

● "Raja Rai Singh Rei Veli”: Writer not Known.

Dalpat Singh (1612-13 AD)
● Son of Rai Singh and Sisodani Jasma de.
● Jehangir gave him death sentence in 1613.

Sur Singh (1613–1631 AD)

● Son of Rai Singh and Bhatiyani Ganga De.
● Jehangir appointed Sur Singh as the ruler.
● Suppressed Shah Jehan's (Khurram) rebellion in 1622.
● Shahjehan increased his mansab to 2500-4000 Jaat.
● Sursagar Pond.
Maharaja Karn Singh (1631–1669 AD)
 ‘Matirey ki Raad’.
 Protected from attacks of Uzbecks during the reign of Shah Jehan.
 Title of 'Jangaldhar Badshah’ as mentioned in Suk-Sarika.
Literary Contributions during the reign Maharaja Karn Singh
 'Sahitya Kalpadrum' written by a group of scholars and Karn Singh himself.
 Ganganand Maithili wrote 'Karn Bhushan' and 'Kavya-Dakini'.
 Kavi Mudrugal wrote Karnsantosh.
 Honsik Bhatt wrote Karnavats.
 Karn Singh built a temple of Karni Mata at Deshnok, 25km from Bikaner.
Kesari Singh and Padam Singh
● Sons of Maharaja Karn Singh.
● Helped Aurangzeb in Battles of Dharmat, and Samugarh and Battle of Khajwa
was won for
● Padam Singh killed Mir Tojak with his blade at Aurangabad.
● Col. Paulette: Padam Singh was King Richard I, the Lion Heart of Britain.
Maharaja Anoop Singh (1669–1698 AD)
 Title of 'Maharaja' and 'MahiMaratib’.
 Vanmali Das Episode. (Laxmidas & Bika Bhimrajot).
Relation with Maharana Raj Singh of Mewar
● Elephant: Manmukti
● Horses: Sahensingar and Tej Nidhan.

Contribution to Art and Culture

1. 33 Crore Devi-devataon ka Mandir.
2. Anoop Sanskrit Library in Bikaner.
3. 'Anoopgarh’ Fort in 1678 and Anop Sagar (Chautani) Well.
Sanskrit Texts by Anoop Singh
Anoopavivek (Tantra Shashtra) Kaam-Prabodh
Shraadh Prayog Chintamani Anupodaya (Teeka on Geet Govind)

Court Scholars
 Bhaav Bhatt: Anoop Sangeet Vilas, Anoop Sangeet Ratnakar, Anoop Sangeet
Ankush.
 Veerbhan Gadan: Kunwar Anoop Singh ri Veli.
 Maniram: Anoop Vyavhar Sagar and Anoop Vilas.
 Vaidyanath: Jyotpatisaar.
 Bhadraram: Ayutlakshahomkotiprayog.
Translations
 Dampati Vinod by Joshi Rai (Re-translation of Shuk Saptati).
 Bhagvat Gita translation in Rajasthani by Anand Ram.
 Betal-Pacchisi etc.

Matheran Art
Maharaja Sujan Singh (1700-1735)
● Anarchy in Bikaner during the rule of Swaroop Singh.

● Served the Mughals in South India from 1700–1709 AD.

● Served 7 Mughal Emperors.

● Foiled Attack by Ajit Singh of Marwar and Nagaur Ruler Bakht Singh
● Thakur Pritviraj and Bidawat Tejsinghot.

● ‘Varsalpur Vijay’ was written by Matheran Jogi Das during his time.
Maharaja Zorawar Singh (1735-1746)
● Attended Hurda Conference of 1734.

● His grand mother Sisodani built the Chaturbhuj Temple of Bikaner.

● Books: ‘Vaidyaksaar’ and ‘Pooja Padhati’.

Maharaja Gaj Singh (1746-1787)
● Helped Ahmad Shah Bahadur or Mirza Ahmed Shah to suppress the revolt of
Awadh Nawab Safdarjung.

● Mansab of Gaj Singh was 7000.

● Title of 'Shri Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shiromani Shri Gaj Singh’.

● Mahi Maratib.

● Shehar-Penah (Rampart) of Bikaner City.

Maharaja Surat Singh (1787-1827)
● Attack on Bhatner Fort in 1805 and Settling of Hanumangarh.

● Supported Jagat Singh of Jaipur in the 1807 Battle of Gingoli.

● Attack by George Tomas and support of Patiala King to Bikaner.

● Attack on Churu ruler Sheo Singh in 1814.

● Treaty with the British in March 1818. (Kashinath Ojha).

Construction
● Suratgarh city of Sri-Ganganagar.
Maharaja Ratan Singh (1828-1851)

Battle of Vasanpi/Basanpeer, 1829.

● Truce by British. Lt. Trevelyan and Lt. Boelo.

● ‘Mahi Maratib’: Akbar II

● Banning of Female Foeticide.

● Anglo-Afghan war and Anglo-Sikh wars I and II.

● Ratan Bihari Temple in Bikaner.

Court Scholar
● Dayaldas Sindhyach
● “Bikaner re Rathora ri Khyat”.
Maharaja Sardar Singh (1851-1872)
● Banned the practice of Sati and Samadhi in 1854.

● Support to British during the 1857 Revolt.

● Rasik Shiromani Temple.

● Town of Sardarshahar
Maharaja Dungar Singh (1872-1888)
● II Anglo-Afghan war in 1878.
● Salt Treaty with the British in 1879.
● Postal office of Bikaner in 1884.

Temple Construction
● Laleshwar Shiva Temple
● Dungareshwar Temple in Kashi
● Murlimanohar temple in Dwarika.
Maharaja Ganga Singh (1888-1943)
● Palana Coal Mines.

● Boxing Wars in 1900.

● Chhapaniya Akal.

● Praja Parishad in 1913.

● Donations to BHU.
Ganga Risala and World War I
● Imperial War Conference in Delhi
● Imperial War Cabinet.
● Treaty of Versailles.
● League of Nations.

Narendra Mandal.
Construction Works
1. Gang Canal- 1920.
2. Lalgarh Palace
3. Ramdevra Pir Temple in 1931.
4. City of Ganganagar