Professional Documents
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Presented by Dr. Sannithi Nagarjuna: Coordinator For
Presented by Dr. Sannithi Nagarjuna: Coordinator For
Presented by
Dr. Sannithi Nagarjuna
9885784793
nagarjunaspharma@gmail.com
❑ The cardiovascular system refers to the heart, blood vessels and the
blood.
❑ Blood contains oxygen and other nutrients which your body needs to
survive.
❑ The body takes these essential nutrients from the blood. At the same
time, the body dumps waste products like carbon dioxide, back into the
the body.
('thermoregulation')
body in humans.
BLOOD VESSELS
❖ They also take waste and carbon dioxide away from the tissues.
vessels.
heart.
Source: Google
3. ANGINA PECTORIS
period of time.
pectoris.
6. HYPOTENSION
(Phase 2).
❖ After some time, Calcium channels will be closed and only
(Phase 3).
and sodium out side, cell reaches resting state (Phase 4).
Source: Google
PHASES OF ACTION POTENTIAL
cardiac cell.
SA NODE
ATRIA
AV NODE
BUNDLE OF HIS
PURKINJE FIBRES
VENTRICLES
Source: Google
ECG/EKG/ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
Source: Google
ARRHYTHMIAS
1. Tachyarrhythmias
Above 100 beats/minute
2. Bradyarrhythmias
Below 60 beats/minute
Ib > Ia > Ic
Ic > Ia > Ib
Quinidine – It is an alkaloid obtained from
Cinchona bark. In higher doses it causes
cinchonism characterized by tinnitus.
metabolism.
1. Antiepileptics
2. Antiarrhythmics
3. Local anesthetics
CLASS II DRUGS
1. Nonselective β blockers
Ex: Propranolol, Pindolol, Timolol, Sotalol
2. Selective β1 blockers
Ex: Atenolol, Acebutalol, Bisoprolol, Nebivolol
CLASS III DRUGS
arrhythmias.
DRUGS USED FOR BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
1. Anticholinergics
Ex: Atropine
Ex: Dobutamine
DRUGS FOR CONGESTIVE HEART
FAILURE/CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE
(CARDIOTONICS)
the body.
❖ Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and
superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body
into the right atrium of the heart.
❖ As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your right atrium into
your right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve.
❖ When the ventricle is full, the tricuspid valve shuts. This prevents
blood from flowing backward into the atria while the ventricle
contracts.
❖ The pulmonary vein empties oxygen-rich blood from the lungs into the
❖ As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your left atrium into your left
❖ When the ventricle is full, the mitral valve shuts. This prevents blood
from flowing backward into the atrium while the ventricle contracts.
through the aortic valve, into the aorta and to the arteries and
1. No. of Contractions
2. Force of Contraction
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
Ex: Digitalis
Stropanthus
Squill
Thevetia
Digitalis ---
Digitalis purpurea (Digitoxin)
Digitalis lanata (Digoxin)
Stropanthus ----
Stropanthus kombe (K-Stropanthin)
Stropanthus gratus (G-Stropanthin/Ouabain)
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
of contraction.
Source: Google
Source: Google
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
OF CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
1. INOTROPIC ACTION ( FORCE OF CONTRACTION)
1. Which are highly plasma protein bound drugs hence they have
2. Which are having very narrow therapeutic index hence they are
1. Which are highly plasma protein bound drugs
hence they have very longer duration of action
1. Hypokalemia
2. Cumulative toxicity
3. Visual disturbances
2. Potassium supplements
DRUGS WHICH INCREASE THE
LEVELS OF CAMP
Ex: Dobutamine
2. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
9885784793
nagarjunaspharma@gmail.com