Technology Convergence

Technological convergence, the integration of multiple technologies

into a single device or system.

Group Members:
Adnan Shaukat

Shamyl Farooq
What is technological convergence

Technological convergence is the process by which different types of technology merge together to
perform similar or related functions. It involves the integration of various technologies, such as
telecommunications, IT, media, and consumer electronics, into a single device or platform. This
convergence creates new opportunities for innovation, simplifies the use of technology, and makes it
more accessible to a wider range of people. For example, smartphones are a result of technological
convergence as they combine features of traditional mobile phones, computers, and digital cameras into
a single device.

The history and origin of technological convergence

The merging of various technological fields such as telecommunications, IT, and media has resulted in
technological convergence, which aims to simplify processes. This convergence began before the
widespread use of mobile wireless networks when telecommunication providers had fixed telephone
networks. However, the advent of mobile phones in the 1990s revolutionized communication by
enabling people to make calls without being tethered to wires. Today, smartphones have replaced
mobile phones, providing a multitude of functions such as gaming, listening to music, checking email,
texting, making calls, watching TV, browsing the internet, and more, all through a single interface. Smart
devices also come equipped with GPS tracking, which allows for location-based services such as
advertising in e-commerce. The internet has further facilitated convergence by allowing telecom service
providers to offer bundled packages that include cable TV, voice, and internet access on a single
network, known as network convergence or media convergence. Thus, providers who were once limited
to telephone services can now offer comprehensive packages at a monthly rate.

Goal of technological convergence

The aim of convergence is to facilitate innovation in multiple ways. Manufacturing and designing
advanced devices that share the same form factor require significant high-tech expertise. Convergence's
cost-effectiveness makes it easier for more people to access new technologies. Moreover, convergence
has environmental benefits as it lowers the number of devices needed to manufacture, reducing the
amount of waste produced when discarding old technology.

Importance of technological convergence

In terms of consumers, technological convergence is commonly linked with innovation because it

typically involves enhancements being made as different technologies merge. A good example of this is
the evolution of video cameras. In the past, they were very popular, but nowadays, consumer-grade
video cameras are rare, and most people record videos on their smartphones or other mobile devices.
This shift has eliminated the need for a separate video camera, and has also resulted in higher-quality
video recordings. Unlike earlier video cameras, which typically had a maximum resolution of 480i,
modern mobile devices can record in 4K resolution, and have longer battery life. Another advantage of
technological convergence for consumers is that it makes technology more accessible and affordable,
which is sometimes referred to as the "consumerization" of information technology.
Technological convergence has revolutionized the availability and accessibility of various technologies.
Wi-Fi is a prime example of this, where in the past, only IT professionals could set up expensive Wi-Fi
routers. However, today, Wi-Fi is pervasive and found in almost every consumer electronic device. Its
prices have significantly decreased, and the setup process has become simplified to the point where
even non-tech-savvy individuals can install it. This exemplifies how convergence has made technology
more affordable and easier to use for consumers.

Convergence has also impacted businesses, as it allows companies to easily connect with customers and
gain insight into their buying patterns. In certain cases, businesses can even influence customer
purchases through convergence. For instance, some retailers track customers' smartphone locations and
use this information to send them targeted coupons or pop-up notifications for items they are currently
viewing, thus further encouraging them to make a purchase.

Examples of technological convergence

One way to assess the significance of technological convergence is to compare it with past generations'
innovations. Devices like CD players, cassette decks, console TVs, and corded telephones could perform
only one task, while a modern handheld computing device can integrate multiple functions seamlessly
with minimal user involvement.

Individuals who lack proficiency in computer usage are more inclined to adopt internet and video on
demand services if they can access them via their television. As television is a familiar and unchallenging
medium, and the displays are sizable and simple to navigate, accessing the internet through them
entails minimal training.

Although PCs have graphical user interfaces, they typically prioritize text over other forms of media.
They are designed for interactive use, especially for business and educational purposes, and their
screens tend to be smaller. Some individuals may find computers difficult to use and may require formal
instruction or a learning curve.

Two additional instances of technological convergence are utilizing a smartphone for making phone calls
and capturing digital photos, and using a digital TV for performing computing tasks such as browsing the
internet while simultaneously watching a movie.

Technological convergence is not limited to telecommunications and media, as it has begun to affect
other traditional industries. In the past, many print products, including newspapers, did not have a
strong online presence, but as time went on, they realized the importance of incorporating new media
to provide real-time content and increase advertising opportunities. Social media platforms were
created as a result of technological convergence, allowing users to share content online. Today, most
major media outlets have adopted a software development and IT operations approach to create
branded applications that enable subscribers to interact directly with editorial staff through social media
channels like Facebook, Twitter, and chatrooms. The rise of electric vehicles further demonstrates how
technology is converging, as they must use alternative fuels and connect to the electricity grid, while
also utilizing internet technologies to collect and analyze data.
AI, or artificial intelligence, involves computers simulating human behavior. Chatbots are tools that use
machine learning and natural language algorithms, and some companies utilize them to handle
customer service inquiries. For instance, online travel agencies may use chatbots to assist customers
with modifying their travel dates or canceling a reservation. This approach benefits customers by
providing immediate service without having to wait on an agent, and it frees up travel agents to handle
more pressing concerns.

Chatbots are not only used for customer service in online businesses, however. Virtual assistants such as
Amazon's Alexa, Apple's Siri, Google Assistant, and Microsoft's Cortana are examples of AI chatbots.
Technological convergence is also demonstrated by the way that AI, blockchain, and IoT technologies
are merging to create tamper-proof ledgers, which are widely used in banking and cryptocurrency
applications. Some data backup providers are using blockchain technology to ensure backups are not
subject to tampering or encryption by ransomware.

The integration of technology has also allowed the film industry to reduce expenses and incorporate
more captivating effects through digital production. Nevertheless, digitized content can be subject to
theft through content ripping, which can lead to a decline in revenue for production companies as more
viewers choose to stream videos instead of going to the cinema.

In addition, data centers are increasingly exploring the use of converged infrastructure (CI) or hyper-
converged infrastructure (HCI). With CI, businesses can purchase computer, server, networking, and
storage components in a single rack. HCI, on the other hand, consolidates all of these components into a
single appliance.

Other examples of technological convergence are, such as smartphones that combine multiple functions
like GPS, music playback, and camera, or televisions that double as computer monitors. Other examples
include watches that can track fitness and play music, home assistants that can act as intercoms, alarms,
and speakers, and the use of a single social media platform for communication, marketing, and
customer service.

Technological convergence can take different forms, such as integrating multiple technologies into a
single product or service (e.g., smartphones that can access the internet, make calls, and send
messages), using a single platform or infrastructure for multiple purposes or users (e.g., a wireless
network that connects multiple devices), or having a single user interface for different devices or
services (e.g., a touch screen that works for smartphones, tablets, and laptops).

One way that technological convergence benefits consumers is by allowing them to use a single device
or service for multiple applications or content sources. For example, a smartphone can be used to watch
online videos, listen to music, and read books, or to connect to different networks like cellular and Wi-Fi.
However, the convergence of technologies also raises challenges, such as the risk of piracy or the loss of
revenue for movie theaters as more people stream videos at home.

Technological convergence has enabled various industries to offer new and innovative products or
services, such as digital production in the film industry or converged infrastructure in data centers.
Examples of convergence include using a single set of standards or protocols for different technologies
(e.g., wireless networks, Bluetooth, and NFC), or using a single device or service to support multiple
applications or services (e.g., a smartphone for GPS navigation, music streaming, and booking a hotel
room).

Advantages of technological convergence

1- Increased efficiency: By integrating multiple technologies into a single device or platform,

technological convergence can simplify tasks and reduce the need for separate devices or
platforms, thereby increasing efficiency.
2- Enhanced functionality: Technological convergence can add new features and capabilities to
devices or platforms, making them more versatile and useful.
3- Improved user experience: By providing a seamless and integrated experience, technological
convergence can make it easier for users to interact with and use technology.
4- Cost savings: By combining multiple technologies into a single device or platform, technological
convergence can reduce costs associated with purchasing and maintaining separate devices or
platforms.
5- Increased accessibility: Technological convergence can make technology more accessible to a
wider range of users by simplifying tasks and reducing the need for specialized knowledge or
skills.
6- Innovation: Technological convergence can drive innovation by encouraging the development of
new and improved technologies that can be integrated into existing devices or platforms.

Disadvantages of technological convergence

Although technological convergence offers benefits, it also has some significant downsides. Providing
internet, voice, and video services is a complex task that requires substantial investments in computing,
network infrastructure, security, and ongoing software development. These costs are typically passed on
to consumers in the form of higher fees or rates. Furthermore, combining voice, video, and internet
services can increase the severity of outages. In the past, an outage in one service would only affect that
particular service. However, when these services are bundled together and delivered over a single
connection, a service disruption can potentially leave customers without voice, video, and internet
services for the entire duration of the outage.

To users, the efficiency of converged technologies depends on their form factor. For example, a
smartphone can access a browser, but its small screen size may limit its functionality compared to a
desktop or PC. Therefore, a physical device's form factor determines its optimal use cases.

Furthermore, converged technologies enable pervasive data collection, and it can be difficult for users to
understand when tech companies collect data and how it's used to create a personal profile. The use of
wearable devices, lapses in cybersecurity, and the increased use of mobile devices have expanded the
attack surface for hackers to obtain personally identifiable information. These concerns have sparked
debates on the need for additional U.S. regulations similar to the General Data Protection Regulation
laws in the European Union that govern data privacy.
The merging of digital technologies can lead to various security concerns, including weaknesses in
security for consumer-based IoT devices. Hackers who manage to gain access to these devices could use
them as a launchpad to attack other connected devices on the same network, including data-rich
devices such as personal computers, smartphones, and tablets.

Challenges

To merge various technologies into a single device can lead to challenges including complexity,
compatibility, security, cost, and obsolescence. The complexity of the system can increase as more
technologies are integrated, making it harder for users to operate the device and leading to technical
issues. Compatibility issues may arise with the convergence of different technologies, which may not
work with all types of software or communicate with other devices in a network. Security can also be
compromised as a single vulnerability in the system can affect all the technologies in the system. The
integration of multiple technologies into a single device can lead to higher costs for consumers, making
it challenging to afford the latest products. Rapid technological change can also cause devices to become
obsolete quickly, resulting in the need for frequent upgrades or replacements, which can be costly.
Despite these challenges, technological convergence can bring new and exciting products if these issues
are addressed.

Critical Analysis & Conclusion

Technological convergence has brought about many benefits, such as increased convenience, efficiency,
and productivity. However, it also presents several challenges and potential drawbacks that need to be
addressed.

One of the main challenges of technological convergence is complexity. When multiple technologies are
combined into a single device, the system's complexity can increase, making it difficult for users to
operate the device and leading to technical issues. This can be a significant problem for users who are
not tech-savvy, leading to frustration and decreased productivity.

Compatibility is another issue associated with technological convergence. With the convergence of
different technologies, compatibility issues can arise, and devices may not be compatible with all types
of software, or they may not be able to communicate with other devices in a network. This can lead to
decreased efficiency and productivity, as users may need to switch between multiple devices or
software programs to complete tasks.

Security is also a significant concern with technological convergence. With the convergence of multiple
technologies, the security of the system can be compromised, and a single vulnerability in the system
can lead to the compromise of all the technologies in the system. This can lead to significant financial
losses and privacy violations.

Cost is another potential drawback of technological convergence. Combining multiple technologies into
a single device can lead to higher costs, making it difficult for consumers to afford the latest products.
Furthermore, with the rapid pace of technological change, a device that combines multiple technologies
may become obsolete quickly, leading to the need for frequent upgrades or replacement of devices,
which can be costly.

In conclusion, while technological convergence offers many potential benefits, it also presents significant
challenges that need to be addressed. Policymakers, technology companies, and consumers must work
together to ensure that the benefits of technological convergence are maximized while minimizing its
potential drawbacks. This can be achieved through increased investment in research and development,
improved standards and protocols, and increased awareness of security risks and best practices.

Recommendations

Here are some recommendations for technological convergence:

1- Focus on User Experience: As technological convergence becomes more complex, it is important

to prioritize the user experience. This includes designing products that are intuitive and easy to
use, as well as providing clear instructions and support.
2- Emphasize Compatibility: Compatibility is a major issue in technological convergence.
Companies should work to ensure that their products are compatible with other devices and
software to provide a seamless experience for users.
3- Enhance Security Measures: With the increasing risk of cyber attacks, companies need to
prioritize security in their products. This includes implementing strong encryption, regular
software updates, and multi-factor authentication.
4- Develop Standards: To address the issues of regulation and compatibility, it is important to
develop standards for technological convergence. This will help ensure that different devices
and technologies can work together seamlessly and that they comply with regulatory
requirements.
5- Consider Sustainability: As technology continues to evolve, it is important to consider the
environmental impact of technological convergence. Companies should work to reduce their
carbon footprint by using renewable energy sources and minimizing electronic waste.
6- Foster Collaboration: Collaboration among companies, governments, and other stakeholders
can help address the challenges of technological convergence. This includes sharing best
practices and working together to develop standards and regulations that benefit everyone
involved.
7- Overall, technological convergence has the potential to bring many benefits, but it also presents
challenges that need to be addressed. By prioritizing user experience, compatibility, security,
sustainability, and collaboration, companies can develop products that meet the needs of users
while also promoting innovation and growth.
References:

 Technological Convergence: Regulatory, Digital Privacy, and Data Security Issues Congressional
Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45746
 https://www.exampleslab.com/14-examples-of-technological-convergence-and-we-do-we-
need-it/
 https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatacenter/definition/technological-convergence
 https://topadvantagesof.com/advantages-of-technology-convergence/
 https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatacenter/definition/technological-
convergence#:~:text=Technological%20convergence%20is%20a%20term,collection%20of
%20single%2Dpurpose%20devices.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_convergence