Brain Health Screening using IOT
Muhammad Munir1, Mukaram Abbas2
Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan.
2022mscs227@student.uet.edu.pk, 2022mscs226@student.uet.edu.pk
Abstract
Brain injuries are a leading cause of death and disability
worldwide, and accurately diagnosing and treating them
is often challenging. Traditional methods of diagnosis
can be invasive, time-consuming, and expensive, pre-
senting a significant problem for healthcare profession-
als. In response to this challenge, we are working on an
AI-powered brain injury detecting device that has the po-
tential to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of
brain injuries. This device will use advanced algorithms
to analyze brain activity and detect signs of injury
quickly and non-invasively. Our device can improve pa-
tient outcomes and help healthcare professionals provide
better care for individuals with brain injuries by provid-
ing accurate and efficient diagnoses.
Introduction
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of mor-
tality and disability in those under 45 worldwide. Profes-
sionals in public health and rehabilitation are very con-
cerned about brain damage since it is linked to both
short-term and long-term problems.
The words "acquired brain damage" and "head injury"
are general terminology that includes a wide range of le-
sions to the brain, skull, scalp, and blood vessels in the
head. Damage to the brain brought on by neurodegener-
ative conditions like Multiple Sclerosis (MS) or Parkin-
son's Disease is not considered an acquired brain injury.
Traumatic brain damage from an external cause and non-
traumatic brain injury from an internal or exterior source
are the two main categories for acquired brain injuries.
Head trauma (head injury) causes traumatic brain injury
(TBI), which is brain damage. Road traffic accidents, as-
saults, falls, and mishaps at home or work are just a few
potential reasons [1]. A traumatic brain injury may have
a broad range of repercussions that vary depending on
the kind, location, and degree of the damage.
Light head injury, minor head injury, and mild traumatic
brain injury are often used to describe concussions.
Whatever the name, a head injury causes the brain to
rock back and forth within the skull, mildly damaging
tissue. Falls, car accidents, violent attacks, and sports in-
juries often cause a concussion. Although most minor
head injuries do not permanently harm the brain, they
may sometimes interfere with brain function for at least
a few weeks.
A stroke is a medical emergency in which there is a dis-
ruption in the blood flow to a portion of the brain, result-
ing in brain damage. There are two different stroke types:
Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a weak blood artery
ruptures allowing blood to pour into the brain, whereas
ischemic stroke is caused by a blood clot blocking a
blood vessel.
A brain aneurysm is a bulge, like a blister, in the wall of
a frail blood vessel in the brain. Many factors may
weaken a blood vessel. A portion of the blood vessel wall
may bulge into an aneurysm when the wall is weak be-
cause the pressure the blood travels through it might
weaken it.
An electroencephalography (EEG) pattern known as
"burst suppression" is characterized by bursts of intense
electrical activity in the brain that alternate with periods
of complete inactivity. This pattern is seen in people
whose brains are not working, like when under general
anesthesia, in a coma, or because they are too cold. For
the treatment of brain injury, timely diagnosis and treat-
ment [2].
The history of diagnosing brain injuries can be traced
back to ancient times when Hippocrates described the
signs of head injury in the fifth century BC. But it was
when modern medicine came along that doctors could
diagnose and treat brain injuries more accurately. In the
19th century, advances in medical technology, such as
the development of the stethoscope and ophthalmoscope,
allowed physicians better to understand the symptoms
and effects of brain injuries.
The introduction of X-ray imaging in the early 20th cen-
tury allowed doctors to detect skull fractures and other
types of brain injuries that were not visible on the sur-
face. In the 1970s, computed tomography (CT) scans
were developed, providing physicians with a more de-
tailed view of the brain and allowing for the detection of
a more comprehensive range of brain injuries, such as
bleeding and swelling. In the 1980s, magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) was developed, which made it possible
to see even more details about the brain and how it work.
Biomarkers and AI-powered devices are now better at
finding brain injuries than they used to be. These tech-
nologies can help identify subtle brain function and
structure changes that may indicate an injury, even when
other diagnostic tools do not reveal any abnormalities.
In this tech era, approaches to diagnosing brain injury are
changing. No one wants to spend hours and go through
harmful traditions in diagnosing brain injury, but is there
any other option? We’re working on a revolutionary AI-
powered device that will diagnose brain injuries with un-
matched accuracy and efficiency. This cutting-edge
technology will be developed with the latest advance-
ments in artificial intelligence and neuroscience, making
it a game-changer in the field of brain injury diagnosis.
With the ability to analyze complex brain data in real
time, our device will identify and localize brain injuries
with unprecedented precision. Its user-friendly interface
will allow healthcare professionals to quickly and easily
access detailed reports, enabling faster and more accu-
rate treatment decisions. Our AI device will transform
how we diagnose and treat brain injuries, providing pa-
tients with the best possible outcomes. Our device will
be just a 2-minute solution to diagnose brain injury. The
purpose behind the development of such a device is to
make brain screening and monitoring more accessible
and fast for patients with different brain injuries. Our
goal is to fast the health system's diagnosis of brain con-
ditions like seizures, strokes, and concussions [3]. Our
device will shorten the time span of hours to minutes.
This will save patients' lives and reduce healthcare pro-
viders’ treatment costs.
Problem Statement
Brain injuries, whether they are caused by an accident or
something else, are the leading cause of death and
disability around the world, especially among people
under 45 [4]. Even though medical technology has
improved, diagnosing and treating brain injuries can still
be hard. Traditional methods of diagnosis can be time-
consuming, expensive, and often involve invasive
procedures. This presents a significant problem for
healthcare professionals, who must accurately and
efficiently diagnose brain injuries to provide the best
possible patient outcomes. In response to this problem,
we're making an AI-powered device that could change
how we diagnose and treat brain injuries, making them
easier to spot, treat, and diagnose.
Literature Review
The development of devices that can detect brain injury
quickly is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of brain
injury. Electroencephalography (EEG) devices, mag-
netic resonance imaging (MRI) devices, near-infrared
spectroscopy (NIRS) devices, transcranial Doppler
(TCD) devices, and biomarker devices are all potential
tools for detecting brain injury quickly. In this section,
we’ve reviewed past work to detect brain injuries.
One approach that has been explored is the use of elec-
trophysiological methods, such as quantitative electroen-
cephalography (qEEG) and event-related potentials
(ERPs). Researchers found that while qEEG measure-
ments have limited diagnostic utility for mild traumatic
brain injury (mTBI), discriminant functions show prom-
ise. Conversely, ERPs offer utility in mTBI detection,
and newer analysis methods should be incorporated. The
study also noted that high specificity in qEEG evalua-
tions of TBI might not be maintained in real-world clin-
ical practice. Still, if test-retest reliability is acceptable,
qEEG may be useful as a longitudinal measure of treat-
ment response [5]. Researchers described the develop-
ment of a device that could create graded blast-induced
traumatic brain injury (bTBI) in mice, miming the injury
severity observed in battlefield conditions. The device
used precise pressures that mimic Friedlander shock-
wave curves and can control the duration and amplitude
of the shockwave. The findings suggested that this
mouse bTBI model could be useful for investigating in- tistatic microwave imaging technique. Continued re-
jury mechanisms and developing therapeutic strategies search and development in these areas may lead to im-
associated with bTBI [6]. proved diagnosis and treatment of brain injuries.
Another technology that has been proposed for detecting
brain injuries is an automatic early diagnosis system
based on advanced EEG signal processing and machine
learning techniques. In a study, the algorithm removed
artifacts and noise automatically, enabling a quick diag- Year Problem Contribution Results
nosis based on supervised machine learning. The system and Statement
had shown good generalization performance in evalua- Author
tions, providing effective decision support for early treat-
ment 2. 2015 Electro- It aimed to It recommended
Another promising technology is the use of resting state (Paul physiologi- evaluate the the expansion of
functional network connectivity (rsFNC) and diffusion E.,etal) cal methods utility of qEEG mathematical pro-
magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) for detecting mild can be use- as an mTBI de- cedures used in the
traumatic brain injury (mTBI). In a study, a linear sup- ful for de- tection tool, characterization of
port vector machine was used for classification, achiev- tecting neu- recommend mTBI EEGs to in-
ing maximum accuracy of 84.1% for rsFNC and 75.5% rological specific corporate newer
for dMRI. A significant increase in rsFNC between cer- dysfunc- measures and analysis methods
tain networks was observed in mTBI patients, suggesting tions like analysis meth- and emphasizes
the importance of including common and unique infor- mTBI, but ods for further the need for ac-
mation for classification. The study suggests rsFNC can there is de- development, ceptable test-retest
yield viable biomarkers that outperform dMRI and bate over identify re- reliability studies
points to connectivity to the cerebellum as an important their accu- search gaps in with qEEG data
region for detecting mTBI [7]. racy as di- the field, and obtained from TBI
agnostic recommend fu- patients or healthy
tools. It's ture research controls.
Finally, a paper presented a novel multistatic microwave important to and develop-
imaging technique for fast diagnosis of brain injuries in identify ment thrust ar-
medical emergencies. The technique used Bessel func- specific eas.
tions to estimate scattered power intensity inside the im- EEG
aged region from measured multi static scattered signals measures
outside the imaged region in quasi-real-time. Using the that can
average-trace subtraction method, the algorithm accu- serve as re-
rately reconstructed internal scattered power intensity by liable mark-
removing skin reflections and clutters. The method was ers of dys-
verified using realistic numerical simulations and exper- function.
imental measurements, showing reliable detection of dif-
ferent sizes and locations of injuries inside the head
phantom quickly and consistently [8].

Several promising technologies have been proposed for

detecting brain injuries quickly and accurately. These in-
clude electrophysiological methods, automatic early di-
agnosis systems, devices for creating graded bTBI in 2016 Traumatic Development Achieved 79.1%
mice, resting state functional network connectivity and (Bruno Brain Injury of a process for accuracy in re-
diffusion magnetic resonance imaging, and a novel mul- , et al) (TBI) is a fast and relia- moving artifacts
leading
 cause of ble TBI diag- and 87.85% accu- derstand in-
death and nosis using au- racy in TBI diag- jury mecha-
disability tomatic EEG nosis. nisms and
after acci- data pro- develop
dents cessing. therapeutic
strategies.

2016 This study The study re- Optical methods

2016 There is a The I/A model The I/A model (Wojci aimed to viewed 54 have the potential
(Sarah need to de- was developed produces exten- ech, et provide an studies and for monitoring
C.,etal velop a reli- to induce dif- sive axonal injury al) overview of found that opti- TBI in applica-
) able and fuse axonal in- in rats and allows the poten- cal methods tions like lesion
cost-effec- jury in rats for secondary in- tial applica- have been detection, brain
tive model without focal sult modeling. tions of op- tested for de- oxygenation, per-
for inducing contusion or tical meth- tecting intra- fusion assessment,
traumatic skull fractures. ods for cranial lesions, and evaluating
brain injury monitoring monitoring metabolic pro-
(TBI) in traumatic brain oxygena- cesses. However,
rats. brain injury tion, assessing limitations include
(TBI). brain perfu- calibration needs
sion, and eval- and the possibility
uating cerebral of interference
2016 Blast-in- The paper de- The bTBIs of autoregulation from extracerebral
(Sarah duced trau- scribes a novel 250 psi caused or intracellular tissues.
C., et matic brain compact de- 80% mortality, metabolic pro-
al.) injury vice that cre- which decreased cesses in the
(bTBI) is a ates graded to 27% with the brain. The re-
common in- bTBI in mice, metal shield. Brain searchers also
jury on the allowing for and lung damage noted limita-
battlefield precise control depended on the tions to cur-
and often of injury sever- shockwave dura- rently available
results in ity. The device tion and ampli- optical meth-
permanent can be used to tude. Cognitive ods.
cognitive investigate in- deficits were ob-
and neuro- jury mecha- served, and patho- 2016 Current The paper pre- The proposed
logical ab- nisms and ther- logical changes in (Ah- techniques sents a novel method showed
normalities. apeutic strate- the brain included med for diagnos- multistatic mi- reliable detection
There is a gies associated disruption of the Toaha ing brain in- crowave imag- of different sizes
need for a with bTBI. blood-brain bar- Mobas juries in ing technique and locations of
mouse rier, multifocal hsher) medical that uses Bes- brain injuries in-
model that neuronal and ax- emergen- sel functions to side the head
can repli- onal degeneration, cies are estimate scat- phantom quickly
cate bTBI and reactive glio- slow and in- tered power in- and consistently.
injury se- sis. accurate. tensity inside Compared to ex-
verity to There is a the imaged re- isting multi-static
better un- need for a gion. The tech- time-domain
faster and nique also uses methods, the pre-
the average- sented approach
 more relia- trace subtrac- was faster and user- complex tran-
ble method tion method to more accurate. friendly scriptomics
for detect- accurately re- web portal data.
ing brain in- construct inter- for interac-
juries. nal scattered tive visuali-
power intensity zation and
by removing exploration.
skin reflections
and clutters. 2017 Traumatic The study pre- The study found
(Yiing brain injury sents a new mi- that the microflu-
Chi- (TBI) is a crofluidic de- idic device suc-
ing, et leading vice that can cessfully applied
2017 The paper The study The maximum ac- al.) cause of apply stretch mild and very mild
(Ver- explores the shows that curacy achieved death and injury to indi- stretch injury to
gara- use of rsFNC can out- was 84.1% for disability vidual cortical individual cortical
Victor) rsFNC and perform dMRI rsFNC and 75.5% among chil- axons and axons, and that the
dMRI for for detecting for dMRI. Signifi- dren and study the neu- device allowed for
detecting mTBI and cant increases in young ronal response the study of the
mTBI and identifies con- rsFNC were ob- adults to axonal neuronal response
compares nectivity to the served in mTBI worldwide, stretch injury to axonal stretch
their perfor- cerebellum as patients. and the in a fluidically injury in a fluidi-
mance as important. mecha- isolated micro- cally isolated mi-
biomarkers. nisms of environment. croenvironment.
axon degen- This new plat- The researchers
eration form allows for observed axon de-
caused by better under- generation follow-
2017 The study The paper pre- BrainScope was TBI remain standing of the ing stretch injury,
(Sjoer aims to pro- sents Brain- shown to be an ef- poorly un- mechanisms of and identified po-
d MH, vide a tool Scope, a web fective tool for ex- derstood. axon degenera- tential mecha-
et al) for explor- portal that uses ploring and under- To better tion caused by nisms of axon de-
ing high-di- dual t-SNE standing high-di- understand TBI. generation.
mensional methodology mensional brain these mech-
brain tran- to provide a transcriptomics anisms, the
scriptomics linked, all-in- data. The tool al- researchers
data from one visualiza- lows researchers aimed to de-
the Allen tion of genes to identify gene velop a mi-
Atlases of and samples co-expression crofluidic
the adult across the modules signifi- device that
and devel- whole brain, cantly enriched for can apply
oping hu- genome, and biological func- mild and
man brain. developmental tions. Spatial sam- very mild
This data is stages. This al- ple densities in t- stretch in-
complex lows research- SNE scatter plots jury to indi-
and difficult ers to easily ex- were shown to co- vidual corti-
to interpret, plore and un- incide with ana- cal axons
and there is derstand the tomical regions. and study
a need for a
 the neu- brain tissue techniques and and cellular altera-
ronal re- alterations their potential tions following
sponse to following for evaluating TBI.
axonal TBI and neurobiologi-
stretch in- highlights cal responses
jury in a flu- the need for to TBI.
idically iso- more ad-
lated micro- vanced
environ- techniques.
ment.

2019 Traumatic The study re- The study found

2018 The study The study con- The study success- (Maria brain injury viewed re- evidence to sup-
(Jona- aimed to de- tributes to the fully developed Gra- (TBI) can search from port the effective-
than velop ad- development advanced micro- zia, et cause cog- 2010 to 2017 ness of VR in cog-
James vanced mi- of advanced engineered plat- al.) nitive and on the effec- nitive assessment
Stan- cro-engi- micro-engi- forms for versatile behavioral tiveness of VR and rehabilitation
ley) neered plat- neered plat- and novel device impair- as an assess- for TBI patients.
forms for forms, includ- technologies, in- ments, and ment and reha- VR was found to
versatile ing an electro- cluding the elec- rehabilita- bilitation tool be effective in im-
and novel hydrodynamic trohydrodynamic tion pro- for TBI pa- proving various
device tech- lithography lithography grams are tients. It ana- cognitive and
nologies. It method and a method and minia- crucial for lyzed the evi- functional out-
also aimed miniaturized turized platform recovery. dence to sup- comes, such as at-
to deliver a platform for for point-of-care The study port using VR tention, memory,
prognostic point-of-care diagnostics. The aimed to in- in TBI rehabil- and executive
tool for diagnostics us- study also deliv- vestigate itation and sug- function. Addi-
long-term ing surface-en- ered a prognostic the poten- gested poten- tionally, VR was
outcomes hanced Raman tool for long-term tial effec- tial improve- found to be safe,
using scattering. The outcomes using tiveness of ments in func- feasible, and en-
MEDTech study also pro- MEDTech analy- virtual real- tional out- joyable for TBI
to analyze vides a prog- sis of clinical ity (VR) comes and patients.
clinical nostic tool for blood plasm. tools in cog- quality of life
blood long-term out- nitive as- for TBI pa-
plasma. comes using sessment tients.
MEDTech and rehabil-
analysis of itation for
clinical blood individuals
plasma. with TBI.

2018 The paper The paper pre- The paper summa- 2020 The study The study de- The method was
(Eliza- reviews the sents a basic re- rizes the findings (Jona- aimed to de- veloped a tech- able to accurately
beth use of view and com- of studies that than velop a sen- nique that used detect TBI in
B., et dMRI for parison of ad- have used dMRI to sitive, a spectroscopic blood samples
al) detecting vanced dMRI investigate tissue
JS, et rapid, and method called with a sensitivity logical defi- could directly blood of COVID-
al.) specific surface-en- of 95% and a spec- cits ob- affect the CNS 19 patients and
method for hanced Raman ificity of 96%. The served in and that the that integrating
detecting scattering to technique was also COVID-19 pathobiology BBs with other di-
traumatic detect TBI. able to differenti- patients and of CNS infec- agnostic tools
brain injury The method ate between mild the poten- tion by the vi- could enhance un-
(TBI) using was highly ac- and severe TBI. tial of blood rus remains derstanding of vi-
chemical curate and low- biomarkers poorly under- ral mechanisms of
biomarkers cost, allowing (BBs) for stood. It also brain injury, pre-
released by for pinpointing diagnosing suggests that dict the severity of
the brain when patients brain injury BBs could pro- neurological defi-
immedi- needed urgent in these pa- vide tools for cits, guide the tri-
ately after a medical atten- tients. detecting brain age of patients and
head injury tion and avoid- injury in assignment to ap-
occurs. ing unneces- COVID-19 pa- propriate medical
sary tests tients. pathways, and as-
where no in- sess the efficacy of
jury had oc- therapeutic inter-
curred. ventions.

2020 The study The study de- The proposed

(Rashe aimed to de- veloped a model achieved an
2020 The study The study sug- The study found ed) velop a multi-instance accuracy of
(Chaiy aimed to in- gested that that NIRS had a method for one-class sup- 94.19% and a sen-
aporn, vestigate NIRS could be high sensitivity in detecting port vector ma- sitivity of 90.00%
et al.) the poten- a useful tool in detecting intracra- functional chine (SVM) when tested with
tial of near- detecting intra- nial hematomas in deficits model based on their mTBI dataset
infrared cranial hema- TBI patients with caused by healthy control at a high beta
spectros- toma in TBI a GCS of 15 and moderate population to band.
copy patients, partic- requiring clinical traumatic identify any
(NIRS) to ularly in re- observation. It brain injury dispersion
detect intra- source-limited also helped reduce (mTBI) us- from the deci-
cranial he- settings. referrals to higher- ing magne- sion boundary
matoma in level healthcare toenceph- as an anomaly
TBI pa- facilities and alography instance of
tients with a saved costs and (MEG) mTBI.
GCS of 15 time. based func-
and requir- tional con-
ing clinical nectivity
observa- features.
tion.

2021 This study The study used The study pre-

2020 The study The study The study found (Mohs aimed to de- a convolutional sented the results
(Ste- discusses highlights that that BBs could be en, et velop a neural network based on the prob-
ven T., the neuro- the SARS- elevated in cere- al.) deep-learn- (CNN) and a ability of tumor lo-
et al.) CoV-2 virus brospinal fluid and ing method cation in magnetic
 for seg- feature-reduc- resonance images. A., et different of 13 studies found to be more
menting tion-based The presented al.) rapid-se- that used sensitive for de-
brain tu- method to lo- method achieved quence RSMRI for pe- tecting hemor-
mors in cate and iden- high accuracy, MRI diatric TBI de- rhages than head
magnetic tify brain tu- sensitivity, and (RSMRI) tection. It eval- CT but less sensi-
resonance mors in a da- dice index com- protocols uated the effi- tive for detecting
images. taset of seven pared to other in- for detect- cacy of RSMRI skull fractures.
brain diseases. vestigations. ing trau- protocols for RSMRI had de-
matic brain detecting hem- creased sensitivity
injury (TBI) orrhages and for all evidence of
in children, skull fractures trauma when com-
2021 This paper This paper pre- The system and to de- and compared pared with stand-
(Navjo addresses sents a porta- achieves a peak termine the sensitivity ard MRI. Missed
dh the need for ble, real-time accuracy of more their sensi- of RSMRI with traumatic pathol-
Singh, a portable data acquisi- than 90% with a tivity for standard MRI. ogy by RSMRI
et al.) and auto- tion and auto- classification time various was frequently
mated sys- mated pro- of fewer than 1 types of in- considered clini-
tem to de- cessing system second across 16- juries. cally insignificant,
tect mild that uses ma- 64 second epochs but some findings
traumatic chine learning for TBI vs. control may be prognosti-
brain injury to identify TBI conditions. The cally and/or foren-
(TBI) and and score sleep study demon- sically significant.
score sleep stages from a strates the poten-
stages using single-channel tial of the system 2022 ( Develop- The develop- The device
a single- EEG signal. to detect mild TBI Arnau, ment of a ment of an AI- showed promising
channel The system is and score sleep et al.) device that enabled optical results in tests on
EEG signal. versatile, oper- stages accurately can simulta- fiber sensor de- animal brain tis-
Such a sys- ating with mul- and efficiently. neously vice that simul- sues, indicating
tem could tiple predictive measure taneously high potential for
be used for models, and multiple measures mul- future diagnostic
early TBI achieves high key bi- tiple key bi- trials in humans.
detection accuracy and omarkers of omarkers of
and TBI re- speed. traumatic TBI and uses
search, par- brain injury machine learn-
ticularly in to help hos- ing algorithms
field set- pitals moni- to predict bi-
tings with- tor TBI omarker con-
out special- more effec- centrations
ized medi- tively. based on real-
cal equip- time data.
ment.

2021 The paper The paper pre- RSMRI with

(Brice aimed to sented a sys- "blood-sensitive"
evaluate tematic review sequences was

Methodology
In this paper, we introduce a new AI device currently be-
ing developed to revolutionize how we detect and moni-
tor brain injury. Our team is focused on designing a port-
able, handheld device that uses advanced algorithms and
proprietary software to provide fast and accurate brain
health screening [9]. By leveraging the power of ma-
chine learning, and IOT, this device will be able to detect
brain injury more quickly and accurately than traditional
screening methods, potentially leading to earlier inter-
vention and improved patient outcomes. Our research
will be focused on evaluating this device's efficacy and
feasibility in various healthcare settings, from the ICU to
the sidelines of sports games. Our team is committed to
ensuring that this device is accessible, accurate, and pa-
tient-centered, focusing on improving brain health
screening for diverse patient populations.
There will be several potential benefits to using an AI
device for detecting brain injury:
 Increased accuracy: AI algorithms can process
large amounts of data quickly and accurately,
potentially improving the accuracy of detecting
brain injury compared to traditional methods.
 Early detection: AI devices can detect subtle
changes in brain activity that may indicate early
signs of injury, allowing for earlier intervention
and potentially better outcomes.
 Accessibility: The AI device will be designed to
be portable and easy to use, making it accessible
in a variety of settings such as hospitals, primary
care clinics, and sports sidelines.
 Efficiency: It can screen for multiple types of
brain injury, including traumatic brain injury,
seizure disorders, and mental health conditions,
in a relatively short amount of time (two
minutes), potentially improving efficiency in
healthcare settings.
 Patient-centered care: Using the AI device
may provide more patient-centered care, as it
will allow for longitudinal tracking of brain
health over time, potentially improving patient
outcomes and quality of life.
The research question for this study is "What is the ef-
fectiveness of AI in detecting brain health conditions
compared to traditional methods?" A mixed-methods re-
search design will be used to answer this question. Par-
ticipants will be recruited from various healthcare set-
tings, including hospitals and primary care clinics [10].
The sample size will be determined based on power anal-
ysis and sample size calculation. Participants will be
screened for eligibility, and informed consent will be ob-
tained from all participants.
Features of Our AI device
Longitudinal Tracking
 Tracking of reaction time, fatigue, brain perfor-
mance, and healthy background activity over
time
 Benefits of longitudinal tracking for early detec-
tion and intervention
Screening for Brain Health Conditions
 Detection of status epilepticus (SE), non-convul-
sive status epilepticus (NCSE), refractory status
epilepticus (RFCE), burst suppression, and trau-
matic brain injury
 Potential benefits of early detection for im-
proved patient outcomes
Concussion Screening
 EEG screening on the sidelines of sports games
 Rapid detection and treatment of athlete concus-
sion
 Benefits for athletes and sports teams
Stroke Screening
 Out-of-hospital stroke and recovery screening
 Accelerated treatments and preparedness for
stroke patients
Mental Health Screening
 Screening for mental health conditions, such as
PTSD and schizophrenia
 Aid in mental health treatments and behavior
shaping.
AI algorithms can analyze a person's behavior to detect
signs of brain injury, such as changes in speech patterns,
gait, or balance. This can be particularly useful in cases
where the person is unable to communicate or where tra-
ditional diagnostic tests are inconclusive [11].
Data will be collected using the AI brain injury detecting
device to record brain electrical activity, the iOS app to
view EEG data and digital cognitive tests such as SCAT-
5 and n-Back. In addition, traditional screening methods
for various brain health conditions, such as the Glasgow
Coma Scale (GCS) for traumatic brain injury and the
Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) for
mental health disorders, will also be used to compare ef-
fectiveness. The primary outcome measures will be the
accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive
value, and negative predictive value of the AI device
compared to traditional methods for detecting brain
health conditions. Secondary outcome measures will in-
clude participant satisfaction and the feasibility of the AI
brain injury detection device [12].
The technologies we will use in our AI are
 Electroencephalography (EEG): This tech-
nique involves placing electrodes on the scalp to
measure electrical activity in the brain. EEG can
detect abnormal patterns of activity that may be
indicative of a brain injury.
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): It uses
magnetic fields and radio waves to create de-
tailed brain images. MRI can detect structural
abnormalities or changes in blood flow that may
be indicative of a brain injury [14].
 Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS): This
technique measures changes in blood oxygena-
tion in the brain, which can be used to detect
brain injury.
 Accelerometers: These sensors measure accel-
eration and can detect changes in head move-
ment that may indicate a concussion or other
brain injury.
 Eye-tracking: Changes in eye movement can
also indicate a brain injury, so eye-tracking tech-
nology can detect abnormalities in eye move-
ments.
 Machine learning algorithms: AI algorithms
can be trained on large datasets of brain injury
data to identify patterns or anomalies that may
be indicative of a brain injury.
 Internet of Things: IoT can also be incorpo-
rated into an AI device that detects brain injury.
The sensors that will be used in this device:
Electroencephalogram (EEG) sensors - These sensors
can detect electrical activity in the brain and are com-
monly used to monitor brain function [13].
 Accelerometers: These sensors will detect
changes in motion and can be used to measure
head movement and acceleration, which can be
indicators of brain injury.
 Magnetometers: These can detect changes in
magnetic fields and can be used to measure brain
activity and blood flow.
 Temperature sensors: These sensors can detect
changes in body temperature, which can be an
indicator of brain injury.
 Pressure sensors: These can detect changes in
pressure, which can be an indicator of increased
intracranial pressure, a common complication of
brain injury.
 Infrared sensors: These sensors can detect
changes in temperature and can be used to meas-
ure blood flow and oxygenation in the brain.
Data will be analyzed using appropriate statistical meth-
ods, including regression analysis and receiver operating
characteristic (ROC) curves. Qualitative data from par-
ticipant feedback and interviews will be analyzed using
thematic analysis. The study will address ethical consid-
erations, including informed consent, participant confi-
dentiality, and IRB approval. Limitations of the study
may include selection bias and potential confounding
variables [15].
Conclusion
Brain injuries are a significant problem worldwide, and
their accurate diagnosis and treatment are challenging
for healthcare professionals. The traditional methods of
diagnosis can be invasive, time-consuming, and expen-
sive, which presents a significant obstacle to the timely
and accurate diagnosis of brain injuries. To address this
challenge, the authors are working on an AI-powered
brain injury detecting device that uses advanced algo- 10. Rickard, Jonathan James Stanley. Advanced mi-
rithms to analyze brain activity and detect signs of injury cro-engineered platforms for novel device tech-
quickly and non-invasively. We believe that this device nologies. Diss. University of Birmingham, 2018.
has the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and treat- 11. Hutchinson, Elizabeth B., et al. "Diffusion MRI
ment of brain injuries by improving patient outcomes and the detection of alterations following trau-
and providing healthcare professionals with accurate and matic brain injury." Journal of neuroscience re-
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