MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, DESIGN, ART, AND

TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
ELE3114: ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND DRIVES
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 1 – MAGNETIC

CIRCUITS

NAME: KAWOOYA CHARLES

REG NUMBER: 20/U/1298

COURSE: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING
Question 1A)

Question 1B
From the equation:
mmf = F = Ni = ∅R
l
R=
μA
When
d = 0.04m
N = 200 turns
μr = 1500
l1 = (25 + 4.5 + 7.5) + (25 + 4.5 + 4.5) + (25 + 4.5 + 7.5) = 108𝑐𝑚 = 1.08𝑚
l2 = (25 + 4.5 + 7.5) + (25 + 4.5 + 4.5) + (25 + 4.5 + 7.5) = 108cm = 1.08m
lc = (25 + 4.5 + 4.5) = 34𝑐𝑚 = 0.34𝑚
l2 = 0.04cm
l 1.08
𝑅1 = = = 159.15𝑘𝐴𝑇/𝑊𝑏
μA 1500 × (4𝜋 × 10−7 ) × (0.09 × 0.04)
l 1.08
𝑅2 = = = 159.15𝑘𝐴𝑇/𝑊𝑏
μA 1500 × (4𝜋 × 10−7 ) × (0.09 × 0.04)
 l 0.34
𝑅𝑐 = = = 30.06𝑘𝐴𝑇/𝑊𝑏
μA 1500 × (4𝜋 × 10−7 ) × (0.15 × 0.04)
0.04
l 100
𝑅𝑔 = = −7
= 53.05𝑘𝐴𝑇/𝑊𝑏
μA (4𝜋 × 10 ) × (0.15 × 0.04)
𝑅𝑇= 𝑅1 + (𝑅𝑐 + 𝑅𝑔 )//𝑅2
(30.06 + 53.05) × 159.15
𝑅𝑇 = 159.15 + [ ] = 213.748𝑘𝐴𝑇/𝑊𝑏
(30.06 + 53.05) + 159.15

The magneto motive force is given by

F = Ni = 200 × 2 = 400AT
400
∅T = = 1.87mWb
213.748k
Using current division rule
𝑅2 159.15
∅𝑔 = [ ] × ∅𝑇 = [ ] × 1.87 = 1.2285𝑚𝑊𝑏
𝑅𝑐 + 𝑅𝑔 + 𝑅2 (30.06 + 53.05 + 159.15)

Question1C
The flux density in the left leg is given by;
∅𝑇 1.87𝑚
𝐵= = [0.09×0.04] = 0.5194𝑊𝑏𝑚−2 [1]
𝐴

Question 1d)
%mean path length on left arm of core
length1=108/100;
%area of left arm of core
area1=36/(100*100);

%mean path length of right arm of core

length2=108/100;

%area of right arm of core

area2=36/(100*100);

%mean length of central arm of core

length3=33.96/100;
%area of central arm of core
area3=60/(100*100);

%length of air gap

lengthGap=0.04/100;

%area of air gap

areaGap=60/(100*
100);
%relativePermeab
Ur=1500;
%Turns
N=200;

i=2;

%Air

Uo=4*pi*10^(-7);
%reluctance of left arm of core
R1=length1/(Ur*Uo*area1);

disp('Reluctance of left arm of core is (R1) = ')

disp(R1);

%reluctance of right arm of core

R2=length2/(Ur*Uo*area2);

disp('Reluctance of right arm of core is (R2) = ')

disp(R2);

%reluctance of central arm of core

R3=length3/(Ur*Uo*area3);
disp('Reluctance of the central arm of core is (R3) = ')
disp(R3);

%reluctance of air gap

Rg=lengthGap/(Uo*areaG
ap);

disp('Reluctance of the air gap is (rg) = ')

disp(Rg);

%total reluctance in central core

Rc=R3+Rg;

%total reluctance
Reff=R1+((Rc*R2)/(Rc+r2));

disp('The total reluctance is (Reff) = ')

disp(Reff);

%magnetomotive force applied to the core

F=N*i;
disp('The magnetomotive force is (F) = ')
disp(F);

%total flux in the circuit

flux=F/reff;

disp('Total flux is (flux) =

')disp(flux);
%flux in air gap
fluxGap=flux*r2./(r2+rc);

disp('The flux in the air gap is (fluxGap) =

')disp(fluxGap);
%flux density in the left arm of the core
b=flux./a1;

disp('The flux density in the left arm of the core is (b) = ')
disp(b);

Output

Reluctance of left arm of core is (R1) =

1.5915e+05
Reluctance of right arm of core is (R2) =
1.5915e+05

Reluctance of the central arm of core is (R3) =

3.0027e+04

Reluctance of the air gap is (Rg) =

5.3052e+04
The total reluctance is (Reff) =
2.1374e+05

The magnetomotive force is (F) =

400

Total flux is (flux)

=0.0019
The flux in the air gap is
(fluxGap) =0.0012

The flux density in the left arm of

the core is (b) =0.5198

>>
QUESTION2
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Electric flux lines are not closed. They start from
positive and terminate from the negative
The electromotive force is measured in volts and
it’s the driving force
Conductance is given by δ = 1⁄R . R is resistance
The closed path for electric current describes an
electric circuit
Current flows in form of electrons
Current density 𝐽 = 𝐼 ⁄𝐴
Electric field intensity 𝐸 = 𝐸𝑚𝑓 ⁄𝑄
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
Magnetic lines of flux are closed. They flow
from the north to the south pole
The magnetic motive force is measured in
ampere turns and it’s the driving force
Permeance is given by𝑃 = 1⁄𝑅 . R is
reluctance
The closed path of magnetic flux describes a
magnetic circuit
Molecular poles are aligned, flux doesn’t flow
Flux density 𝐵 = ∅⁄𝐴
Magnetic field intensity 𝐻 = 𝑀𝑚𝑓 ⁄𝐿
QUESTION 3
Diamagnetic materials
These materials do not have permanent dipoles, weakly magnetized in the direction opposite
to the applied field
There is no interaction between the dipoles
Susceptibility is about 10−5 and the magnetic dipole moment of the material is zero
These materials have no dependence on temperature
For example:
Bismuth, Gold, Copper and Water
Paramagnetic materials
Paramagnetic materials are non – magnetic materials with relative permeability slightly
greater than 1 and a small positive magnetic susceptibility.
Paramagnetic materials show weak but positive magnetism in the presence of a magnetic
field.
They contain randomly oriented dipoles which are aligned with the applied magnetic field
resulting a positive magnetization.
However, increase in temperature decreases the paramagnetic effect due to thermal
agitation of the dipoles.

Ferromagnetic materials
These materials have permanent magnetic dipoles, they are strongly magnetized by weak
magnetic fields
In such materials there is a strong interaction between the dipoles leading to a parallel
orientation of the dipoles. They also have a large susceptibility
These materials depend on temperature. At a high enough temperature ferromagnetic
substances become paramagnetic. This temperature is known as the Curie temperature
For example:
Iron, Cobalt, Nickel
Antiferromagnetic materials
These also have permanent magnetic dipoles with strong interaction between them leading to
anti-parallel orientation of dipoles
They also have a negligible susceptibility
Ferrimagnetic materials
These materials also have the permanent magnetic dipoles with strong interaction between
the dipoles leading to anti-parallel orientation of unequal dipole moments
A ferrimagnetic material has population of atoms with opposing magnetic moments but these
moments are unequal in magnitude so as spontaneous magnetization remains
For example:
Iron (iii) metals
Super paramagnetic materials
These substances are weakly attracted by magnetic fields
The magnetization of paramagnetic materials is inversely proportional to absolute
temperature
These materials consist of unpaired electrons. Due to these unpaired electrons the net
magnetic moment of all electrons is not added up to zero
When the net atomic dipole moment of an atom is not zero, the atoms of paramagnetic
substances will have permanent dipole moments due to the unpaired electrons
For example:
Tungsten, Caesium, Aluminum, lithium, Magnesium and Sodium [2]

QUESTION 4
Part a)
Ferromagnetic materials are affected by both hysteresis and Eddy currents. These losses cause a non-
linearity behavior of the B-H curve
Hysteresis: When the Emf is increased from zero to its maximum value, energy is stored in the field
per unit volume of the material
When the magnetic field intensity is reduced to zero, the differential flux density being negative
energy is given out by the magnetic fields
The net energy in the form of heat and this is called the hysteresis loss
Eddy current loss: when a magnetic core carries a time varying flux, voltages are induced in all
possible paths enclosing the flux. This results into production of circulating currents with a power loss

Part b)
Noise intensity H cannot increase the magnetization of the material further. So the total
magnetic flux density B more or less levels off
Saturation is applied in limiting current in saturable core transformers, used in welding and
Ferro resonant transformers which serve as voltage regulators. When the primary current
exceeds a certain value, the core is pushed into its saturation region limiting further increase
in the secondary current

Part C)
The magnetic noise in the ferromagnetic material when a magnetizing force is applied is
known as the Barkhausen effect
When an external magnetizing field through a piece of ferromagnetic material is changed for
example moving the magnet towards and away from the iron bar:
The magnetization of the material changes in a series of discontinuous changes causing
jumps in the magnetic flux through the iron
These can be detected by winding the coil of the wire around the iron bar attached to an
amplifier and a loud speaker
The sudden transitions in the magnetization of the material produce current pulses in the coil
which when amplified produce a cracking sound in the loud speaker
The magnetization jumps are caused by discrete changes in the size or rotation of
ferromagnetic domains

Part D)
Ceramics: These are mostly used in fractional kW motors
Alnicos: These magnets are used in motors
Rare earth magnetic materials: Used in very small motors though costly

QUESTION 5
Using the equation:
P = fK h + f 2 K e
At f=50Hz
2000 = 50K h + 502 K e
40=kh+50ke
At f=75Hz
3200 = 75K h + 752 K e
128
= K h + 75K e
3
Solving the equations
104
Kh =
3
8
Ke =
75
The total losses are due to Hysteresis and Eddy currents losses
p = Ph + Pe
At f=50Hz
104
Ph = × 50 = 1.73kW
3
 8
Pe = × 502 = 266.67W
75
At f=75Hz
104
Ph = × 75 = 2600W
3
8
Pe = × 752 = 600W
75

QUESTION 6
At Equilibrium:
Centripetal Force = Magnetic Force
μO I
B=( )
2R
q
I=( )
t
And
2πR
T=( )
V
μO qV
B=( )
4πR2
μO qV (4π × 10−7 )(1.6 × 10−19 )(2.19 × 106 )
B=( ) = = 12.5T
4πR2 4π(5.29 × 10−11 )2

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. B
2. B
3. B
4. D
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. A
10. A