MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, DESIGN,

ART, AND TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND
COMPUTERENGINEERING
ELE3114: ELECTRICAL MACHINES
AND DRIVES INDIVIDUAL
ASSIGNMENT 1 – MAGNETIC

CIRCUITS

NAME: KAWOOYA CHARLES

REG NUMBER: 20/U/1298

COURSE: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical
circuit to another circuit or multiple circuits. A varying current in any coil of the transformer
produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a
varying electromotive force across any other coils wound around the same core.
Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils without a metallic (conductive)
connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction describes the induced voltage
effect in any coil due to a changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil
Transformers are used to change AC voltage levels, such transformers being termed step-up
or step-down type to increase or decrease voltage level, respectively. Transformers can also
be used to provide galvanic isolation between circuits as well as to couple stages of signal-
processing circuits.

EVOLUTION OF TRANSFORMERS

MICHAEL FARADAY
The First Transformer In 1831, Michael Faraday carried out a series of experiments
convincingly demonstrating the principle of electromagnetic induction
The first breakthrough in the generation of electricity from magnetism occurred in 1831
Faraday's discovery, it had no practical value. "Induction coils were used to produce much
higher voltage than galvanic batteries

Figure 1 showing Faradays coils

JOSEPH HENRY
In 1832 self-inductance was invented, Joseph Henry noticed that with the interruption of
current very high voltage is induced in the coil due to the rapid flux
Henry used coils in his induction experiments. The coils were made of copper strips which
have been wrapped in silk insulation.
Continuous operation of the induction coils was ensured by the use of various vibrators.
Although other experimenters also repeated Henry’s experiments and went on to build
induction coils operated with interrupted direct current to give shocks or sparks, there was no
thought of the transformer as an economical means of power distribution.
The spark inductor was a high-voltage pulse transformer, and can’t be identified with the
heavy-current transformer of today
Spark inductors were regarded as dc devices at the time
When turning the battery on, long-time but low-amplitude half-wave was induced; when
breaking it, short-time, but high peak voltage was induced that is to say the starting voltage
could hardly be felt.

Figure 2 showing henrys coils

In 1885
The Zipernowski and Deri Transformer one of the best of the early ring-shaped transformer
was presented by Messrs Karoly Zipernowski and Miksa Deri [1]

CLASSFICATION OF TRANSFORMERS
Single phase transformers: It has a primary and a secondary winding and it is operated to
either decrease or increase the secondary voltage.
Three phase transformers: For a three phase transformer, the three primary windings are
connected together and also the three secondary windings are connected together

Advantages of three phase transformers

Three phase transformers are preferred to single phase transformers so as to get good
efficiency, where it occupies less space at low cost. But due to the transportation problem of
heavy equipment, single phase transformers are used in most cases.
MOTORS
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy
Electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic
field and electric current in a wire winding. This generates a magnetic force in the form
of torque that’s applied to the motor shaft.
Electric motors powered by either DC sources such as batteries, rectifiers, or by AC sources,
such as a power grid, inverters and electrical generators.
Electric motors may be classified by considerations such as power source type, construction,
application and type of motion output. They can be powered by AC or DC,
be brushed or brushless, single-phase, two-phase, or three-phase, axial or radial flux, and may
be air-cooled or liquid-cooled.
Motors can be categorized taking Considerations for example the type of power source,
construction, application, and type of motion output
Motors can be AC or DC powered, brushed or brushless, single-phase, two-phase, or three-
phase, axial or radial flux, air-cooled or liquid-cooled
Applications include ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storage industrial
fans, blowers and pumps, vehicles electric watches for small electric motors.
Motors in regenerative braking , they can be used in reverse as generators to recover energy
that might otherwise be lost as heat and friction.
Electric motors generally produce linear or rotary forces that propel different external
mechanisms i.e. a fan.

COMPONENTS

Rotor
The rotor is the moving part that delivers the mechanical power.
The rotor holds conductors that carry currents, which the magnetic field of the stator exerts
force on to turn the shaft.
Alternatively, some rotors carry permanent magnets, and the stator holds the conductors.
Permanent magnets offer high efficiency over a larger operating speed and power range

Figure 3 showing a Rotor

Bearings
The rotor is supported by bearings, which allow the rotor to turn on its axis. The bearings are
in turn supported by the motor housing
Stator
The stator surrounds the rotor, and usually holds field magnets, which are
either electromagnets consisting of wire windings around a ferromagnetic iron core
or permanent magnets.
Armature
The armature consists of wire windings on a ferromagnetic core.
Field magnets
The magnets create a magnetic field that passes through the armature. These can
be electromagnets or permanent magnets. The field magnet is usually on the stator and the
armature on the rotor

Figure 4 showing the Field Magnets

Commutator
A commutator is a rotary electrical switch that supplies current to the rotor. It periodically
reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings as the shaft rotates.

Figure 5 showing the Commutator

Parts: (A) commutator, (B) brush

Motor supply
A DC motor is usually supplied through a split ring commutator. Universal motors can run on
either AC or DC.
Motor control
DC motors can be operated at variable speeds by adjusting the voltage applied to the
terminals or by using pulse-width modulation (PWM).
AC motors operated at a fixed speed are generally powered directly from the grid or
through motor soft starters.
AC motors operated at variable speeds are powered with various power inverter, variable-
frequency drive or electronic commutator technologies.
The term electronic commutator is usually associated with self-commutated brushless DC
motor and switched reluctance motor applications.

EARLY MOTORS

The first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices described in the 1740s as
experiments by Andrew Gordon and Benjamin Franklin.
The theoretical principle behind them was the Coulomb's law discovered by Henry
Cavendish in 1771.
Since electrostatic force couldn’t be used to generate high voltages required by the motors,
they were never used for practical purposes
In 1799 Alessandro Volta invented the electrochemical battery, this could produce constant
electric currents
In 1820 Hans Christian Ørsted discovered how the electric currents create magnetic fields
André-Marie Ampère developed the Ampère's force law, this described the production of
mechanical force by the interaction of an electric current and a magnetic field.
In 1821 Michael Faraday carried out the first demonstration of effect with a rotary motion
Procedure
A permanent magnet (PM) was positioned on a free-hanging wire that had been submerged in
a mercury pool.
When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet showing that
the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around the wire.
In 1827, Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik experimented the electromagnetic coils.
Jedlik solved the technical problem of continuous rotation with the invention of
the commutator [2]

Figure 6 showing Jedik's motor

Figure 7 showing James Joules motor

DC MOTORS

In 1832 William sturgeon invented the first commutator DC electric motor strong enough to
turn machinery. This work was improved by Thomas davenport. The motors ran up to 600
revolutions per minute
Due to the cost of primary battery the innovations weren’t commercially successful
In 1834 moritz Von Jacobi created the first real rotating electric motor. The second motor
was powerful enough to drive a boat with 14 people across a wide river.
In 1837 Friedrich von Hefner-Alteneck introduced the drum rotor to replace the ring armature
improving the machine efficiency. The laminated rotor was introduced by Siemens & Halske
the following year, achieving reduced iron losses and increased induced voltages.
In 1880, Jonas Wenström invented the rotor with the slots for housing the winding, further
increasing the efficiency

GENERATORS

EVOLUTION OF THE GENERATOR

The dynamo was the first electrical generator capable of delivering power for industry, for
the next 30 years, the battery continued to be the most powerful way to supply electricity.
And even the battery was having problems. A battery-powered electric train from
Washington DC to Baltimore failed, proving a gross embarrassment to the new field of
electricity. After millions of dollars wasted, good old-fashioned steam still proved to be a
better power source. Engineers still had long way to go to make electricity seem reliable and
viable.

Figure 8 showing The first Generator

Figure 9 Antonio Pacinotti

Enter Antonio Pacinotti. In 1860, Pacinotti created a dynamo that provided continuous DC
power for the first time. A few years later, Werner Von Siemens and Charles Wheatstone
created a more powerful and useful dynamo using a self-powered electromagnet instead of
the weak permanent magnet. By the end of the 1870s, the Ganz Company began to use AC
generators in small commercial installations in Budapest and by 1880, Charles F. Brush had
over 5000 arc lights in operation, representing 80 per cent of all lamps worldwide. With that,
the economic power of electrical age had arrived. [3]

REFERENCES
[1 E. T. Center, Edson Tech center, 2014. [Online]. Available:
] https://edisontechcenter.org/Transformers.html.

[2 JSTOR, “Electric Motor,” JSTOR, July 2022. [Online]. Available:

] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor. [Accessed November 2022].

[3 “History of Generators,” [Online]. Available: https://www.strategicpublicaffairs.com/the-

] history-of-
generators/#:~:text=In%20the%201860s%2C%20AC%20and,New%20York%20City%2
0in%201882..