Electrical insulator materials
is a nonconductor of electricity No material is
perfectly insulating , however, and for practical purposes an
insulator is a material which limits the flow of current through it
to a value small enough to be ignored.
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— Gas- Insulators
Insulator behavior of gases
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=< /n_gascinsulated sep. bet ey AL as
ve
voltage the formation of high conductivity path giving oar
breakdown zee two conditions:
a>) The production of electrons in the gap by emission from
tion ¥
the cathode or , in extreme cases , by cosmic radia
ee et Smee: le = “tyes Csb>Multiplication of the charge by various process of.
ultimately ,
—
— Loe
ionization leading to current growth and ,
breakdown.
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Ionization process of insulating gases
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(2 impact ionization by ¢ clertron ee
_suppose electrons are soahat introduced into the gap
between an-anode and cathode. At low applied fields they
are accelerated towards the anode, they make elastic_
else \ collisions with the molecules (or atoms)of the gas. *
We =
Jé Each ionization process not Fr ony a positive ion which
oe drifts towards iS cathodes but also a ve electron
a) »
2° capable of Pro ie yet ‘more ionization) Now, two
Trs—es—e4r wld)
electrons are Capable of gaping preety in anes field to
ionize further molecules and so an electron Evatiocha is
generated as the applied voltages is raised higher.
a. 5
ee ee
cee_b- Photo ionization:
Mos! i
t excited molecules (or atoms) have a life time in
t
the region of 10°s before they return to their origin( stable-
state) with the Consequent emission of photon, This low
energy | photons may Ee ait an outer ection from
_ another molecule but high energy photons, such as cosmic
Tays,, may cause photoionization from a much deeper
energy level within the molecule.
& Photo ionization process is presented as
AY AS hy > A? +07
= *<* 4* Excited molecule.
~. ay: Photo energy.
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os!
C- Negative-ion formation (Decay by attachment):
Se
Some gases can readily attach to electrons to form —ve ions of
Ay > as
low mobility. ee om
Aare
C249
Electron capture may occur by either of two mechanisms :
@ Firstly :
me
Dissociative attachment can take place and the process
———$$<—<—<————<—
is expressed in reaction form by:
S (y)+ E047) vinstabte 0%) +(9)"!
—S——
ars
iaSecondly:
collision to form stable —ve ion this is represented by.
(xy)+8 SBe> (xy) stabie +(B)+ energy
X: Carbon or Sulphur atom.
Y: Fluorine or Chlorine atom.
a-Thermal ionization:
At higher temperature the free electrons have thermal
energy enable them to collect with the atom and generating
the breakdown
Theory of Townsend
Townsend defined a coefficient a to represent the average
number of ionization collisions produced by an electron moving
unit distance in the direction of the applied field .
4 suLll GLeslLoill Luu sill aaell 2 (First Townsend mechanism)
wlaall oles Jom dala (yy SIV! 4S yo (ye ASL
It is readily, shown that if n(o))primary electrons set out from
the cathode, which is at a distance (d) from the anode , then ,
due to ionization ,the number n(d) of electrons arriving at the
anode is given by: &
n(x)=n(o)exp (ad)-If we consi
nsi ay
der n(0) as the number of electrons released from
the cat
hode per cm , the equation(1) can be rewritten as
dew & ai
ev
Variation of Townsond current
with spacing: (1) secondary amplification
showing 7-process; (2) primary amplification
(eprocess); (3) process; (4) attachment
process
Gop spacing (4)
Nine deal =; 0
Variation of Townsend Current with Space. War lirinr Me 2i Y
(1),@)y-process secondary amplification).
2) oe ae aclificaton) a Blab Owe; (4
process(primary amplificati fhe
( (4): Attachment process.
» First Tounsend mechanise; Vi
Flow towards the Field with 40m
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— (Second Townsend _mechanism): is the main number of
PP
“electrons released per positive ion incident on the cathode .
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If both {primary/ and {secondarjiyelectron emission are
occurring , the current following through the gas obeys the
ga) plead Lai 2 siLSll ele
equation:
3
expad
I(d) = (0) —
@)=10) en aial
If the term y(expad-1) towards unity I(d) will rise rabidly
towards infinity.
The Townsend criterion for breakdown occurs when:
y(exp(ad)- ii (the maximum current producing at breakdown occur)
As exp(ad) will be very large. The yexp(ad) ~1 represents the
condition such that the current becomes self-maintaining.
—~ Liquid- Insulators
>> Breakdown in liquid nee Ag
1-Water: an electric , field will cause globules of water
suspended in the oil to elongate in the field direction, at critical
field, they become unstable. Breakdown channels is representing
the propagation from the ends of the elongated globule to
produce total breakdown .
Total B.D.2- Bubbles: A second mechanism of failure has also been
proposed for commercial liquids .It is feature are somewhat akin
to the " globule process" except that it involves gas bubbles
rather than ae globu null The bubbles may be formed by a gas
pockets in Pits or tikes on the cathode surface , a5 the
breakdown strength of gases is much lower than that of liquid.
This causes a discharge inside the bubbles, which can
chemically deZrade the liquid, producing in turn more vapour
and so the bubbles pre yearly it bridges the whole gap
ah
and complete discharge ensues.
eas ie. (A
3. }- Suspended partical mechanism ; as with compressed gas
(sepa
wurities play a major role of insulating liquids in services,
Dust particles, always remain in the liquid when electrical field
E is applied, these particles are polarized, A force will act on the
particle driving it towards the area of maximum electric stress
between the electrodes.,For a spherical particle of radius r the
magnitude of the force F was given by Abraham & Becker as:
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e=Partical permitivity
= liquid permitivity
For conductor (¢ =)
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fy lal GaLEI—Electrical Properties of an insulating liquid
The electri i
ectrical properties that should determine the performance of a
liquid as a dielectric are:
<——S1- Its ability to withstand breakdown under electric stress,
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Liquids can be divided into two types
Polar Non-polar
Water Oil
Permittivity (¢): it is a measure of the ability of a material to be polarized
by an electric field.
The permittivity of non-polar liquid is independent of frequency and
having relative permittivity between about 2&2.5, but for a polar material
it can change markedly with frequency. For example, at 50Hz water hasAn insulating material with dielectric losses can be. epresented by either a series
or a parallel combination of resistance and capacitance provided the voltage applied
to the material is sinusoidal. The resistance simulates the loss in the material and
the capacitance simulates the ideal dielectric.
at
Series and parallel equivalent circuits
of dielectric with loss
ted
™ eb
—
tw
Vv
Ss = ‘The loss angle 8
; Ty is the in-phase (loss) component of the current and Ly is the
' “ quadrature component of the current: ~~
stan = 2% ana cos =.
q z\~
Ix
For small values of 6, 1 Zy and tan 5 ~ €os6.
For the series equivalent circuit ‘
Wy tans
and forthe parallel equivalent cgi ~
Stun =sistivity is greater than
sulating liquids
harges where the breakdown
or molecular many early investigators
‘-called intrinsic electric strength.
acteristic of the liquid itself and would
involve an electronic mechanism of failure.
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2. S=ALSY! gE Hal!Solid - insulators
Classification of solids
Solids
Organic Inorganic Synthetic polymers
—— apes Agclinall Cl jad gill
1- Organic
Ua_general, organic materials, that is those which have been,
produced from either vegetable or animal matter( paper, wood, waxes).
They are easy to apply to equipment and they are all good insulators. A
disadvantage,, is that their mechanical and electrical properties almost
always deteriorate r rapidly ifthe temperature exceed about 100C*}
IPI Rips
2- Inorganic
Inorganic solids are very good i ingyla rs. eure most important
be! f this grou babl Hine ARE (ceramics Inorganic
members o! group are probably 2! 2
materials are distinctly different from organic substance . as a rule they
do not show any appreciable fall in either mechanical or electrical quality
at 100C®, until 250C°, because of their compact physical structure they
be neat
do not absorb oil or varnish.3- Synthetic polymers Gey
The group of synthetic polymers embraces all polymeric materials
which have been produced by industrial methods
properties of polymers:
S$ (KV/em) is high.
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—~2- Low PF. ( tan Lasse angle )
—~.. 3- High resistivity. ( G2 9)
~~. 4- Low permittivity(€).
“ 1-Breakdown in solid _)
The variation of electric strength with time of applied stress is
shown in the following Fig.
Variation of electric strength with time of
applied stress
Log fim
lps) (ee
Fig E.S V, Log timeSoe So NG
JeIntrinsic = 3a Lg)
¢ Ae mechanism of intrinsic breakdown of solid is an electronic |
J Phenomenon and is completed in a very short time of the order of 107s, __|
Ifa strength depend on the chemical composition and dielectric |
Properties of a material it is known as its. intrinsic electric |
strength(IES){Where, IES obtained under impulse voltages of short
duration and the highest working stress of dielectric solids in service is
only about 200K V/cm. (0.2MV/em)\ \
1p ;
2- Electromechanical breakdown
—
(The similarity in the variation with temperature of both the electric
Shoe Ware
strength and Young's. modulus of elasticity-¥_for several polymers led_
stark and"Garton to propose an elettromechanical mechanism of BD for
these material under direct voltage (V) an electrostatic compressive stress
is developed in a dielectric because of attractive force between the
electrodes.
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hgeai Aine gf Balad) StS} |
Blectrostatic compressive strength Sst Si blcs¥i ib S|
Mechanical compressive strength Steal Lay! 5a oy,d.: inintial thickness.
d: total thickness.
¥f Young's Modulous of elasticity.
( d/de> 0.6/2) Jest) BD. dos (0.6) ce Sd /ds I.
e
$5.V de
me OC = yin
Tf ae
. eh
oe es ay [d n+]
ley ( 8 == ct). |n dev 2d)
oD j
k Sot nF nad]3- Streamer BD,
—
By the non-uni
yy niform fields , the stresses can promote local sparks along
the surface of the insulation
» even when the conductor voltage is not
sufficient to cause-comphte flashover to any nearby edrthed frame. The
corona(spark) causes a’gradual deterioration of the ifsulator surface by
several process. x
a
Where. the dielectric slab is
tested between sphere—plane electrodes. Of applying a voltage
} between the electrodes a fraction ¥; of the voltage appears
eros the ambient, and at a distance\x from the point of con-
tact its value is given epacecingntety ic
—
: aS eye
where di and ds represent the edia 1 and 2
Shown in Fig. below .e, and 22 are their respective permittivi-
tics. The gaseous ambient medium will be of loy
tivity than the specimen and will consequently expenié
electric stress. As a result the ambient will breakdown
the intrinsic sixength of the solid is reached. A charge
posited at thtsite on the/surface of the specimen on whit
the discharge falls ash ig.below, and grossly distorts the
Jocal field. The charge from breakdown of the ambient me~
dium thus essentially transforms the initially uniform field
Conditions to non-uniform ones such as are found in a point—
lane arrangement, The charge concentration at the tips of
Biecharge channel has been. estimated to be sufficient to give
Shoo to local fields of the order of 10 MV/cm, which is much
higher than the intrinsic breakdown field. A local breakdown
‘at the tips of the discharge i roxe, and complete
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Main power dissipated W=$.CV”tan5
P 2
o.
isthe frequency ofthe applied volt.
Energy losses are much greater under AG , than DC. This ener
is dissipated as heat which riséhe temperature of the dielectric
\
‘The thermal balance diagram illustratin the principle of thermal B.D
in a solid is shown below.
Theamal balace dag isting te
rin of thermal breakdown in sd
Genera
neration,W
Dissipation thot heat
‘The straight line H represents the heat that is dissipated from the
surface of the solid to the ambient atmosphere. The heat inside the solid is
removed by conduction to the surface and then by convection etc. to the
surrounding medium .e of conductor
d in the cable for a rang!
W): represents the heat generate
temperature.
f W, with H represents @ stable operating
he heat generated is balanced
e is increased the heat curve
The intersection 0!
temperature 0, in the solid because # by the
dissipation of heat, when the applied voltag'
rises to W2 , where the stable temperature is 0. the
0 B.D. when the voltage is increased sut
ssipation line H at the critical temperature
e system becomes
ch that the
unstable, leading t
curve for W; touches the heat di
63.
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3
4
gz
fog
63
ge
3
Os Thermal balance diagram illustrating the
principle of themal breakdown nao
Tombiert
Fy cdsbs 91 V (hae 25h c!
OVNS chs. 6 9A 29-70) 4.0
oF era ee co a eat
cal discharge across an
5-Erosion breakdown
—
One of the mo:
oltage cables, can be an electri
especially in high y
void in the insulating material. gids or cavities as they
internal gap oF
ally filled with air oF other gas Whose
are often called. The voids are Ben°°
permittivity and dielectric strength Jess than for the solid.
reag
ca