EmSAT

Grammar Study Guide

Mr. Abdullah Almadi

PRONOUNS

Present Tenses in English

Present Tenses in EnglishPast

Tenses in English

Perfect Tenses in English

Future Tenses in English

CONDITIONAL

DETERMINERS

SPEECH
 PRONOUNS
Pronouns replace nouns. A different pronoun is required depending on two elements: the noun being replaced and the
function that noun has in the sentence. In English, pronouns only take the gender of the noun they replace in the 3rd
person singular form. The 2nd person plural pronouns are identical to the 2nd person singular pronouns except for the
reflexive pronoun.

Subject Object Possessive Possessiv Reflexi

Pronou Pronou Adjective ePronoun v
n n (Determiner) Pronou

1st person singular I me my mine myself

2nd person singular you you your yours yoursel

3rd person he him his his himself

singular,male

3rd person she her her hers herself

singular,female

3rd person it it its itself

singular,neutral

1st person plural we us our ours ourselv

2nd person plural you you your yours yoursel

3rd person plural they them their theirs thems

e

SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Subject pronouns replace nouns that are the subject of their clause. In the 3rd person, subject pronouns are often used to
avoid repetition of the subject's name.
  This bag is mine.
 Yours is not blue.
 That bag looks like his.
 These shoes are not hers.
 That car is ours.
 Theirs is parked in the garage.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES

 I am 16.
 You seem lost.
 Jim is angry, and he wants Sally to apologize.
 This table is old. It needs to be repainted.
 We aren't coming.
 They don't like pancakes.

OBJECT PRONOUNS
Object pronouns are used to replace nouns that are the direct or indirect object of a clause.

EXAMPLES

 Give the book to me.

 The teacher wants to talk to you.
 Jake is hurt because Bill hit him.
 Rachid recieved a letter from her last week.
 Mark can't find it.
 Don't be angry with us.
 Tell them to hurry up!

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (DETERMINERS)

Possessive adjectives are not pronouns, but rather determiners. It is useful to learn them at the same time as pronouns,
however, because they are similar in form to the possessive pronouns. Possessive adjectives function as adjectives, so
they appear before the noun they modify. They do not replace a noun as pronouns do.

EXAMPLES

 Did mother find my shoes?

 Mrs. Baker wants to see your homework.
 Can Jake bring over his baseball cards?
 Samantha will fix her bike tomorrow.
 The cat broke its leg.
 This is our house.
 Where is their school?

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Possessive pronouns replace possessive nouns as either the subject or the object of a clause. Because the noun being
replaced doesn't appear in the sentence, it must be clear from the context.
: Pronouns -Practice

a- I b- they c- me d- she
2-Aisha, Nora and Hind were angry because had waited ages for the bus.
a- them b- she c- they d- it
3- Is that your book on your desk? Yes, it is .
a- mine b- me c- my d- I
4- Asma and her cousins sometimes go abroad together. favourite country is Holland.
a- Hers b-They c- She’s d-Their
5- My brother is an accountant. works in a school.
a- He b- His c- He’s d- He is
6-The people living next door are friendly. I like a lot.
a- they b- them c- their d- theirs
 7-Waleed’s car is red. is blue.
a- My b- He c- Mine d- Me8-Hamad
watched his children carefully as crossed the street.
a- they b- us c- them d- him9-This is not your
book. is older.
a-Your b-Yours c- You d- I 10 _ of
the boys offered their help to the old lady.
a- Another b- Each c- All d- One11-Hold the bag
please while I put the shopping in .
a- him b- it c- she d- I 12-We are going
soon, so you can come with .
a- we b- them c- they d- us13-Thank you for
helping _. I’m very grateful.
a- me b- he c- she d- they14-I wonder why
Salem rushed off. Did you upset ?
a- he b- him c- we d- they15- hope
those flowers are for me.
a- We b- Them c- I d- Him 16-David stopped
the car when he realised was making a strange noise. a- its b- it c-
she d- he
17-At that shop you can’t buy for less than 80 dirhams.
a- nothing b- something c- anything d- everything18-Ali would like to
invite _ _ to his wedding.
a- you b- I c- they d- she19-I didn’t see at
the gym. The place was empty.
a- somebody b- anybody c- nobody d- someone20-Please tell the
salesman at the door that we don’t want to buy .
a- nothing b- something c- anything d- anyone21-Mr Smith,
is here to see you.
a- no one b- someone c- anyone d- others22-Check in that
bag. I bought you .
a- nothing b- something c- everyone d- anything23-My brother is
the __________________ wearing the red shirt.
a- one b- few
REFLEXIVE & INTENSIVE PRONOUNS
Reflexive and intensive pronouns are the same set of words but they have different functions in a sentence.

Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the clause because the subject of the action is also the direct or indirect
object. Only certain types of verbs can be reflexive. You cannot remove a reflexive pronoun from a sentence because the
remaining sentence would be grammatically incorrect.

Present Tenses in English

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
The simple present tense is one of several forms of present tense in English. It is used to describe habits, unchanging
situations, general truths, and fixed arrangements. The simple present tense is simple to form. Just use the base form
of the verb: (I take, you take, we take, they take) The 3rd person singular takes an -s at the end. (he takes, she takes)

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE IS USED:

 To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes:
I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth)
 To give instructions or directions:
You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.
 To express fixed arrangements, present or future:
Your exam starts at 09.00
 To express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as, until:
He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.

Be careful! The simple present is not used to express actions happening now.

EXAMPLES
 For habits
He drinks tea at breakfast.
She only eats fish.
They watch television regularly.
 For repeated actions or events
We catch the bus every morning.
It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
They drive to Monaco every summer.
 For general truths
Water freezes at zero degrees.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Her mother is Peruvian.

 For instructions or directions

Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.
 For fixed arrangements
His mother arrives tomorrow.
Our holiday starts on the 26th March
 With future constructions
She'll see you before she leaves.
We'll give it to her when she arrives.

FORMING THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE: TO THINK

Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I think Do I think? I do not think

You think Do you think? You do not think

He thinks Does he think? He does not think

She thinks Does she think? She does not think

It thinks Does it think? It does not think

We think Do we think? We do not think.

They think Do they think? They do not think.

NOTES ON THE SIMPLE PRESENT, THIRD PERSON SINGULAR

 In the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:
he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
 Negative and question forms use DOES (= the third person of the auxiliary 'DO') + the infinitive of the verb.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla.
 Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:
fly --> flies, cry --> cries
Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays
 Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
EXAMPLES
 He goes to school every morning.
 She understands English.
 It mixes the sand and the water.
 He tries very hard.
 She enjoys playing the piano.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
FORMING THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
The present continuous of any verb is composed of two parts - the present tense of the verb to be + the present participle
of the main verb.

(The form of the present participle is: base+ing, e.g. talking, playing, moving, smiling)

Affirmative

Subject + to be + base + ing

She is talking.

Negative

Subject + to be + not + base + ing

She is not (isn't) talking

 Interrogative

to be + subject + base + ing

Is she talking?

EXAMPLES: TO GO, PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I am going I am not going Am I going?

You are going You aren't going. Are you going?

He, she, it is going He, she, it isn't going Is he, she, it going?

We are going We aren't going Are we going?

You are going You aren't going Are you going?

They are going They aren't going Are they going?

Note: alternative negative contractions: I'm not going, you're not going, he's not going etc.

FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

As with all tenses in English, the speaker's attitude is as important as the time of the action or event. When someone
uses the present continuous, they are thinking about something that is unfinished or incomplete

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS IS USED:

 to describe an action that is going on at this moment: You are using the Internet. You are studying English
grammar.
 to describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a trend: Are you still working for the same
company? More and more people are becoming vegetarian.
 to describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or prepared: We're going on holiday
tomorrow. I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight. Are they visiting you next winter?
  to describe a temporary event or situation: He usually plays the drums, but he's playing bass guitar tonight. The
weather forecast was good, but it's raining at the moment.
 with "always, forever, constantly", to describe and emphasise a continuing series of repeated actions: Harry and
Sally are always arguing! You're constantly complaining about your mother-in-law!

BE CAREFUL! Some verbs are not usually used in the continuous form

VERBS THAT ARE NOT USUALLY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS

FORM
The verbs in the list below are normally used in the simple form because they refer to states, rather than actions or
processes.

SENSES / PERCEPTION

 to feel*
 to hear
 to see*
 to smell
 to taste

OPINION

 to assume
 to believe
 to consider
 to doubt
 to feel (= to think)
 to find (= to consider)
 to suppose
 to think*

MENTAL STATES

 to forget
 to imagine
 to know
 to mean
 to notice
 to recognise
 to remember
 to understand

EMOTIONS / DESIRES

 to envy
 to fear
 to dislike
 to hate
 to hope
 to like
 to love
 to mind
 to prefer
  to regret
 to want
 to wish

MEASUREMENT

 to contain
 to cost
 to hold
 to measure
 to weigh

OTHERS

 to look (=resemble)
 to seem
 to be (in most cases)
 to have (when it means "to possess")*

past Tenses in English

SIMPLE PAST TENSE
DEFINITION OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
The simple past tense, sometimes called the preterite, is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now.
The simple past is the basic form of past tense in English. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant
past and action duration is not important.

EXAMPLES
 John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
 My father died last year.
 He lived in Fiji in 1976.
 We crossed the Channel yesterday.

You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with certain past time
expressions

 frequency: often, sometimes, always

I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
 a definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
 She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night
 an indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago
People lived in caves a long time ago.
She played the piano when she was a child.

Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is placed after the period of time: a week
ago, three years ago, a minute ago.

Be Careful: The simple past in English may look like a tense in your own language, but the meaning may be different.

FORMING THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

PATTERNS OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE FOR REGULAR VERBS

Affirmative

Subject + verb + ed

I skipped.

Negative

Subject + did not + infinitive without to

They didn't go.

Interrogative

Did + subject + infinitive without to

Did she arrive?

Interrogative negative

Did not + subject + infinitive without to

Didn't you play?

TO WALK

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I walked I didn't walk Did I walk?

You walked You didn't walk Did you walk?

He walked He didn't walk Did he walk?

We walked We didn't walk Did we walk?

They walked They didn't walk Did they walk?

SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO

Subject Verb

Be Hav D
e

I was had di

You were had di

He/She/It was had di

We were had di

You were had di

They were had di

NOTES ON AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE, & INTERROGATIVE

FORMS
AFFIRMATIVE
The affirmative of the simple past tense is simple.

 I was in Japan last year

 She had a headache yesterday.
 We did our homework last night.

NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE

For the negative and interrogative simple past form of "to do" as an ordinary verb, use the auxiliary "did", e.g. We didn't
do our homework last night.
The negative of "have" in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "did", but sometimes by simply
adding not or the contraction "n't".

The interrogative form of "have" in the simple past normally uses the auxiliary "did".

EXAMPLES
 They weren't in Rio last summer.
 We didn't have any money.
 We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
 We didn't do our exercises this morning.
 Were they in Iceland last January?
 Did you have a bicycle when you were young?
 Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?

Note: For the negative and interrogative form of all verbs in the simple past, always use the auxiliary 'did''.

SIMPLE PAST, IRREGULAR VERBS

Some verbs are irregular in the simple past. Here are the most common ones.

TO GO

 He went to a club last night.

 Did he go to the cinema last night?
 He didn't go to bed early last night.

TO GIVE

 We gave her a doll for her birthday.

 They didn't give John their new address.
 Did Barry give you my passport?

TO COME

 My parents came to visit me last July.

 We didn't come because it was raining.
 Did he come to your party last week?
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS
The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and is still going on at
the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.

It is used:

 Often, to describe the background in a story written in the past tense, e.g. "The sun was shining and the
birds were singing as the elephant came out of the jungle. The other animals were relaxing in the shade of the
trees, but the elephant moved very quickly. She was looking for her baby, and she didn't notice the hunter
who was watching her through his binoculars. When the shot rang out, she was running towards the river..."
 to describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event or action, e.g. "I was having a beautiful
dream when the alarm clock rang."
 to express a change of mind: e.g. "I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to get my
homework done instead."
 with 'wonder', to make a very polite request: e.g. "I was wondering if you could baby-sit for me tonight."

EXAMPLES
 They were waiting for the bus when the accident happened.
 Caroline was skiing when she broke her leg.
 When we arrived he was having a bath.
 When the fire started I was watching television.

Note: with verbs not normally used in the continuous form, the simple past is used.

FORMING THE PAST CONTINUOUS

The past continuous of any verb is composed of two parts : the past tense of the verb "to be" (was/were), and the base of
the main verb +ing.

Subject was/were base + ing

They were watching

Affirmative

She was reading

Negative
Subject was/were base + ing

She wasn't reading

Interrogative

Was she reading?

Interrogative negative

Wasn't she reading?

TO PLAY, PAST CONTINUOUS

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I was playing I was not playing Was I playing?

You were playing You were not playing Were you playing?
 Perfect Tenses in English

PRESENT PERFECT
DEFINITION OF THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
The present perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but
not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.

BE CAREFUL! There may be a verb tense in your language with a similar form, but the meaning is probably NOT the
same.

THE PRESENT PERFECT IS USED TO DESCRIBE

 An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (=
and I still do.)
 An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and
the week isn't over yet.)
 A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. We have visited Portugal several times.
 An action that was completed in the very recent past, expressed by 'just'. I have just finished my work.
 An action when the time is not important. He has read 'War and Peace'. (= the result of his reading is important)

Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past. Read more about choosing
between the present perfect and the simple past tenses.

ACTIONS STARTED IN THE PAST AND CONTINUING IN THE PRESENT

 They haven't lived here for years.

 She has worked in the bank for five years.
 We have had the same car for ten years.
 Have you played the piano since you were a child?

WHEN THE TIME PERIOD REFERRED TO HAS NOT FINISHED

 I have worked hard this week.

 It has rained a lot this year.
 We haven't seen her today.

ACTIONS REPEATED IN AN UNSPECIFIED PERIOD BETWEEN THE PAST AND NOW.

 They have seen that film six times

 It has happened several times already.
 She has visited them frequently.
 We have eaten at that restaurant many times.
ACTIONS COMPLETED IN THE VERY RECENT PAST (+JUST)

 Have you just finished work?

 I have just eaten.
 We have just seen her.
 Has he just left?

WHEN THE PRECISE TIME OF THE ACTION IS NOT IMPORTANT OR NOT KNOWN

 Someone has eaten my soup!

 Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
 She's studied Japanese, Russian, and English.

Read more about using the present perfect with the words "ever", "never", "already", and "yet", and about using the
present perfect with the words "for" and "since".

FORMING THE PRESENT PERFECT

The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present
tense), plus the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed, e.g. played, arrived,
looked. For irregular verbs, see the Table of irregular verbs in the section called 'Verbs'.

Affirmative

Subject to have past participle

She has visited.

Negative

Subject to have + not past participle

She has not (hasn't) visited.

Interrogative

to have subject past participle

Has she visited?

 Negative interrogative

to have + not subject past participle

Hasn't she visited?

TO WALK, PRESENT PERFECT

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I have walked I haven't walked Have I walked?

You have walked You haven't walked. Have you walked?

He, she, it has walked He, she, hasn't walked Has he, she, it walked?

We have walked We haven't walked Have we walked?

You have walked You haven't walked Have you walked?

They have walked They haven't walked Have they walked?

PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
The present perfect continuous is used to refer to an unspecified time between 'before now' and 'now'. The speaker is
thinking about something that started but perhaps did not finish in that period of time. He/she is interested in the process
as well as the result, and this process may still be going on, or may have just finished.
ACTIONS THAT STARTED IN THE PAST AND CONTINUE IN THE PRESENT
She has been waiting for you all day (= and she's still waiting now).
I've been working on this report since eight o'clock this morning (= and I still haven't finished it).
They have been travelling since last October (= and they're not home yet).

ACTIONS THAT HAVE JUST FINISHED, BUT WE ARE INTERESTED IN THE RESULTS
She has been cooking since last night (= and the food on the table looks delicious).
It's been raining (= and the streets are still wet).
Someone's been eating my chips (= half of them have gone).

FORMING THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

The present perfect continuous is made up of two elements: the present perfect of the verb 'to be' (have/has been), and
the present participle of the main verb (base+ing)

Subject has/have been base+ing

She has been swimming

Affirmative: She has been / She's been running.

Negative: She hasn't been running.
Interrogative : Has she been running?
Interrogative negative: Hasn't she been running?

EXAMPLE: PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS, TO LIVE

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I have been living I haven't been living Have I been living?

You have been living You haven't been living Have you been living?

He, she, it has been living He hasn't been living Has she been living?

We have been living We haven't been living Have we been living?

You have been living You haven't been living Have you been living?

They have been living They haven't been living Have they been living?
VERBS WITHOUT CONTINUOUS FORMS
With verbs not normally used in the continuous form, use the simple present perfect instead (verbs such as: know, hate,
hear, understand, want).
I've wanted to visit China for years.
She's known Robert since she was a child.
I've hated that music since I first heard it.
I've heard a lot about you recently.
We've understood everything.

PAST PERFECT TENSE

FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST PERFECT
The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that one event happened before
another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first - the tense makes it clear which one happened first.

In these examples, Event A is the event that happened first and Event B is the second or more recent event:

Event A Event B

John had gone out when I arrived in the office.

Event A Event B

I had saved my document before the computer crashed.

Event B Event A

When they arrived we had already started cooking.

Event B Event A

He was very tired because he hadn't slept well.

FORMING THE PAST PERFECT

The Past Perfect tense in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of the verb to have (had) + the past participle
of the main verb.
Subject had past participle

Affirmative

She had given

Negative

She hadn't asked.

Interrogative

Had they arrived?

Interrogative Negative

Hadn't you finished?

TO DECIDE, PAST PERFECT

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I had decided I hadn't decided Had I decided?

You had decided You hadn't decided Had you decided?

She had decided She hadn't decided Had she decided?

We had decided We hadn't decided Had we decided?

They had decided They hadn't decided Had they decided?

PAST PERFECT + JUST

'Just' is used with the past perfect to refer to an event that was only a short time earlier than before now, e.g.

 The train had just left when I arrived at the station.

 She had just left the room when the police arrived.
 I had just put the washing out when it started to rain

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
The past perfect continuous corresponds to the present perfect continuous, but with reference to a time earlier than
'before now'. As with the present perfect continuous, we are more interested in the process.

EXAMPLES
 Had you been waiting long before the taxi arrived?
 We had been trying to open the door for five minutes when Jane found her key.
 It had been raining hard for several hours and the streets were very wet.
 Her friends had been thinking of calling the police when she walked in.

This form is also used in reported speech. It is the equivalent of the past continuous and the present perfect continuous
in direct speech:

 Jane said, "I have been gardening all afternoon." = Jane said she had been gardening all afternoon.
 When the police questioned him, John said, "I was working late in the office that night." = When the police
questioned him, John told them he had been working late in the office that night.

FORMING THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

The past perfect continuous is composed of two elements - the past perfect of the verb to be (=had been) + the present
participle (base+ing).

Subject had been verb + ing

I had been walking

Affirmative

She had been trying

Negative
Subject had been verb + ing

She hadn't been sleeping

Interrogative

Had you been eating?

Interrogative negative

Hadn't they been living?

TO BUY, PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I had been buying I hadn't been buying Had I been buying?

You had been buying You hadn't been buying Had you been buying?

She had been buying She hadn't been buying Had she been buying?

We had been buying We hadn't been buying Had we been buying?

They had been buying They hadn't been buying Had they been buying?
FUTURE PERFECT
FORM
The future perfect is composed of two elements
the simple future of the verb "to have" (will have) + the past participle of the main verb

Subject + will have + past participle of the main verb

He will have finished.

I will have finished.

TO ARRIVE, FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative Interro

I will have arrived I won't have arrived Will I have arrived? Won't I have arri

You will have arrived You won't have arrived Will you have arrived? Won't you have

He will have arrived He won't have arrived Will he have arrived? Won't he have a

We will have arrived We won't have arrived Will we have arrived? Won't we have a

They will have arrived They won't have arrived Will they have arrived? Won't they have

FUNCTION
The future perfect tense refers to a completed action in the future. When we use this tense we are projecting ourselves
forward into the future and looking back at an action that will be completed some time later than now. It is most often used
with a time expression.

EXAMPLES
 I will have been here for six months on June 23rd. 
  By the time you read this I will have left.
 You will have finished your report by this time next week.
 Won't they have arrived by 5:00?

FUTURE PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
FORM
The future perfect continuous is composed of two elements
the future perfect of the verb "to be" (will have been) + the present participle of the main verb (base + ing)

Subject + will have been + present participle

He will have been playing.

will have been playing.

TO LIVE, FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

TENSE
Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative Interro

I will have been living I won't have been living Will I have been living? Won't I have be

You will have been living You won't have been living Will you have been living? Won't you have

He will have been living He won't have been living Will he have been living? Won't he have b

We m
will have been living We won't have been living Will we have been living? Won't we have

They will have been living They won't have been living Will they have been living? Won't they have

27
28
1. I up at seven o'clock yesterday.
a- got b- gets c- get d- have got
2. What tonight? Anything special?
a- have you doing b- are you done c- are you doing d- do you
3. I wish you ______ me about the party. I would have bought something nice for them.
a- told b- had told c- have told d- were telling
4. While Majid ______ the film, somebody stole his jacket with his wallet in it.
a- watched b- was watching c- was watched d- watching
5. John and Mary living in London when they got married.
a- did b- was c- have d- were
6. I'm sorry, I ______ understand what you said. Could you say it again?
a- haven't b- wasn't c- didn't d- hasn't
7. How long have you waiting?
a- been b- be c- being d- were
8. The play before we got to the theatre.
a-was starting b- had started c- has started d- starts
9. Give me a call when you home.
a- are getting b- got c- get d- have got
10. Mohammed swimming with his friends next Thursday.
a- went b- is going c- going d- has gone
11. A student last month for cheating in the exam.
a- dismissed b- would be dismissed c- was dismissing d – was dismissed
12. I'm not interested in seeing that film. I it before.
a- was seen b- have seen c- was seeing d- have been
13. When I was a child, I a toy that looked like a dragon.
a- had b- was had c- was having d- have
14. You need a lot of qualifications a doctor.
a- being b- been c- to be d- be
15. The programme at three o'clock tomorrow.
a- finish b- finishes c- finished d- has finished
16. Please me when you get home tonight.
a- phoning b- phoned c- are phoning d- phone
17. I don't know what I _ doing at three o'clock. I can't remember.
a- were b- have c- was d- did
18. Don't make so much noise. Fatma _ to study for her math test.
a- tries b- tried c- is trying d- try

29
19. Since they got married in 1966 , the AL Kasim family had 5 children.a- is having
b- have c- having d- has

20. Sorry, he can't come to the phone. He a bath!

a- has b- is having c- having d- had
21. A new hotel in the centre of town.
a- is being built b- built c- is building d- building
22. This is the best pizza I . I must get the recipe.
a- have ever had b- am ever having c- have been had d- will never have
23. What _ _ you doing when I rang last night?
a- did b- were c- was d- have
24. We all our money already. Please send us some more!
a- spend b- spends c- spent d- have spent
25. Which university next year?
a- are you going to join b- shall you be joining c- will you join d- would you join
26. At seven fifteen this morning, I down the corniche when I saw my teacher. a- was walked
b- walked c- was walking d- walking
27. Look! It again .Why does it always snow so much in Germany?
a- ’s snowing b- snow c- ’s snow d- snows
28. There are a couple of people to see you, Dr Johnson. Shall I send them in?a- waited
b- are waiting c- have waited d- waiting
29. She the house since 9 o’clock .
a- is cleaning b- has cleaning c- has been cleaning d- been cleaning
30. Jassem his blue jeans today, but usually he wears a kandora.
a- wear b- is wearing c- wears d- wearing
31. It’s so hot in here. I turn the air-conditioning on.
a- will b- will be c- am d- am going to
32. Shakespeare _ many very famous plays and poems.
a- write b- writes c- wrote d- have written
33. Water at zero degrees.
a- freezes b- is freeze c- is freezing d- freeze34. everyone
finished the exercise? Can we continue?
a- Was b- Had c- Did d- Has
35. Sorry I'm late. I'm afraid my bike .
a- has been stolen b- were stolen c- being stolen d- be stolen
36. Most shops _ closed by the time I got to the shopping mall last night. a- has
b- would c- had d- was

30
 Future Tenses in English
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
FUNCTIONS OF THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
The simple future refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty. In this case there is no 'attitude'.

The simple future is used:

 To predict a future event:

It will rain tomorrow.
 With I or We, to express a spontaneous decision:
I'll pay for the tickets by credit card.
 To express willingness:
I'll do the washing-up.
He'll carry your bag for you.
 In the negative form, to express unwillingness:
The baby won't eat his soup.
I won't leave until I've seen the manager!
 With I in the interrogative form using "shall", to make an offer:
Shall I open the window?
 With we in the interrogative form using "shall", to make a suggestion:
Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
 With I in the interrogative form using "shall", to ask for advice or instructions:
What shall I tell the boss about this money?
 With you, to give orders:
You will do exactly as I say.
 With you in the interrogative form, to give an invitation:
Will you come to the dance with me?
Will you marry me?

Note:In modern English will is preferred to shall. Shall is mainly used with I and we to make an offer or suggestion, or to
ask for advice (see examples above). With the other persons (you, he, she, they) shall is only used in literary or poetic
situations, e.g. "With rings on her fingers and bells on her toes, She shall have music wherever she goes."

FORMING THE SIMPLE FUTURE

The simple future tense is composed of two parts: will / shall + the infinitive without to

31
 Subject will infinitive without to

Affirmative

I will go

I shall go

Negative

They will not see

They won't see

Interrogative

Will she ask?

Interrogative negative

Won't they try?

CONTRACTIONS
I will = I'll
We will = we'll
You will = you'll
He will = he'll
She will = she'll
They will = they'll
Will not = won't

The form "it will" is not normally shortened.

TO SEE: SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

32
 Affirmative Negative Interrogative Interrogative Negative

I will see I won't see Will I see? Won't I see?

*I shall see *Shall I see?

You will see You won't see Will you see? Won't you see?

He will see He won't see Will he see? Won't he see?

We will see We won't see Will we see? Won't we see?

*We shall see *Shall we see?

They will see They won't see Will they see? Won't they see?

*Shall is dated, but it is still commonly used instead of "will" with the affirmative or interrogative forms of I and we in
certain cases (see above).

form is used to project ourselves forward in time and to look back. It refers to events or actions that are currently
unfinished but will be finished at some future time. It is most often used with a time expression.

EXAMPLES

 I will have been waiting here for three hours by six o'clock.
 By 2001 I will have been living in London for sixteen years.
 When I finish this course, I will have been learning English for twenty years.
 Next year I will have been working here for four years.
 When I come at 6:00, will you have been practicing long?

33
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
FORM
The future continuous is made up of two elements:
the simple future of the verb 'to be' + the present participle (base+ing)

Subject simple future of the verb 'to be' present participle

You will be watching

I will be staying

TO STAY, FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative Interro

I will be staying. I won't be staying. Will I be staying? Won't I be stayin

You will be staying. You won't be staying. Will you be staying? Won't you be st

He will be staying. He won't be staying. Will he be staying? Won't he be sta

She will be staying. She won't be staying. Will she be staying? Won't she be sta

It will be staying. It won't be staying. Will it be staying? Won't it be stayi

We will be staying. We won't be staying. Will we be staying? Won't we be sta

They will be staying. They won't be staying. Will they be staying? Won't they be st

34
FUNCTIONS
The future continuous refers to an unfinished action or event that will be in progress at a time later than now. The future
continuous is used for quite a few different purposes.

The future continuous can be used to project ourselves into the future.

EXAMPLES
 This time next week I will be sun-bathing in Bali.
 By Christmas I will be skiing like a pro.
 Just think, next Monday you will be working in your new job.

The future continuous can be used for predicting or guessing about future events.

EXAMPLES
 He'll be coming to the meeting, I expect.
 I guess you'll be feeling thirsty after working in the sun.
 You'll be missing the sunshine once you're back in England.

In the interrogative form, the future continuous can be used to ask politely for information about the future.

EXAMPLES
 Will you be bringing your friend to the pub tonight?
 Will Jim be coming with us?
 Will she be going to the party tonight?
 Will I be sleeping in this room?

The future continuous can be used to refer to continuous events that we expect to happen in the future.

EXAMPLES
 I'll be seeing Jim at the conference next week.
 When he is in Australia he will be staying with friends.
 I'll be eating with Jane this evening so I can tell her.

When combined with still, the future continuous refers to events that are already happening now and that we expect to
continue some time into the future.

EXAMPLES
 In an hour I'll still be ironing my clothes.
 Tomorrow he'll still be suffering from his cold.
 Next year will she still be wearing a size six?
 Won't stock prices still be falling in the morning?
 Unfortunately, sea levels will still be rising in 20 years.

35
 answer that correctly completes each sentence.

1-My cousin................. playing football.

a- enjoy b-enjoying c-enjoys d-is enjoy2--My new teacher
.................................................. blond hair and blue eyes.
a-is having b-have c-having d-has
3-My… ..................... usually gets up at 6 o'clock.
a-uncles b-uncle c- uncle he d-uncle is4-Mariam's best
..............................................often borrows her walkman.
a-friends b-friend c-friend she d-friend is5-Our
..................... sometimes goes on holiday.
a-bosses b-boss c-boss he d-boss is6-Their mother
.......................................... in a private company.
a-is a manager b- she a manager c-she is manager d-is manager7-Their often
washes the car on Sundays.
a-brothers b-brother c-brother is d- brother’s8 a lot of errors in
the student’s essay.
a- there is b- they are c- their d- there are9- Some horses
............................................ many races.
a- wins b- win c- winning d- is winning10- Your sister
usually ........................................... swimming on the weekend
a- go b-going c-gone d- goes11- My
....................................usually goes to school by taxi.
a- sisters b-sister c- sister she d- sister is12- My brother
usually… to music when he is studying.
a- listens b- listen c- listening d- is listening13- In some
countries, elections place every four years.
a- take b-takes c- taking d- are taking it14- My brother is
an accountant. ___ works in a school.
a-He b- His c- He’s d- He is15-Ali and Samy
.............................................. to the beach to surf with their friends.
a-goes b-go c-going d-is going16- Our best
friend....................................... a wonderful holiday in Paris this week.
a-is having b-have c-having d-are having

36
Choose the correct tense to go in the gap.

1. When you phoned, I ……………….. a shower.

1. was having
2. am having
3. had

2. If you had arrived late, I ………………….. angry.

1. had been
2. would have been
3. will have been

3. They ………………….. the French course yet.

1. have not started

2. had not started
3. have not start

4. My family ………………….. in Australia for a year when I was a child.

1. was living
2. lives
3. lived

5.Most major cities ...................... significantly over the last 30 years.

1. grew
2. have grown
3. will grow

6. Mick usually ………………….. his dog in the afternoon.

1. is walking
2. walk
3. walks

7. I’m tired. I ………………….. for 3 hours!

1. have studied
2. have been studying
3. had been studying

8. This time next year I ………………….. in London for 7 years.

1. will have been living

2. will have lived
3. will be living

1. rung

37
38
 CONDITIONAL
Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would

happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used

in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a

past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of

constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main

clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".

Conditional Usage If clause Main clause verb

sentencetype verbtense ten

Zero General truths Simple Simple present

present

39
 Conditional Usage If clause Main clause verb
sentencetype verbtense ten

Type 1 A possible condition and its probable result Simple present Simple future

Type 2 A hypothetical condition and its probable Simple past Present conditional
result orconditional

Type 3 An unreal past condition and its probable Past perfect Perfect conditional
result in the past

Mixed type An unreal past condition and its probable Past perfect Present contditional
result in the present

THE ZERO CONDITIONAL

The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible.
The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present.
In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.

If clause Main clause

If + simple present simple present

If this thing happens that thing happens.

If you heat ice it melts.

If it rains the grass gets wet.

Read more about how to use the zero conditional.

TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL
The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers
to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main
clause is in the simple future.

40
 If clause Main clause

If + simple present simple future

If this thing happens that thing will happen.

If you don't hurry you will miss the train.

If it rains today you will get wet.

TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL
The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences
are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2
conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

If clause Main clause

If + simple past present conditional or present continuous conditional

If this thing happened that thing would happen. (but I'm not sure this thing will happen) OR
that thing would be happening.

If you went to bed earlier you would not be so tired.

If it rained you would get wet.

If I spoke Italian I would be working in Italy.

TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL
The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts
they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past

41
 condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main
clause uses the perfect conditional.

If clause Main clause

If + past perfect perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional

If this thing had happened that thing would have happened. (but neither of those things really happened)
that thing would have been happening.

If you had studied harder you would have passed the exam.

If it had rained you would have gotten wet.

If I had accepted that promotion I would have been working in Milan.

ead more about how to use the type 3 conditional with the perfect conditional tense, and how to use the perfect
ontinuous conditional in type 3 conditional sentences.

MIXED TYPE CONDITIONAL

he mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present.
he facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an
nreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the
ast perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

If clause Main clause

If + past perfect or simple past present conditional or perfect conditional

If this thing had happened that thing would happen. (but this thing didn't happen so that thing isn't

If I had worked harder at school I would have a better job now.

If we had looked at the map we wouldn't be lost.

If you weren't afraid of spiders you would have picked it up and put it outside.

42
- Practice A
1. If people were a little more tolerant, .
a- our world would have been a better place
b- our world would be a better place.
c- our world will be a better place

2. If my father had locked his car properly, . a-

his car would never have been stolen.
b- his car will not be stolen. c-
his car would not be stolen.

3. If the ozone layer disappears a little more, we . a-

ran a much higher risk of attracting skin cancer.
b- would run a much higher risk of attracting skin cancer.
c- will run a much higher risk of attracting skin cancer.

4. I would never feel comfortable on a plane if . a-

I know it's the pilot's first time to fly a plane.
b- I knew it was the pilot's first time to fly a plane.
c- I would know that it's the pilot's first time to fly a plane.

5. A dog will never bite you if .

a- you will look it straight in the eyes.
b- you look it straight in the eyes.
c- you looked it straight in the eyes.

6. The first thing I will do is drive to Spain if

.
a- I would get my driving license.
b- I got my driving license.
c- I get my driving license.

7. If John hadn't responded in such an aggressive manner, he

.
a- will never have had a black eye.
b- won't have a black eye.
c- would never have had a black eye.

43
Objective 12: Conditionals -
Practice B
Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type I, II or III) by putting the verbs into the correct form.
1. If they (have) time at the weekend, they will come to see us.
2. If we sneak out quietly, nobody (notice) .
3. If we (know) about your problem, we would have helped you.
4. If I (be) you, I would not buy that dress.
5. We (arrive) earlier if we had not missed the bus.
6. If I didn't have a mobile phone, my life (not / be) complete.
7. Okay, I (get) _ the popcorn if you buy the drinks.
8. If I (tell) you a secret, you would tell everybody.
9. She (help) you if you had only asked her.
10. I would not have read your diary if you (not hide) it in such an obvious place.

Complete the Conditional Sentences with the correct form (Type I, II or III).

1. If I stronger, I'd help you carry the piano.

a- am b- will be c- were d- had been
2. If we'd seen you, we
a- stop b- will stop c- stopped d- would have stopped
3. If we _ him tomorrow, we'll say hello.
a- meet b- will meet c- met d- had met
4. He would have repaired the car himself if he the tools.
a- has b- will have c- had d- had had
5. If you drop the vase, it __ __ ___ __ __ __
a- breaks b- will break c- broke d- had broken
6. If I hadn't studied, I the exam.
a- do not pass b- will pass c- had not pass d- wouldn’t have passed
7. I wouldn't go to school by bus if I a driving license.
a- have b- had had c- will have d- had
8. I to London if I don't get a cheap flight.
a- don’t travel b- won’t travel c- didn’t travel d- wouldn’t travel
9. We'd be stupid if we him about our secret.
a- tell b- told c- will tell d- had told

44
 THE -ING FORMS
A verb ending in -ing is either a present participle or a gerund. These two forms look identical. The difference is in their
functions in a sentence.

PRESENT PARTICIPLES
A present participle is most commonly used as part of the continuous form of a verb, after verbs of perception, after verbs
of movement, or as an adjective.

PRESENT PARTICIPLES AS PART OF THE CONTINUOUS FORM OF A VERB

Present participles are an element in all continuous verb forms (past, present, future, conditional, etc.). The helping verb
will indicate the tense, while the present participle remains unchanging.

EXAMPLES
 He is painting.
 She was waiting.
 They will be coming.
 We would be staying.
 I would have been leaving.

PRESENT PARTICIPLES AFTER VERBS OF PERCEPTION

Present participles can be used after verbs of perception in the pattern verb + object + present participle to indicate the
action being perceived.

EXAMPLES
 We saw him swimming across the pond.
 I watched her painting Sarah's portrait.
 I couldn't hear her singing because of the noise.
 I would like to see you knitting sometime.

PRESENT PARTICIPLES AFTER VERBS OF MOVEMENT, ACTION, OR POSITION, TO

INDICATE PARALLEL ACTIVITY.

EXAMPLES
 She sat looking at the sea.
 He walks reading his newspaper.
 I cook listening to the radio.
 Sally lay listening to the bugs in the grass.

45
PRESENT PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES

EXAMPLES
 Did you read that amazing book?
 This movie is so exciting!
 His economics class is boring.

Read more about using present participles.

GERUNDS
The gerund always has the same function as a noun, although it looks like a verb. It can be used in the same way as a
noun.

A GERUND AS THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE

EXAMPLES
 Eating people is wrong.
 Driving too fast is dangerous.
 Walking is good for you.
 Your knitting is beautiful.

A GERUND AFTER PREPOSITIONS

EXAMPLES
 Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?
 She is good at painting.
 I was the fastest at climbing the rope.
 He learns music by listening to the chords.

A GERUND AFTER CERTAIN SPECIFIC VERBS

EXAMPLES
 I like cooking.
 He enjoys walking.
 They hate milking cows.
 I can imagine drifting away in a balloon.

A GERUND IN COMPOUND NOUNS

EXAMPLES
 I took her to her driving lessons.
 We are going to the swimming pool.
 My uncle does a lot of bird-watching.

46
1 - I ‘m not keen on tennis.
a-play b-playing c- to play d- played2 - I enjoyed
them again.
a-see b-will see c-to see d-seeing3 – Let me
you.
a-help b- helping c- to help d- helps
4 – The scientist wants his hypothesis.
a-prove b- proving c-proved d-to prove
5 – The teacher asked Mona carefully.
a- listened b-listening c-to listen d-listens6 - Would you
like ?
a- come b-coming c- to come d- came7 – He refused
_______________ me the car.
a-lent b-lending c- to lend d- lend8 - She taught
me it.
a- do b- to do c- doing d- did9 - I don't feel like
a film.
a- watching b- watch c- to watch d- have watched10 - Do you mind
it with you?
a- take b- took c- to take d- taking11 – We are
trying this problem.
a- to solve b- solving c- solve d- solved12 - He stopped
when he got married.
a- to smoke b- smoking c- smoked d- smoke13 - Remember
her at lunchtime.
a- call b- to call c- calling d- will call14 - She made
us the whole house.
a- cleaning b- clean c- to clean d- cleaned

15- the country to study is a very hard feeling.

a- Leave b- Left c- Leaving d-Living

47
 PASSIVE VOICE
FUNCTIONS OF THE PASSIVE VOICE
The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather than the person or
object that performs the action. In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence.

EXAMPLES
 The passive voice is used frequently. (= we are interested in the passive voice, not in who uses it.)
 The house was built in 1654. (= we are interested in the house, not in who built it.)
 The road is being repaired. (= we are interested in the road, not in the people who are doing the repairs.)

Sometimes we use the passive voice because we don't know or do not want to express who performed the action.

EXAMPLES
 I noticed that a window had been left open.
 Every year thousands of people are killed on our roads.
 All the cookies have been eaten.
 My car has been stolen!

The passive voice is often used in formal texts. Switching to the active voice will make your writing clearer and easier to
read.

Passive Active

A great deal of meaning is conveyed by a few well-chosen words. A few well-chosen words convey a great deal of

Our planet is wrapped in a mass of gases. A mass of gases wrap around our planet.

Waste materials are disposed of in a variety of ways. The city disposes of waste materials in a variety

If we want to say who or what performs the action while using the passive voice, we use the preposition by. When we
know who performed the action and are interested in him, it is always better to switch to the active voice instead.

Passive Active

"A Hard Day's Night" was written by the Beatles. The Beatles wrote "A Hard Day's Night".

48
 Passive Active

The movie ET was directed by Spielberg. Spielberg directed the movie ET.

This house was built by my father. My father built this house.

Read more about the passive voice and active equivalents for all English verb tenses.

FORMING THE PASSIVE VOICE

The passive voice in English is composed of two elements:
the appropriate form of the verb 'to be' + past participle

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative Interr

The house was built in 1899. The house wasn't built in 1899. Was the house built in 1899? Wasn't the hou

These houses were built in 1899. These houses weren't built in 1899. Were these houses built in 1899? Weren't these h

TO CLEAN, PASSIVE VOICE

Subject + to be (conjugated) + past participle + rest of sentence

Simple present

The house Is cleaned every day.

Present continuous

The house is being cleaned at the moment.

Simple past

The house was cleaned yesterday.

49
Subject + to be (conjugated) + past participle + rest of sentence

Past continuous

The house was being cleaned last week.

Present perfect

The house has been cleaned since you left.

Past perfect

The house had been cleaned before they arrived.

Future

The house will be cleaned next week.

Future continuous

The house will be being cleaned tomorrow.

Present conditional

The house would be cleaned if they had visitors.

Past conditional

The house would have been cleaned if it had been dirty.

Inifinitive

50
Subject + to be (conjugated) + past participle + rest of sentence

The house must be cleaned before we arrive.

PASSIVE VOICE WITH INFINITIVES

The infinitive passive voice is used after modal verbs and other most verbs normally followed by an infinitive.

EXAMPLES
 You have to be tested on your English grammar.
 John might be promoted next year.
 She wants to be invited to the party.
 I expect to be surprised on my birthday.
 You may be disappointed.

PASSIVE VOICE WITH GERUNDS

Gerunds are used after prepositions and verbs normally followed by a gerund.

EXAMPLES
 I remember being taught to drive.
 The children are excited about being taken to the zoo.
 The children are excited to be taken to the zoo.
 Most film stars hate being interviewed.
 Most film stars hate to be interviewed.
 Poodles like to be pampered.
 Poodles like being pampered.

USING "TO BE BORN"

"To be born" is a passive form and is most commonly used in the past tense. However, in some cases, the present or
future tense is appropriate.

EXAMPLES
 I was born in 1976.
 Where were you born?
 Around 100 babies are born in this hospital every week.
 We don't know on exactly which day the baby will be born.

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Verb Forms - Practice
34. I up at seven o'clock yesterday.
a- got b- gets c- get d- have got
35. What tonight? Anything special?
a- have you doing b- are you done c- are you doing d- do you
36. _____________ I wish you me about the party. I would have bought something nice for them.
a- told b- had told c- have told d- were telling
37. ______________ While Majid the film, somebody stole his jacket with his wallet in it.
a- watched b- was watching c- was watched d- watching
38. John and Mary living in London when they got married.
a- did b- was c- have d- were
39. ______________ I'm sorry, I understand what you said. Could you say it again?
a- haven't b- wasn't c- didn't d- hasn't
40. How long have you waiting?
a- been b- be c- being d- were
41. The play before we got to the theatre.
a-was starting b- had started c- has started d- starts
42. Give me a call when you home.
a- are getting b- got c- get d- have got
43. Mohammed swimming with his friends next Thursday.
a- went b- is going c- going d- has gone
44. A student last month for cheating in the exam.
a- dismissed b- would be dismissed c- was dismissing d – was dismissed
45. I'm not interested in seeing that film. I it before.
a- was seen b- have seen c- was seeing d- have been
46. When I was a child, I a toy that looked like a dragon.
a- had b- was had c- was having d- have
47. You need a lot of qualifications a doctor.
a- being b- been c- to be d- be
48. The programme at three o'clock tomorrow.
a- finish b- finishes c- finished d- has finished
49. Please me when you get home tonight.
a- phoning b- phoned c- are phoning d- phone
50. I don't know what I _ doing at three o'clock. I can't remember.
a- were b- have c- was d- did
51. Don't make so much noise. Fatma _ to study for her math test.
a- tries b- tried c- is trying d- try

52
52. Since they got married in 1966 , the AL Kasim family had 5 children.a- is having
b- have c- having d- has

53. Sorry, he can't come to the phone. He a bath!

a- has b- is having c- having d- had
54. A new hotel in the centre of town.
a- is being built b- built c- is building d- building
55. This is the best pizza I . I must get the recipe.
a- have ever had b- am ever having c- have been had d- will never have
56. What _ _ you doing when I rang last night?
a- did b- were c- was d- have
57. We all our money already. Please send us some more!
a- spend b- spends c- spent d- have spent
58. Which university next year?
a- are you going to join b- shall you be joining c- will you join d- would you join
59. At seven fifteen this morning, I down the corniche when I saw my teacher. a- was walked
b- walked c- was walking d- walking
60. Look! It again .Why does it always snow so much in Germany?
a- ’s snowing b- snow c- ’s snow d- snows
61. There are a couple of people to see you, Dr Johnson. Shall I send them in?a- waited
b- are waiting c- have waited d- waiting
62. She the house since 9 o’clock .
a- is cleaning b- has cleaning c- has been cleaning d- been cleaning
63. Jassem his blue jeans today, but usually he wears a kandora.
a- wear b- is wearing c- wears d- wearing
64. It’s so hot in here. I turn the air-conditioning on.
a- will b- will be c- am d- am going to
65. Shakespeare _ many very famous plays and poems.
a- write b- writes c- wrote d- have written
66. Water at zero degrees.
a- freezes b- is freeze c- is freezing d- freeze34. everyone
finished the exercise? Can we continue?
a- Was b- Had c- Did d- Has
37. Sorry I'm late. I'm afraid my bike .
a- has been stolen b- were stolen c- being stolen d- be stolen
38. Most shops _ closed by the time I got to the shopping mall last night. a- has
b- would c- had d- was

53
54
 DETERMINERS
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE
The word "the" is one of the most common words in English. It is our only definite article. Nouns in English are preceded
by the definite article when the speaker believes that the listener already knows what he is referring to. The speaker may
believe this for many different reasons, some of which are listed below.

WHEN TO USE "THE"

GENERAL RULES
Use the to refer to something which has already been mentioned.

EXAMPLES
 On Monday, an unarmed man stole $1,000 from the bank. The thief hasn't been caught yet.
 I was walking past Benny's Bakery when I decided to go into the bakery to get some bread.
 There's a position available in my team. The job will involve some international travel.

Use the when you assume there is just one of something in that place, even if it has not been mentioned before.

EXAMPLES
 We went on a walk in the forest yesterday.
 Where is the bathroom?
 Turn left and go to number 45. Our house is across from the Italian restaurant.
 My father enjoyed the book you gave him.

Use the in sentences or clauses where you define or identify a particular person or object.

EXAMPLES
 The man who wrote this book is famous.
 I scratched the red car parked outside.
 I live in the small house with a blue door.
 He is the doctor I came to see.

Use the to refer to people or objects that are unique.

55
EXAMPLES
 The sun rose at 6:17 this morning.
 You can go anywhere in the world.
 Clouds drifted across the sky.
 The president will be speaking on TV tonight.
 The CEO of Total is coming to our meeting.

Use the before superlatives and ordinal numbers.

EXAMPLES
 This is the highest building in New York.
 She read the last chapter of her new book first.
 You are the tallest person in our class.
 This is the third time I have called you today.

Use the with adjectives, to refer to a whole group of people.

EXAMPLES
 The French enjoy cheese.
 The elderly require special attention.
 She has given a lot of money to the poor.

Use the with decades.

EXAMPLES
 He was born in the seventies.
 This is a painting from the 1820's.

Use the with clauses introduced by only

EXAMPLES
 This is the only day we've had sunshine all week.
 You are the only person he will listen to.
 The only tea I like is black tea.

PROPER NOUNS
Use the with names of geographical areas, rivers, mountain ranges, groups of islands, canals, and oceans.

EXAMPLES
 They are travelling in the Arctic.
 Our ship crossed the Atlantic in 7 days.
 I will go on a cruise down the Nile.
 Hiking across the Rocky Mountains would be difficult.

Use the with countries that have plural names

56
EXAMPLES
 I have never been to the Netherlands.
 Do you know anyone who lives in the Philippines?

Use the with countries that include the words "republic", "kingdom", or "states" in their names.

EXAMPLES
 She is visiting the United States.
 James is from the Republic of Ireland.

Use the with newspaper names.

EXAMPLES
 I read it in the Guardian.
 She works for the New York Times.

Use the with the names of famous buildings, works of art, museums, or monuments.

EXAMPLES
 Have you been to the Vietnam Memorial?
 We went to the Louvre and saw the Mona Lisa.
 I would like to visit the Eiffel Tower.
 I saw King Lear at the Globe.

Use the with the names of hotels & restaurants, unless these are named after a person.

EXAMPLES
 They are staying at the Hilton on 6th street.
 We ate at the Golden Lion.

Use the with the names of families, but not with the names of individuals.

EXAMPLES
 We're having dinner with the Smiths tonight.
 The Browns are going to the play with us.

WHEN NOT TO USE "THE"

Do not use the with names of countries (except for the special cases above).

EXAMPLES
 Germany is an important economic power.
 He's just returned from Zimbabwe.

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Do not use the with the names of languages.

EXAMPLES
 French is spoken in Tahiti.
 English uses many words of Latin origin.
 Indonesian is a relatively new language.

Do not use the with the names of meals.

EXAMPLES
 Lunch is my favorite meal.
 I like to eat breakfast early.

Do not use the with people's names.

EXAMPLES
 John is coming over later.
 Mary Carpenter is my boss.

Do not use the with titles when combined with names.

EXAMPLES
 Prince Charles is Queen Elizabeth's son.
 President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.

Do not use the after the 's possessive case

EXAMPLES
 His brother's car was stolen.
 Peter's house is over there.

Do not use the with professions

EXAMPLES
 Engineering is a well-paid career.
 He'll probably study medicine.

Do not use the with names of shops

EXAMPLES
 I'll get the card at Smith's.
 Can you go to Boots for me?

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Do not use the with years

EXAMPLES
 1948 was a wonderful year.
 He was born in 1995.

Do not use the with uncountable nouns

EXAMPLES
 Rice is an important food in Asia.
 Milk is often added to tea in England.
 War is destructive.

Do not use the with the names of individual mountains, lakes and islands

EXAMPLES
 Mount McKinley is the highest mountain in Alaska.
 She lives near Lake Windermere.
 Have you visited Long Island?

Do not use the with most names of towns, streets, stations and airports

EXAMPLES
 Victoria Station is in the centre of London.
 Can you direct me to Bond Street?
 She lives in Florence.
 They're flying into Heathrow.

INDEFINITE ARTICLES
In English, the two indefinite articles are a and an. Like other articles, indefinite articles are invariable. You use one or the
other, depending on the first letter of the word following the article, for pronunciation reasons. Use a when the next word
starts with a consonant, or before words starting in u and eu when they sound like you. Use an when the next word starts
with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) or with a mute h.

EXAMPLES
 a boy
 an apple
 a car
 a helicopter
 an elephant
 a big elephant
 an itchy sweater
 an ugly duck

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  a european
 a university
 a unit
 an hour
 an honor

The indefinite article is used to refer to something for the first time or to refer to a particular member of a group or class.
Some use cases and examples are given below.

Use a to refer to something for the first time.

EXAMPLES
 Would you like a drink?
 I've finally got a good job.
 An elephant and a mouse fell in love.

NAMING MEMBERS OF A GROUP

Use a with names of jobs.

EXAMPLES
 John is a doctor.
 Mary is training to be an engineer.
 He wants to be a dancer.

Use a with nationalities and religions in the singular.

EXAMPLES
 John is an Englishman.
 Kate is a Catholic.

Use a with the names of days of the week when not referring to any particular day.

EXAMPLES
 I was born on a Thursday.
 Could I come over on a Saturday sometime?

Use a to refer to an example of something.

EXAMPLES
 The mouse had a tiny nose .
 The elephant had a long trunk .
 It was a very strange car .

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DETERMINERS OF
DIFFERENCE
The determiners other and another refer to something different, remaining, or additional. They are placed before a
noun. The other is treated separately because its usage is slightly different.

Other Plural countable nouns and all uncountable nouns

Another Singular countable nouns

The other Any noun that can take the definite article "the"

USING "OTHER"
Other can be used alone or after the determiners some, any, and no.

EXAMPLES
 Do you have other shoes?
 There are other jobs you could try.
 Is there any other bread?
 I have some other sugar we could use.
 We have no other ideas.

If used with a plural countable noun and one of these determiners, the noun may be omitted when it is understood from
the context. In that case, other becomes plural. This can also happen with other used by itself, but it is less common.

EXAMPLES
 Do you have any others?
 I know some others who might like to come.
 There are no others in this box.
 I know others like vanilla, but I prefer chocolate.
 She doesn't have to wear that dress. She has others.

USING "ANOTHER"
Another is used with singular countable nouns. For uncountable nouns, another is often used with measure words that are
singular.

61
EXAMPLES
 Have another cookie.
 Would you like another cup of tea?
 He has another brother.
 I don't have another car.
 I'll come by another time.

USING "THE OTHER"

If the other is modifying a plural countable noun, the noun may be omitted when it is understood from the context. In that
case, other will become plural.

EXAMPLES
 Where is the other box of cereal?
 I work on the weekend and go to school on the other days of the week.
 May I use the other honey for my recipe?

PRE-DETERMINERS
Pre-determiners are normally placed before an indefinite article + adjective + noun to express an opinion about the
noun they modify. Such and what are used to express surprise or other emotions.

EXAMPLES
 What a lovely day!
 She's such a beautiful woman.
 You can't imagine what an incredible meal I just ate.
 I've had such a good time today!

Rather and quite are commenting words, referring to the degree of a particular quality as expressed by the adjective that
modifies the noun. They can express disappointment, pleasure, or other emotions depending on the adjective in question.
In British English, rather is used as a pre-determiner. In American English it is only used as an adverb. The examples
given below are British English.

EXAMPLES
 It was quite a nice day.
 He's had quite a bad accident.
 It's rather a small car.
 I've just met rather a nice man

RELATIVE CLAUSES

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 Relative clauses are non-essential parts of a sentence. They may add meaning, but if they are removed, the sentence will
still function grammatically. There are two broad types of relative clauses in English. It is important to distinguish between
them because it affects the choice of pronoun used to introduce the clause. There is a more detailed page
about preposition placement in relative clauses.

DEFINING CLAUSES
A defining or identifying clause tells us which specific person or thing we are talking about in a larger group of people or
things. If a defining relative clause is removed, the meaning of the sentence changes significantly. A defining relative
clause is not separated from the rest of the sentence by commas or parentheses.

EXAMPLES
 The woman who visited me in the hospital was very kind.
 The umbrella that I bought last week is already broken.
 The man who stole my backpack has been arrested.
 The weather that we had this summer was beautiful.

Learn more about using defining relative clauses

correctly.

Practice
1- She returned three of my six books yesterday and promised to bring on Friday.
a- other b- another c-others d- the others
2- We’ll take three cars. You go in one and we’ll take .
a- others b- the others c- another d- the other
3- Some people prefer vegetables while prefer meat.
a- other b- another c- the others d- others

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4- Who gave you books?
a- that b- these c- they d- this
5- Would anybody like piece of this cake?
a- other b- another c- others d- the others
6-. My cousins and I always enjoy doing the same things. favourite activity is going camping.
a- Our b- Their c- His d- Her

7-. I want to phone Mr. and Mrs. Dennis to say ‘thank you’. Do you have phone number?
a- they b- their c- them d- theirs
8- are my books not yours.
a- This b-That c- These d- Then
9- Can you give me pen, please?
a- that b-those c-these d-there
10- You have got to buy uniform for your new job.
a- an b- a c- zero article d- the
11- Ahmed usually has with his friends in the cafeteria.
a- the lunch b- the lunches c- lunch d- a lunch
12- We need to buy for our living room.
a- chair b- some chair c- a chair d- a chairs
13--Asma and her cousins sometimes go abroad together. favourite country is Holland
a- Hers b-They c- She’s d-Their
14-I use new computer to write stories.
a-me b-mine c-my d-I
15-Princess Rania has become famous for her work with_ ______ children.
a-a b-the c-an d-zero article
16- Nelson Mandela was born in South Africa.
a- a b-an c-the d- zero article
17- _ Soviet Union disappeared after 1989.
a- a b-the c-zero article d-an

: Relative clauses -
Practice
1. Neil Armstrong was the man was the first human on the moon.
a- who b- whose c- which d- where
2. The man ________father was sent to prison lives in my home town.
a- who b- whose c- which d- where
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3. The story, was written by Najeeb, will probably win an award.
a- who b- whose c- which d- where
4. The pilot is flying the plane is very clever.
a- who b- whose c- which d- where
5. Ali is the student can answer these questions.
a- who b- whose c- which d- where

65
6. This is the house in I live.
a- who b- whose c- which d- where
7. I saw a sick old man _____ _ could not walk.
a- who b- whose c- which d- where
8. This is the bus _ I came on.
a- who b- whose c- which d- where
9. The pupil is clever succeeds every year.
a- who b- whose c- which d- where
10. Fatima, mother makes lovely cakes, has invited us to tea.

a- who b- whose c- which d- where

11-The computer I bought last week is already broken.
a- which b- who c- when d- whom
12-This is the house my grandfather was born.
a- which b- when c- who d- where
13-The man bought our house has just won 2 million Dhs.
a- who b- whose c- whom d- how
14-The cake I've just baked is too hot to eat.
a- when b- where c- who d- that
15-The books are on the desk are mine.
a- where b- whose c- that d- when
16-The teacher _____ we all like is ill today.
a- how b- whom c- whose d- which
17-The man car broke down went to the station.
a- whose b- who c- that
d- whom
18-This is the place __ __ we usually meet.
a- when b- why c- where
d- that
19- The house they have rented is in the centre of town.
a- who b- where c- which d- whose
20- That is the place _______ my cousin works.

a- whose b- where c- which d- whom

21-He is the man wife died last week.
a- whose b- where c- who d- which
22-I really enjoyed the time we went to that Italian restaurant.

a- who b- when c- whom

d- which

66
 SPEECH
DIRECT AND INDIRECT
SPEECH
Direct and indirect speech can be a source of confusion for English learners. Let's first define the terms, then look at how
to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa.

You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways:

 by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)

 by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).

DIRECT SPEECH
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words
spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being
said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation.

EXAMPLES
 She says, "What time will you be home?"
 She said, "What time will you be home?" and I said, "I don't know! "

67
  "There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
 John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."

INDIRECT SPEECH
Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken.
We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted
commas are not used.

She said, "I saw him." (direct speech) = She said that she had seen him. (indirect speech)

'That' may be omitted:

She told him that she was happy. = She told him she was happy.

'SAY' AND 'TELL'

Use 'say' when there is no indirect object:
He said that he was tired.

Always use 'tell' when you say who was being spoken to (i.e. with an indirect object):
He told me that he was tired.

TENSE CHANGES WHEN

USING REPORTED SPEECH
Normally, the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct speech:
She said, "I am tired." = She said that she was tired.

Phrase in Direct Speech Equivalent in Reported Speech

Simple present Simple past

"I always drink coffee", she said She said that she always drank coffee.

Present continuous Past continuous

"I am reading a book", he explained. He explained that he was reading a book

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 Phrase in Direct Speech Equivalent in Reported Speech

Simple past Past perfect

"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said. He said that Bill had arrived on

Saturday.

Present perfect Past perfect

"I have been to Spain", he told me. He told me that he had been to
Spain.

Past perfect Past perfect

"I had just turned out the light," he explained. He explained that he had just turned out
the light.

Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

They complained, "We have been waiting for hours". They complained that they had been
waiting for hou

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

"We were living in Paris", they told me. They told me that they had been living
in Paris.

Future Present conditional

"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said. He said that he would be in Geneva on

Monday.

Future continuous Conditional continuous

She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday". She said that she would be using the car
next Friday.
You do not need to change the tense if the reporting verb is in the present, or if the original statement
was about something that is still true, e.g.

 He says he has missed the train but he'll catch the next one.
 We explained that it is very difficult to find our house.

69
These modal verbs do not change in reported speech: might, could, would, should, ought to:

 We explained, "It could be difficult to find our house." = We explained that it could be difficult to find our house.
 She said, "I might bring a friend to the party." = She said that she might bring a friend to the party.

CHANGING TIME AND PLACE

REFERENCES
Time and place must often change when going from direct to reported speech.

Phrase in direct speech Equivalent in reported speech

Today that day

"I saw him today", she said. She said that she had seen him that day.

yesterday the day before

"I saw him yesterday", she said. She said that she had seen him the day before.

The day before yesterday two days before

"I met her the day before yesterday", he said. He said that he had met her two days before.

Tomorrow the next/following day

"I'll see you tomorrow", he said He said that he would see me the next day.

The day after tomorrow in two days time/ two days later

70
 Phrase in direct speech Equivalent in reported speech

"We'll come the day after tomorrow", they said. They said that they would come in two days time/ two
da

Next week/month/year the following week/month/year

"I have an appointment next week", she said. She said that she had an appointment the following
week.

Last week/month/year the previous/week/month/year

"I was on holiday last week", he told us. He told us that he had been on holiday the previous
week

ago before

"I saw her a week ago," he said. He said he had seen her a week before.

this (for time) that

"I'm getting a new car this week", she said. She said she was getting a new car that week.

this/that (adjectives) the

"Do you like this shirt?" he asked He asked if I liked the shirt.

here there

He said, "I live here". He told me he lived there.

In general, personal pronouns change to the third person singular or plural, except when the speaker reports his own
words:
I/me/my/mine, you/your/yours =
him/his/her/hers we/us/our/ours,
you/your/yours = they/their/theirs

He said: "I like your new car." = He told her that he liked her new car.
I said: "I'm going to my friend's house." = I said that I was going to my friend's house.

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Choose the answer that is the correct example of reported speech (indirect questions).

1 Khulood asked Mohammed, "Have you been studying English very long?"
a. Khulood asked Mohammed had he studying been English.
b. Khulood asked if Mohammed had been studying English very long.
c. Khulood asked Mohammed if he had been studying English very long.
d. Khulood asked Mohammed if he had very long been studying English.

2 Samira asked me, "May I borrow your English dictionary?"

a. Samira asked me if may she borrow my English dictionary.
b. Samira asked me if she could borrow my English dictionary.
c. Samira asked me if could she borrow her English dictionary.
d. Samira asked me could if she borrow her English dictionary

3 Monica asked Ron, "Are you going to visit Cambodia?"

a. Monica asked Ron if is he going to visit Cambodia.
b. Monica asked Ron if visited had he Cambodia.
c. Monica asked Ron if was he going to Cambodia.
d. Monica asked Ron if he was going to visit Cambodia.

4 “Who put salt in my coffee?” he asked.

a. He asked who had put salt in my coffee.
b. He asked had who put salt in his coffee.
c. He asked who put had salt in his coffee.
d. He asked who putted salt in his coffee.

5 “Are you sorry for what you did?” the mother asked the little boy.
a. The mother asked the little boy are you sorry for what you did.
b. The mother asked the little boy if he was sorry for what he did.
c. The mother asked the little boy if was he sorry for what he had done.
d. The mother asked the little boy if he is sorry for what he did.

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