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Water Purification Process Design 44
Water Purification Process Design 44
Water Purification Process Design 44
- As defined by RA 9275 or the Philippine Clean Water Act - It is the quantitative capacity of water to neutralize a strong
(CWA) of 2004, water quality is “the characteristics of base to a selected pH level
water which define its use in terms of physical, chemical, - Level of acidity 0.02 N
biological, bacteriological or radiological characteristics
by which the acceptability of water is evaluated.” 3. Alkalinity
- Acid-neutralizing capacity comprised of total of all titratable
CLASSIFICATION OF WATER bases.
On source: - Necessary in determining the amount of lime or soda for
1) Ground Water - that portion of rainwater w/c has percolated softening (ex. For corrosion control)
into the earth to form underground deposits called aquifer - H2SO4 of 0.02 N
(water-bearing soil formation)
2) Surface Water - mixture of surface run-off and groundwater. 4. Chloride
Surface sources includes lakes, rivers, ponds and - Naturally occurs in groundwater, lakes, and streams but the
impounding reservoirs. presence of very high chloride (about 250 mg/L) in fresh
water may indicate pollution.
On quality:
1) Potable water – safe to drink, with pleasant taste, and may use - Maximum allowable concentration: 250 mg/L
for domestic purposes.
2) Palatable water – esthetically pleasing but may contain 5. Chlorine Residual
chemicals that may not harm human health - Amount of chlorine maintained in water distribution system
3) Contaminated (polluted) water – contains unwanted physical, to ensure safe quality of water.
chemical, biological, or radiological substances, and - Allowable amount of chlorine residual in water is 0.2 to 0.5
unfit for domestic use as well as for human mg/L
consumption.
4) Infected water – contaminated with pathogenic organisms 6. Sulfate
- Sulfate ions (SO42-) are naturally occurring in water and
A. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER QUALITY wastewater.
1. Turbidity - Usually caused by leaching of natural deposits of
- A measure of the degree of cloudiness and muddiness of Magnesium Sulfate (Epson Salt) or sodium sulfate (Glauber’s
water. Salt)
- Describes the clarity of water - Maximum level is 250 mg/L
- Maximum level: 5 NTU
7. Nitrogen
2. Temperature - Most of Nitrogen is in the form of Organic and Ammonia if
- Degree of hotness or coldness of a thing the water is contaminated with sewage and then, transformed
- 10-15 deg. celcius – palatable for most people to nitrites and nitrates by microbes.
- MAL for Nitrate: 50 mg/L , Nitrite: 3 mg/L
3. Color
- Objectionable for esthetic reasons, not for health reason 8. Fluoride
- Maximum level: 10 CU - Fluoride ions (F-) in drinking water are beneficial to dental
health. 1It is effective in preventing tooth decay.
4. Taste and Odor - Maximum level allowed: 1.0 mg/L
- Foreign matter such as organic materials, inorganic
compounds, or dissolved gases. 9. Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn)
- May come from natural, domestic, or agricultural sources - Both do not cause health problems but may cause bitter taste
to drinking water even at low concentration.
- Allowable level: No objectionable taste and odor
- Maximum level: Iron: 1 mg/L, Manganese: 0.5 mg/L
5. Solids
10. Copper and Zinc
- May occur in water either in suspension or solution which - Both are nontoxic at small concentration.
can be identified by using a glass fiber filter that the water
- Beneficial for plants, animals and human health.
samples pass through.
- May cause undesirable taste in drinking water.
- TDS Maximum level: 600 mg/L
- Maximum Level Copper: 1.0 mg/L, Zinc: 5.0 mg/L
6. Electrical Conductivity (EC)
- Measure of the ability of solution to conduct or carry an 11. Hardness
electrical current. - Term used to express highly mineralized waters
CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER QUALITY - Maximum level: 300 mg/L as CaCO3
1. pH
12. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
- Negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
- One of the most important parameters of water quality in
- Measure of how acidic or basic water is
streams, rivers and lakes.
- Safe range of pH in drinking water 6.5-8.5
- Key test for water pollution
2. Acidity
- The higher the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water,
the better the water quality is. 4. Protozoa
- Single-celled microscopic animal
13. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) - They consume solid organic particles, bacteria and algae for
- The need for oxygen is called Biochemical Oxygen food
Demand. - Zooplankton is aquatic protozoa floating freely in water.