DHBBS Workshop

TOPIC: Electricity
Static Electricity
Electric Charge

Conservation of
Charge:

Charge can neither be

created nor be destroyed.
Total charge in the
universe is constant.

Charge
CANNOT
exist without
mass.
 Methods of Charging
All objects are made up of electrons and protons. When they are in equal number, the object is neutral.
It becomes charged only when there is an imbalance of electrons and protons.

Losing Positively Losing

electrons charged mass

Gaining Negatively Gaining

electrons charged mass
Methods of Charging: FRICTION
Methods of Charging: INDUCTION
Methods of Charging: CONDUCTION
 Gold Leaf Electroscope

• Simple device to detect electric

charge on an object.
• Top end is a metal disk or knob.
• Bottom end has two thin gold
foils (leaves).
• If a NEUTRAL object is brought
near it, NOTHING HAPPENS.
• If a charged rod is brought near it
(or touches the top end), the gold
leaves fly apart due to repulsion.
• Afterwards if we touch it by
hand, the leaves again collapse.
Lightning
Lightning Safety
Part 2: Current Electricity
Potential Difference
Potential Difference
How much work is done in moving a charge of 3 C How much energy is given to each coulomb of charge
across two points having a potential difference 18 V? passing through a 6 V battery?
 Electric Cell
The main function of various electric cells is to maintain a constant potential difference between its two terminals so
that constant flow of charges (current) is maintained in the circuit.

DRY CELL

• The dry cells are used in our radio sets, wall clocks and
torches. These are available in 3-4 sizes
• A large electric current can not be obtained from this.
• Compared to the electric cells using liquids, the shelf life of
dry cells is longer.
• Dry cells are very convenient to use as these can be held in
any direction with respect to ground and can be used in
mobile instruments.
 Electric Cell
The main function of various electric cells is to maintain a constant potential difference between its two terminals so
that constant flow of charges (current) is maintained in the circuit.

LEAD ACID CELL Lithium-Ion CELL:

• This type of cell can be
recharged after getting
electrically discharged.
• This kind of electric cells
have a capacity to deliver
large current.
• Hence lead-acid cells are
used in cars, trucks,
motorcycles and
uninterrupted power
supplies (UPS).
• Lithium-ion cells
are used in modern
equipments for example
smart phone, laptop etc.
• These cells can be
recharged.
• More electrical energy can
be stored in these cells as
compared to that in Nicd
cells.

Ni-Cd CELL:

These days, a variety of gadgets are available, which are required to be carried to different places. Such gadgets use
Ni-Cd cells. The cells deliver 1.2 V potential difference and are rechargeable.
Electric Current
Electric Current
A current of 0.5 A is drawn by a filament of an If a current of 1.6 A is flowing for 1 minute,
electric bulb for 10 minutes. Find the amount of how many electrons have passed through a
electric charge that flows through the circuit? given point?
Resistance and Ohm’s Law
 Resistivity

Resistivity:
At a given temperature, the resistance (R) of a conductor depends on its length (L), area of cross-section (A) and the
material it is made of.

Here 𝝆 is a constant of proportionality and is called “Resistivity”. Its SI unit is 𝛀𝒎

For metals, resistivity increases with temperature.

 Resistivity

• Resistivity of an alloy is generally higher than

that of its constituent metals.
• Alloys do not oxidise (burn) readily at high
temperatures. For this reason, they are
commonly used in electrical heating devices,
like electric iron, toasters etc.
• Tungsten is used almost exclusively for
filaments of electric bulbs, whereas copper
and aluminium are generally used for
electrical transmission lines.
Resistance of a metal wire of length 220 m is 7 Ω at A 4 Ω resistance wire is doubled on it. Calculate the
20°C. If the diameter of the wire is 0.8 mm, what will new resistance of the wire.
be the resistivity of the metal at that temperature?
System of Resistors and Effective Resistance
Resistors in Series
System of Resistors and Effective Resistance
Resistors in Parallel
Calculate the a) equivalent resistance b) potential In the circuit shown below, calculate the total
difference across each resistor in the following resistance of the circuit and the current flowing
circuit. through it.
 Domestic Electrical Connections

Three Cables:
• One is called the live wire which brings in the current. It has a red or brown insulation.
• The other wire is called neutral wire through which the current returns. It is blue or black.
• In India, the voltage difference between the live and neutral wires is about 220V. Both these wires are connected
to the electric meter through a fuse.
• In each separate circuit, various electrical appliances are connected between the live and neutral wires. The
different appliances are connected in parallel and the potential difference across every appliance is the same.
• The third wire is called the earth wire and is of yellow or green colour. This is connected to a metal plate
buried deep underground near the house and is for safety purposes.
An Alloy
of Tin and
Lead
 Heating Effect of Electric Current

If a charge Q flows from A to B, work VAB Q, has been done on Q while going from A to B
An electric bulb is rated 220 V and 100 W. When it is An electric motor takes 5 A from a 220 V line.
operated on 110 V, what will be the power consumed? Determine the power of the motor and the energy
consumed in 2 h.
 Heating Effect of Electric Current
Commercial Unit:
If 1 kW power is used for 1 hour, it will mean
1kW x 1 hr of electrical energy is used .
1kWh =1 kilowatt hour
= 1000 W × 3600 s
= 3.6 × 106 Ws
= 3.6 × 106 J

An electric refrigerator rated 400 W operates 8 hour/day. In the month of June, how many units it is consuming? What
will be the bill for that month if the cost is Rs 3.00 per kW h?
Fin