Teacher's Solutions Manual Rogawski'S Calculus For AP : Early Transcendentals

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Teacher’s Solutions Manual

to accompany
ROGAWSKI’S CALCULUS
for AP*
Early Transcendentals
Second Edition
Jon Rogawski Ray Cannon
by
Brian Bradie, Roger Lipsett, Greg Dresden,
Jennifer Bowen, Randall Paul
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* AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in
the publication of and does not endorse this product.
© 2012 by W.H. Freeman and Company
ISBN-13: 978-1-4292-8626-8
ISBN-10: 1-4292-8626-1
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
First Printing
W.H. Freeman and Company

41 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10010
Houndmills, Basingstoke RG21 6XS, England
www.whfreeman.com

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Precalculus Review 1
Chapter 2 Limits 75
Preparing for the AP Examination AP-2
Chapter 3 Differentiation 183

Chapter 4 Applications of the Derivative 355

Chapter 5 The Integral 545

Chapter 6 Applications of the Integral 687

Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration 781

Chapter 8 Further Applications 987

Chapter 9 Introduction to Differential Equations 1075

Chapter 10 Infinite Series 1171

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations, Polar Coordinates,

and Vector Functions 1347
Chapter 12 Differentiation in Several Variables 1505

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1 PRECALCULUS REVIEW
1.1 Real Numbers, Functions, and Graphs
Preliminary Questions
1. Give an example of numbers a and b such that a < b and jaj > jbj.
SOLUTION Take a D 3 and b D 1. Then a < b but jaj D 3 > 1 D jbj.
2. Which numbers satisfy jaj D a? Which satisfy jaj D a? What about j aj D a?
SOLUTION The numbers a 0 satisfy jaj D a and j aj D a. The numbers a 0 satisfy jaj D a.
3. Give an example of numbers a and b such that ja C bj < jaj C jbj.
SOLUTION Take a D 3 and b D 1. Then
ja C bj D j 3 C 1j D j 2j D 2; but jaj C jbj D j 3j C j1j D 3 C 1 D 4:
Thus, ja C bj < jaj C jbj.

4. What are the coordinates of the point lying at the intersection of the lines x D 9 and y D 4?
SOLUTION The point .9; 4/ lies at the intersection of the lines x D 9 and y D 4.
5. In which quadrant do the following points lie?
(a) .1; 4/ (b) . 3; 2/ (c) .4; 3/ (d) . 4; 1/
SOLUTION
(a) Because both the x- and y-coordinates of the point .1; 4/ are positive, the point .1; 4/ lies in the first quadrant.
(b) Because the x-coordinate of the point . 3; 2/ is negative but the y-coordinate is positive, the point . 3; 2/ lies in the second
quadrant.
(c) Because the x-coordinate of the point .4; 3/ is positive but the y-coordinate is negative, the point .4; 3/ lies in the fourth
quadrant.
(d) Because both the x- and y-coordinates of the point . 4; 1/ are negative, the point . 4; 1/ lies in the third quadrant.
6. What is the radius of the circle with equation .x 9/2 C .y 9/2 D 9?
2 2
SOLUTION The circle with equation .x 9/ C .y 9/ D 9 has radius 3.
7. The equation f .x/ D 5 has a solution if (choose one):
(a) 5 belongs to the domain of f .
(b) 5 belongs to the range of f .
SOLUTION The correct response is (b): the equation f .x/ D 5 has a solution if 5 belongs to the range of f .
8. What kind of symmetry does the graph have if f . x/ D f .x/?
SOLUTION If f . x/ D f .x/, then the graph of f is symmetric with respect to the origin.
Exercises
1. Use a calculator to find a rational number r such that jr 2 j < 10 4.
12337
SOLUTION r must satisfy 2 10 4 < r < 2 C 10 4, or 9:869504 < r < 9:869705. r D 9:8696 D 1250 would be one
such number.
2. Which of (a)–(f) are true for a D 3 and b D 2?
(a) a < b (b) jaj < jbj (c) ab > 0
1 1
(d) 3a < 3b (e) 4a < 4b (f) <
a b
SOLUTION
(a) True. (b) False, jaj D 3 > 2 D jbj.
(c) False, . 3/.2/ D 6 < 0. (d) True.
(e) False, . 4/. 3/ D 12 > 8 D . 4/.2/. (f) True.

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96 CHAPTER 2 LIMITS
52. lim f .x/ D 1, lim f .x/ D 3, lim f .x/ D 1

x!1C x!1 x!4
SOLUTION
10
x
1 2 3 4
−5
−10
53. Determine the one-sided limits of the function f .x/ in Figure 6, at the points c D 1; 3; 5; 6.
y
5
4
3
2
1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−1
−2
−3
−4
FIGURE 6 Graph of f .x/
SOLUTION
lim f .x/ D lim f .x/ D 3

x!1 x!1C
lim f .x/ D 1
x!3
lim f .x/ D 4
x!3C
lim f .x/ D 2
x!5
lim f .x/ D 3
x!5C
lim f .x/ D lim f .x/ D 1
x!6 x!6C
54. Does either of the two oscillating functions in Figure 7 appear to approach a limit as x ! 0?
y
y
x x
(A) (B)
FIGURE 7
SOLUTION (A) does not appear to approach a limit as x ! 0; the values of the function oscillate wildly as x ! 0. The values of
the function graphed in (B) seem to settle to 0 as x ! 0, so the limit seems to exist.
In Exercises 55–60, plot the function and use the graph to estimate the value of the limit.
sin 5
55. lim
!0 sin 2
SOLUTION
y
2.50
2.48
2.46
2.44
2.42
Full file at
194 CHAPTER 3 DIFFERENTIATION
5h 1
56. lim
h!0 h
5h 1 f .a C h/ f .a/
SOLUTION The difference quotient has the form where f .x/ D 5x and a D 0.
h h

57. Apply the method of Example 6 to f .x/ D sin x to determine f 0

4 accurately to four decimal places.
SOLUTION We know that
p
0 f .=4 C h/ f .=4/ sin.=4 C h/ 2=2
f .=4/ D lim D lim :
h!0 h h!0 h
Creating a table of values of h close to zero:
h 0:001 0:0001 0:00001 0.00001 0.0001 0.001

p
sin. 4 C h/ . 2=2/
0.7074602 0.7071421 0.7071103 0.7071033 0.7070714 0.7067531
h
Accurate up to four decimal places, f 0 . 4 / 0:7071:

Apply the method of Example 6 to f .x/ D cos x to determine f 0

58. 5 accurately to four decimal places. Use a graph
of f .x/ to explain how the method works in this case.
SOLUTION We know that
f .=5 C h/ f .=5/ cos. 5 C h/ cos. 5 /
f0 D lim D lim :
5 h!0 h h!0 h
We make a chart using values of h close to zero:
h 0:001 0:0001 0:00001

cos. 5 C h/ cos. 5 /
0:587381 0:587745 0:587781
h
h 0.001 0.0001 0.00001
cos. 5 C h/ cos. 5 /
0:588190 0:587826 0:587789
h
f 0 . 5 / 0:5878. The figures shown below illustrate why this procedure works. From the figure on the left, we see that for h < 0,
the slope of the secant line is greater (less negative) than the slope of the tangent line. On the other hand, from the figure on the
right, we see that for h > 0, the slope of the secant line is less (more negative) than the slope of the tangent line. Thus, the slope of
the tangent line must fall between the slope of a secant line with h > 0 and the slope of a secant line with h < 0.
y y
Tangent line
y = cos x h = −1 y = cos x
Tangent line
h=−1
2 h = 0.4
h = 0.8
x x
59. For each graph in Figure 7, determine whether f 0 .1/ is larger or smaller than the slope of the secant line between
x D 1 and x D 1 C h for h > 0. Explain.
y y
y = f(x)
y = f (x)
x x
1 1
(A) (B)
FIGURE 7

Full file at
294 CHAPTER 3 DIFFERENTIATION
x.x 2 C 1/
41. y D p
xC1
x.x 2
p C1/ . 1
SOLUTION Let y D Then ln y D ln x C ln.x 2 C 1/ 2 ln.x C 1/. By logarithmic differentiation
xC1
y0 1 2x 1
D C 2 ;
y x x C1 2.x C 1/
so
x.x 2 C 1/

1 2x 1
y0 D p C 2 :
xC1 x x C1 2.x C 1/
p
42. y D .2x C 1/.4x 2 / x 9
p
SOLUTION Let y D .2x C 1/.4x 2 / x 9. Then
1
ln y D ln.2x C 1/ C ln 4x 2 C ln.x 9/1=2 D ln.2x C 1/ C ln 4 C 2 ln x C ln.x 9/:
2
By logarithmic differentiation
y0 2 2 1
D C C ;
y 2x C 1 x 2.x 9/
so
p

2 2 1
y 0 D .2x C 1/.4x 2 / x 9 C C :
2x C 1 x 2.x 9/
s
x.x C 2/
43. y D
.2x C 1/.3x C 2/
q
x.xC2/
SOLUTION Let y D
.2xC1/.3xC2/
. Then ln y D 21 Œln.x/ C ln.x C 2/ ln.2x C 1/ ln.3x C 2/. By logarithmic differenti-
ation
y0

1 1 1 2 3
D C ;
y 2 x x C 2 2x C 1 3x C 2
so
s
1
0 x.x C 2/ 1 1 2 3
y D C :
2 .2x C 1/.3x C 2/ x xC2 2x C 1 3x C 2
44. y D .x 3 C 1/.x 4 C 2/.x 5 C 3/2
SOLUTION Let y D .x 3 C 1/.x 4 C 2/.x 5 C 3/2 . Then ln y D ln.x 3 C 1/ C ln.x 4 C 2/ C 2 ln.x 5 C 3/. By logarithmic
differentiation
y0 3x 2 4x 3 10x 4
D 3 C 4 C 5 ;
y x C1 x C2 x C3
so
!
0 3 4 5 2 3x 2 4x 3 10x 4
y D .x C 1/.x C 2/.x C 3/ C 4 C 5 :
x3 C 1 x C2 x C3
In Exercises 45–50, find the derivative using either method of Example 6.
45. f .x/ D x 3x
SOLUTION Method 1: x 3x D e 3x ln x , so
d 3x
x D e 3x ln x .3 C 3 ln x/ D x 3x .3 C 3 ln x/:
dx
Method 2: Let y D x 3x . Then, ln y D 3x ln x. By logarithmic differentiation
y0 1
D 3x C 3 ln x;
y x
so
y 0 D y.3 C 3 ln x/ D x 3x .3 C 3 ln x/ :
Full file at
392 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE
16. f 0 .x/ > 0 for x < 1 and f 0 .x/ < 0 for x > 1
SOLUTION Here is the graph of a function f for which f 0 .x/ > 0 for x < 1 and f 0 .x/ < 0 for x > 1.
x
−1 1 2 3
−2
17. f 0 .x/ is negative on .1; 3/ and positive everywhere else.

SOLUTION Here is the graph of a function f for which f 0 .x/ is negative on .1; 3/ and positive elsewhere.
8
6
4
2
x
1 2 3 4
−2
18. f 0 .x/ makes the sign transitions C; ; C; .

SOLUTION Here is the graph of a function f for which f 0 makes the sign transitions C; ; C; .
60
40
20
x
−4 −2 2 4
−40
In Exercises 19–22, find all critical points of f and use the First Derivative Test to determine whether they are local minima or
maxima.
19. f .x/ D 4 C 6x x 2
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D 4 C 6x x 2 . Then f 0 .x/ D 6 2x D 0 implies that x D 3 is the only critical point of f . As x
0
increases through 3, f .x/ makes the sign transition C; . Therefore, f .3/ D 13 is a local maximum.
20. f .x/ D x 3 12x 4
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D x 3 12x 4. Then, f 0 .x/ D 3x 2 12 D 3.x 2/.x C 2/ D 0 implies that x D ˙2 are critical points
0
of f . As x increases through 2, f .x/ makes the sign transition C; ; therefore, f . 2/ is a local maximum. On the other hand,
as x increases through 2, f 0 .x/ makes the sign transition ; C; therefore, f .2/ is a local minimum.
x2
21. f .x/ D
xC1
x2
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D . Then
xC1
x.x C 2/
f 0 .x/ D D0
.x C 1/2
implies that x D 0 and x D 2 are critical points. Note that x D 1 is not a critical point because it is not in the domain of f .
As x increases through 2, f 0 .x/ makes the sign transition C; so f . 2/ D 4 is a local maximum. As x increases through 0,
f 0 .x/ makes the sign transition ; C so f .0/ D 0 is a local minimum.
22. f .x/ D x 3 C x 3
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D x 3 C x 3 . Then
3 6 3
f 0 .x/ D 3x 2 3x 4
D .x 1/ D .x 1/.x C 1/.x 2 x C 1/.x 2 C x C 1/ D 0
x4 x4
implies that x D ˙1 are critical points of f . Though f 0 .x/ does not exist at x D 0, x D 0 is not a critical point of f because it is
not in the domain of f . As x increases through 1, f 0 .x/ makes the sign transition C; ; therefore, f . 1/ is a local maximum.
On the other hand, as x increases through 1, f 0 .x/ makes the sign transition ; C; therefore, f .1/ is a local minimum.
Full file at
492 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE
Exercises
In this exercise set, all approximations should be carried out using Newton’s Method.
In Exercises 1–6, apply Newton’s Method to f .x/ and initial guess x0 to calculate x1 ; x2 ; x3 .
1. f .x/ D x 2 6, x0 D 2
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D x 2 6 and define
f .xn / xn2 6
xnC1 D xn D xn :
f 0 .xn / 2xn
With x0 D 2, we compute
n 1 2 3
xn 2.5 2.45 2.44948980
2. f .x/ D x 2 3x C 1, x0 D 3
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D x 2 3x C 1 and define
f .xn / xn2 3xn C 1

xnC1 D xn D xn :
f 0 .xn / 2xn 3
With x0 D 3, we compute
n 1 2 3
xn 2.66666667 2.61904762 2.61803445
3. f .x/ D x 3 10, x0 D 2
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D x 3 10 and define
f .xn / xn3 10
xnC1 D xn D xn :
f 0 .xn / 3xn2
With x0 D 2 we compute
n 1 2 3
xn 2.16666667 2.15450362 2.15443469
4. f .x/ D x 3 C x C 1, x0 D 1
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D x 3 C x C 1 and define
f .xn / xn3 C xn C 1
xnC1 D xn D xn :
f 0 .xn / 3xn2 C 1
n 1 2 3
xn 0:75 0:68604651 0:68233958
5. f .x/ D cos x 4x, x0 D 1

SOLUTION Let f .x/ D cos x 4x and define
f .xn / cos xn 4xn

xnC1 D xn D xn :
f 0 .xn / sin xn 4
n 1 2 3
xn 0.28540361 0.24288009 0.24267469

Full file at
688 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL
3. Find the area of the region enclosed by the graphs of f .x/ D x 2 C 2 and g.x/ D 2x C 5 (Figure 2).
g(x) = 2x + 5
10
f (x) = x 2 + 2
x
−1 1 2 3
FIGURE 2
SOLUTION From the figure, we see that the graph of g.x/ D 2x C 5 lies above the graph of f .x/ D x 2 C 2 over the interval
Œ 1; 3. Thus, the area between the graphs is
Z 3h i Z 3
.2x C 5/ x 2 C 2 dx D x 2 C 2x C 3 dx
1 1
ˇ3
1 3
x C x 2 C 3x ˇˇ
ˇ
D
3 1

5 32
D9 D :
3 3
4. Find the area of the region enclosed by the graphs of f .x/ D x 3 10x and g.x/ D 6x (Figure 3).
y f (x) = x 3 − 10x
g(x) = 6x
20
x
−4 −2 2 4
−20
FIGURE 3
SOLUTION From the figure, we see that the graph of f .x/ D x 3 10x lies above the graph of g.x/ D 6x over the interval
Œ 4; 0, while the graph of g.x/ D 6x lies above the graph of f .x/ D x 3 10x over the interval Œ0; 4. Thus, the area enclosed by
the two graphs is
Z 0 Z 4
AD x 3 10x 6x dx C 6x .x 3 10x/ dx
4 0
Z 0 Z 4
D .x 3 16x/ dx C .16x x 3 / dx
4 0
ˇ0
1 4 ˇˇ4
ˇ
1 4
8x 2 ˇˇ C 8x 2
ˇ
D x x ˇ
4 4 4 0
D 64 C 64 D 128:
In Exercises 5 and 6, sketch the region between y D sin x and y D cos x over the interval and find its area.
h i
5. ;
4 2
SOLUTION Over the interval Œ 4 ; 2 , the graph of y D cos x lies below that of y D sin x (see the sketch below). Hence, the area
between the two curves is
Z =2 p p !
ˇ=2 2 2 p
.sin x cos x/ dx D . cos x sin x/ˇ D .0 1/ D 2 1:
ˇ
=4 =4 2 2

Full file at

Full file at
1276 C H A P T E R 10 INFINITE SERIES
1
. 1/n , which also diverges by the
X
which diverges by the Divergence Test. For the endpoint x D 2 e 1, the series becomes
nD1
1
n n
X
Divergence Test. Thus, the series e .x 2/ converges for 2 e 1 <x <2Ce 1 and diverges elsewhere.
nD12
1
X .x C 4/n
34.
.n ln n/2
nD2
.xC4/n
SOLUTION With an D .n ln n/2
,
ˇ ˇ ˇ 2 ˇˇ
ˇ ˇ
ˇ anC1 ˇ ˇ .x C 4/ nC1 .n ln n/ 2ˇ ˇ
n ln n
D lim ˇˇ ˇ D lim ˇ ˇ D lim ˇ.x C 4/ ˇ D jx C 4j
ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ
n!1 an ˇ n!1 ˇ ..n C 1/ ln.n C 1//2 .x C 4/n ˇ n!1 ˇ n C 1 ln.n C 1/ ˇ
applying L’Hôpital’s rule to evaluate the second term in the product. Thus < 1 when jx C 4j < 1, so the radius of convergence is
1, and the series converges absolutely on the interval jx C 4j < 1, or 5 < x < 3. For the endpoint x D 3, the series becomes
1 1
X 1 X 1
2
, which converges by the Limit Comparison Test comparing with the convergent p-series . For the endpoint
.n ln n/ n2
nD1 nD2
1 1
X . 1/n X .x C 4/n
x D 5, the series becomes , which converges by the Leibniz Test. Thus, the series converges for
.n ln n/2 .n ln n/2
nD1 nD2
5 x 3 and diverges elsewhere.
In Exercises 35–40, use Eq. (2) to expand the function in a power series with center c D 0 and determine the interval of convergence.
1
35. f .x/ D
1 3x
SOLUTION Substituting 3x for x in Eq. (2), we obtain
1 1
1
.3x/n D 3n x n :
X X
D
1 3x
nD0 nD0
1
This series is valid for j3xj < 1, or jxj < 3.
1
36. f .x/ D
1 C 3x
SOLUTION Substituting 3x for x in Eq. (2), we obtain
1 1
1 X
. 3x/n D
X
D . 3/n x n :
1 C 3x
nD0 nD0
This series is valid for j 3xj < 1, or jxj < 31 .

1
37. f .x/ D
3 x
SOLUTION First write
1 1 1
D x :
3 x 3 1 3
x
Substituting 3 for x in Eq. (2), we obtain
1 1
1 X x n X xn
x D D I
1 3 3 3n
nD0 nD0
Thus,
1 1
1 1 X xn X xn
D n
D nC1
:
3 x 3 3 3
nD0 nD0
This series is valid for jx=3j < 1, or jxj < 3.

1
38. f .x/ D
4 C 3x
Full file at
1472 C H A P T E R 11 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS, POLAR COORDINATES, AND VECTOR FUNCTIONS
SOLUTION The tangent line is parametrized by:

`.t/ D r C tr0 (1)
4 4
We compute the vectors in the above parametrization:

˝ 3 ˛ 1
r D cos ; sin D 0; p
4 2 4 2
d
r0 .t/ D
˝ ˛ ˝ ˛
cos 2t; sin 3t D 2 sin 2t; 3 cos 3t
dt

0 3 3
) r D 2 sin ; 3 cos D 2; p
4 2 4 2
Substituting the vectors in (1) we obtain the following parametrization:

1 3 1
`.t/ D 0; p C t 2; p D 2t; p .1 3t/
2 2 2
In Exercises 21–28, evaluate the integrals.

Z 3D E
21. 8t 2 t; 6t 3 C t dt
1
SOLUTION Vector-valued integration is defined via componentwise integration. Thus, we first compute the integral of each com-
ponent.
3 t 2 ˇˇ3
ˇ
8 9 8 1 212
Z
2
8t t dt D t 3 D 72 D
1 2 3 ˇ
1 2 3 2 3
t 2 ˇ3
Z 3 ˇ
3 243 9 3 1
6t 3 C t dt D t 4 C ˇˇ D C C D 124
1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2
Therefore,
*Z +
Z 3 D E 3 Z 3
212

2 3 2 3
8t t; 6t C t dt D 8t t dt; 6t C t dt D ; 124
1 1 1 3
Z 1 1 s

22. ; ds
0 1 C s2 1 C s2
SOLUTION The vector-valued integration is defined via componentwise integration. Thus, we first compute the integral of each
component. For the second integral we use the substitution t D 1 C s 2 , dt D 2s ds. We get:
Z 1 ˇ1
ds 1 ˇ D tan 1 .1/ tan1 .0/ D 0 D
ˇ
2
D tan .s/
0 1 C s ˇ
0 4 4
Z 1 Z 2 Z 2 ˇ2
s 1 dt 1 dt 1 ˇ 1 1
2
ds D D D ln t ˇˇ D .ln 2 ln 1/ D ln 2
0 1 C s 1 t 2 2 1 t 2 1 2 2
Therefore,
*Z +
Z 1 1 s
1 ds
Z 1
s ds 1

; ds D ; D ; ln 2
0 1 C s2 1 C s2 0 1Cs
2
0 1Cs
2 4 2
Z 2
u3 i C u5 j du

23.
2
SOLUTION The vector-valued integration is defined via componentwise integration. Thus, we first compute the integral of each
component.
2 u4 ˇˇ2
ˇ
16 16
Z
u3 du D ˇ D 4 D0
2 4 2 4
Z 2 6 ˇ2
u ˇˇ 64 64
u5 du D ˇ D 6 D0
2 6 2 6

Teacher's Solutions Manual Rogawski'S Calculus For AP : Early Transcendentals

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Printed in the United States of America

W.H. Freeman and Company

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Chapter 1 Precalculus Review 1

Chapter 3 Differentiation 183

Chapter 4 Applications of the Derivative 355

Chapter 5 The Integral 545

Chapter 6 Applications of the Integral 687

Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration 781

Chapter 8 Further Applications 987

Chapter 9 Introduction to Differential Equations 1075

Chapter 10 Infinite Series 1171

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations, Polar Coordinates,

Chapter 12 Differentiation in Several Variables 1505

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ja C bj D j 3 C 1j D j 2j D 2; but jaj C jbj D j 3j C j1j D 3 C 1 D 4:

Thus, ja C bj < jaj C jbj.

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52. lim f .x/ D 1, lim f .x/ D 3, lim f .x/ D 1

FIGURE 6 Graph of f .x/

 lim f .x/ D lim f .x/ D 3

h 0:001 0:0001 0:00001 0.00001 0.0001 0.001

Accurate up to four decimal places, f 0 . 4 /  0:7071:

h 0:001 0:0001 0:00001

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In Exercises 45–50, find the derivative using either method of Example 6.

17. f 0 .x/ is negative on .1; 3/ and positive everywhere else.

18. f 0 .x/ makes the sign transitions C; ; C; .

f .xn / xn2 3xn C 1

5. f .x/ D cos x 4x, x0 D 1

f .xn / cos xn 4xn

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This series is valid for j 3xj < 1, or jxj < 31 .

This series is valid for jx=3j < 1, or jxj < 3.

SOLUTION The tangent line is parametrized by:

In Exercises 21–28, evaluate the integrals.

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lim f .x/ D lim f .x/ D 3

Accurate up to four decimal places, f 0 . 4 / 0:7071: