7

Leen Al-Hunaiti

Dr.Nisreen Alsalem
-Today’s lecture is the 2nd part of the previous one.

-Some information were excluded because the doctor mentioned them in the previous lecture.

-The last page of the sheet summarizes the most important things in the lecture.

-All slides are included. Good luck!

⁂ Porosity:
-Porosity means that we can find pores; either on the surface or under
the surface of the final result of the denture.
-There are different types of porosity (different reasons contributed in making
these different types of porosity):

1) Contraction Porosity: Caused by: a) Polymerization

Shrinkage. (refer to sheet #6 page 21)
b) Insufficient pressure when packing. (It is under our control).
-As we know, when we make the mould in the dough stage we put it in a
flask and we apply enough(sufficient) pressure to ensure that the dough
spreads in all the mould sample).
c) Insufficient amount of acrylic dough.
d) Resin should be packed in the dough stage (the good time). (for
example, if the resin was packed in earlier stages, pressure will lose its
effect, so contraction porosity will happen).
2) Gaseous Porosity: (Remember that the boiling
temperature of the monomer + exothermic reaction heat= 100.8 ͦ ) . If
we exceeded this boiling point, volatilization of the monomer occurs.
(monomer converts to gas due to the high temperature).

3) Granular Porosity:
This type of porosity happened
a) Due to loss of monomer while resin mix is left to stand until dough
stage is reached (since monomer is considered volatile). Remember that
the container must be well-closed until reaching the dough stage.
(Dough becomes dry if the container was not well- closed, and this leads
to granular porosity.)
b) If we didn’t put enough amount of the monomer (used improper ratio
of powder and liquid), so if there wasn’t enough liquid, the mix is going
to be dry and denture surface will appear opaque and blotchy.
⁂Processing Strains:
-As we know from the previous lecture, flask is put in a 74 ͦ water bath
in addition to the exothermic reaction’s temperature (very hot) . So after
8 hours (one complete cycle), when we take out the flask we shouldn’t
put it in a very cold area; because there will be internal stresses and
therefore crease lines, warpage, distortion, and crazing (tiny surface
defects) occur.
*Internal stresses can be minimized by:
1-Slowly cooling the flask.
2- Using acrylic rather than porcelain teeth to ensure compatible
shrinkage. (We don’t use porcelain teeth because their properties differ
from the properties of our teeth).

This slide wasn’t mentioned

by the doctor.
⁂Properties of Resin:
1) Biocompatibility: In general, all the materials that we use in the
oral cavity are biocompatible. But remember: Biocompatibility deceases
if residual monomers increase (because these materials may leach in the
patient’s mouth, and some people may be allergic to them).
*For people who are allergic to such materials, we should use
alternatives like: light cured resin because it doesn’t contain the
monomer in its composition. Other materials like: Polycarbonate, Vinyl
acrylics may be used as alternatives.

2) Dimensional Stability and Accuracy: it depends on

the way of processing; if we respected the ratios, decreased the internal
spaces, etc. the dimensional stability will increase.
*Impression should match the final denture. (if changes happened while
converting the impression into the denture, the fitting of the denture will
change, thus it won’t be suitable for the patient’s teeth).
*retention means: resistance to displacement in occlusal direction (the fit
of the material isn’t changed).

⁂Mechanical Properties:
1) Creep (to flow under pressure): It is a problem, and it is minimized
by crosslinking agents. (so here is one of the advantages of crosslinking agents)
2) Poor/low impact strength of the acrylic: If the denture
fell down, it might fracture (it has no resiliency), so patients are advised
to clean the denture at half-filled basin in order not to fracture.

3) Poor resistance to fatigue: -Happens because of the high &

continuous load on the denture.
-May result from wearing ill-fitting denture.
4) Vinyl Acrylics are tougher than PMMA and permit larger
deformation before fracture.

5) Vinyl Acrylics have higher impact strength compared to PMMA.

6) Vinyl Acrylics have higher abrasion resistance. (Abrasion
resistance is lower for pour type acrylics).
**Vinyl Acrylics have better properties in general but they are not
commonly used because they are expensive.

7) In some cases, patients commonly fracture their

dentures, so the solutions are:
a) Using “High Impact Resistant Resins” which contain rubber
toughening agent (Decrease cracks, but may lower flexural modulus and
lead to fatigue due to excessive flexure).

b) Incorporation of fibers to produce fiber reinforced resin:

1-Carbon Fibers. 2-Aramid Fibers. 3-Glass Fibers.
 *Carbon fibers: Poor esthetics is the biggest problem in these fibers.
(they darken the color of the denture).
-Need surface treatment: means that the bond with the denture base must
be improved.

(This range isn’t critical in the oral cavity.)

*Patients complain they don’t enjoy the taste of hot drinks; because of
low thermal conductivity.
*Coefficient of thermal expansion is high: it means that small change in
temperature reflects big change in the dimension.
⁂Chemical Properties:
-Patients are instructed to wash the denture after each meal. Each
denture has some sort of roughness, and it contains small pores (may be
invisible). With bad oral hygiene, remnants of food and many other
causes, Candida albicans may occur in the oral cavity.
-Patient must know where to put the denture, not any bleaching solution
is suitable for the denture; because they could affect the mechanical
properties of the denture (weaken the denture) and change the color of
the denture (blotchy/ white).
(remember: hot water affects the
mechanical properties)

*This is a cross section of a

denture, notice the white, blotchy
appearance of the denture. (because
of the solution)
⁂Artificial Teeth: 1-Porcelain. 2-Acrylic.

(Statically Acceptable).

(Must be durable)

(It should resist

wear, and allow
adjustment)

*Acrylic teeth have different sizes, different colors, …

*Tooth’s shape: 1-Neck (gingival part) near the base
(not highly cross-linked; to give flexibility in order to
bond to the denture’s base)
2-Middle part. 3-Incisal part (or Occlusal part).
(highly cross-linked; because it should be very strong to
resist wear.)

(all of the previous parts are “acrylic”.)

1-Porcelain Teeth:
-Larger than required molds are used to allow for shrinkage during firing.
-Small pins are added to the base for retention to the denture base.
(because porcelain cannot chemically bond to the base of denture, it
bonds by a mechanical method).
-Better esthetics
-Biocompatible
-Mechanical retention to denture base
-Difficult to adjust
-Produce clicking sound
-Wear opposing natural teeth
-Transmit greater forces to supporting tissue
-Heavy

2-Acrylic Teeth:
-Produced in reusable molds using dough technique or injection
-Made from highly cross-linked resin to resist crazing
-Pigments added to simulate natural teeth color
-Base and core made from lightly cross-linked resin to allow softening
when in contact with monomer from denture base
-Chemical bond to denture base material (Most important advantage)
-Easy to grind during occlusal adjustment. (porcelain is hard to grind)
-Do not wear natural, artificial opposing teeth (advantage #2)
-Easily re-polished (same as grinding)
-Compatible with denture base material (strong chemical bond)
-Stain over time (While in porcelain: less staining)
-Easily wear
*Which of the 2 previous types would you expect to do less
resorption (be kinder to the tissue)?
Acrylic type, because it is lighter, because of less wear of the opposing
teeth; so the load that is transformed to the ridge is lesser compared to
the porcelain.
*The left teeth
represent porcelain
teeth (because we used
a mechanical mean);
we can identify the
small metal pins
(where the tooth will
attach to the base).

⁂Maxillofacial Materials: (Ex: defects in eye/

nose/ear processes)
 Materials used:
o PMMA: hard and stiff.
o Polyurethane.
o Room temperature vulcanized silicons: good physical
and mechanical properties, similar to addition silicon.

 Fabrication: similar to denture construction: impression,

master cast is poured, wax pattern, try in, investment and
flasking.

 Properties: tensile strength is important. (for

example, if the patient’s nose was replaced, there will
be a gap between the nose & the face if there was no
tensile strength.
⁂Denture Lining Materials: (New important
subject)

*Remember: One of the uses of the acrylic resin is relining the

denture.

*Divided into:
1)Hard reline materials
2)Soft reline materials:
a-Semi-permanent soft lining material
b-Temporary soft lining material
c-Tissue conditioners

1-Hard reline materials:

 Criteria for using it to reline dentures:

 Poor retention and stability (denture is moving from its place)
 Loss of vertical dimension (wear)
 Degradation of the denture base (denture base
contains pores)
 For older patients for whom getting use to a new
denture base would be difficult (it is difficult for old
patients to get used to a new denture from scratch)
 Lack of denture extension into mucobuccal fold areas
(important for facial support)
*Materials used in hard relining:
1-Heat cure resin (needs more time), it is done in the lab.
2-Cold cure resin, chairside (used in urgent cases).
Disadvantages of cold cure resin:
 Poor taste
 Poor color stability
 Exothermic reaction
 Lack of control over amount of denture removed & thickness of
reline

*Important note (before we continue): If the softness of the

material increases, cushioning effect becomes better but its life-span will
be shorter; (very soft means that it has high amount of lubricantthe
material will be rapidly leachingthe material becomes harder, and if
the material became hard, we should replace it) and that’s why the
material’s life span is short.
-On the other side, if the softness was moderate , the lubricant will be
less slow leaching of the material  the material becomes durable.
**Note: when the material becomes hard (rigid), we know that it must be replaced.
2- Soft reline materials: (they differ from each other in the level
of softness)

Tissue conditioners (softest) > Temporary soft lining material >

Semi-Permanent.
*Semi-permanent material is long lasting and has the less softness.
*Tissue conditioners are used for short period of time and they have
a quick effect (they also have less serviceability).

a) Temporary soft lining materials.

 Similar to tissue conditioners in application and composition

(tissue conditioners are used for short period of time, and they
need continuous replacements)

 Not as soft as tissue conditioners but remain soft for up to a

month or two. (if the patient has a trauma, we use the temporary
soft lining material)

 Slightly viscoelastic

 Uses:
 When frequent replacement of conditioner is not possible.
 To ascertain if permanent liners would be beneficial.
 To improve fit of denture until a new denture is made.
b) Permanent soft liners: (Done for patients who
have trauma/ severe ridge resorption/ patients who are
always complaining of pain).
*Need more time, highly expensive.
*When: In cases of discomfort and soreness from an
otherwise satisfactory denture. Lasts for 6 months (in some
cases, it might last for 1 year).
*This discomfort is usually associated with mandible due to
small surface area, possibility of sharp, thin resorbed ridge
*Soft liners absorb some of the masticatory forces. (cushioning
effect).

*these points were not

mentioned by the doctor.

*Plasticizers: act as lubricants for polymer chains and make it easier

for them to slide over one another, so material can deform easily.
(provide softness for the material).
-Question: If you had a patient who has Candidal infection,
(before you make a new denture you should treat this
infection. Which type of material would you use? Tissue
conditioner. (we need it for a short time because we are going to
replace the whole denture).
⁂Available materials (for soft relines): (they
differ in the amount of plasticizers)

*tissue
conditioner: high
plasticizer.
*temporary:
moderate
amount of
plasticizer.
*permanent: low
amount of
plasticizer.

(Semi-Permanent)

(durable)
*memorize this table: (summary for what we’ve discussed)
c) Tissue Conditioners:
 Usually needed in cases of tissue injury such as inflammation or
ulceration, functional impression
Tissue conditioners: soft materials applied to fitting surface of
denture to allow better stress distribution
1. Composition: PEMA+ ethyl alcohol solvent+ plasticizer (has
high plasticizer so it is soft).
2. Needs to be replaced every few days due to leaching out of
solvent and plasticizer
*have reasonable price.
*needed for short period of time.

Requirements:
soft and resilient, a degree of permanent deformation for functional
impression purposes.
Disadvantages:
-Need for frequent replacement. (Here we start thinking about
using another soft material)
-Prone to microorganism colonization
-Prone to damage by denture cleansers (material is soft, and if
cleanser is added the denture might fracture), so patient should
be instructed to use plain soap and water.
 Manipulation: mixed (powder and liquid) and freshly applied to
fitting surface then seated. Should be inspected after 2-3 days
(short time)
 Properties:
 Initially viscoelastic and soft
 Plasticizers leach out so the material become harder with
time (when the material becomes rigid, it should be replaced)
 Provide a cushioning effect
 Non-irritant due to absence of acrylic monomers
⁂Denture Repair (one of the uses of acrylic)
1-Cold- cured acrylic repair material:
Broken pieces are fixed by sticky wax.
-Firstly, you should exactly determine the place of the broken pieces, and
double check that you are capable of fixing it.
Then,1) we make roughening for the area of fracture, 2) we add the
monomer (liquid) on the surface, 3) we mix the liquid and powder, 4) we
stick it to the place of fracture, and finally 5) we get the final result (fixed
denture).
*Fractures found in the middle of the dentures cannot be repaired.

2-Light-cured repair materials: (light cured is

an indicator for allergy)
⁂ The most important things in today’s lecture:

1- Types of porosities (page 1&2)

2- The main difference between gaseous porosity and
granular porosity is the time when the monomer was
lost.
(*Gaseous porosity: loss of monomer happens during
“flasking” because of the over-heating.
*Granular porosity: loss of monomer happens after
mixing before “flasking” while using an open-
container.)

3- The alternatives that we use for allergic patients.

(page 5).

4-Dimensional Stability (page 5).

5- Vinyl Acrylics (page 6)
6- Carbon, Aramid, and Glass fibers (page 7) (all of
them give high impact strength)
7-Porcelain and Acrylic teeth properties.
8- The important note in page 13.
9-Acrylic has the best bond with the denture’s base.