Pure impulse turbine: The impulse turbine is the simplest type of turbine.

It consists of a
group of nozzles followed by a row of blades. The gas is expanded in the nozzle, converting the
high thermal energy into kinetic energy.

Penstock: The penstock is used to drain the water from the source to the hydro turbine in the
powerhouse. This is the main part of the micro hydro as it converts the potential energy of the
water into kinetic energy.

Tail stock: The tailstock is an integral part of lathe machines, that is generally placed at the
right end of the lathe bed, opposite the headstock. It acts as a support to hold long/slender
workpieces and can also be used to mount cutting tools like drill bits and boring bars

Runner: The runner of a Pelton turbine basically consists of a disk with a number of buckets
attached along its periphery. The high-speed water jet impinges the buckets perpendicularly so
that maximum torque is applied to the rotor.

Buckets: The buckets, or impulse blades, are cast into two cup shapes adjacent to each other.
These buckets 'catch' the water jet and direct the flow gradually backwards. Due to the bucket
design, almost all of the kinetic energy from the water is harnessed as torque prior to
discharge.

Spear: The spear/needle controls the flow of water through the nozzle and thus the amount of
force exerted upon the wheel. Not all Pelton wheels have a spear or needle. The spear adjuster
can be operated manually, electrically or hydraulically. Large Pelton turbines actuate the spear
adjuster hydraulically only

Casing: The whole arrangement of runner and buckets, inlet and braking jets are covered by
the Casing. Casing of Pelton turbine does not perform any hydraulic actions but prevents the
splashing of water while working and also helps the water to discharge to the tail race

Breaking jet: Braking jet is used to stop the running wheel when it is not working. This
situation arises when the nozzle inlet is closed with the help of spear then the water jet is
stopped on the buckets. But Due to inertia, the runner will not stop revolving even after
complete closure of inlet nozzle

Discharge: Total water discharge through Pelton Wheel is given as 10 cubic meter per second
and through a nozzle is given as 2 cubic meter per second.

Head: Head is the height given by the pump to the fluid and it is measured in meters of liquid
column [m.l.c.] or simply indicated in meters [m]. The given head is fluid independent: different
fluids. with different specific gravities are all lifted at the same height.
Measurement devices: Definitions of measuring device. instrument that shows the extent
or amount or quantity or degree of something. synonyms: measuring instrument, measuring
system.

Pressure gauge: A pressure gauge is a method of measuring fluid, gas, water, or steam
intensity in a pressure powered machine to ensure there are no leaks or pressure changes that
would affect the performance of the system. Pressure systems are designed to operate within a
specific pressure range. Any deviation from the acceptable norms can seriously affect the
workings of the system.

Torque meter: torque meter is a type of transducer, specifically a torque transducer that
converts a torque measurement (reaction, dynamic or rotary) into another physical variable, in
this case, into an electrical signal that can be measured, converted and standardized

Tachometer: is an instrument measuring the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, as in a motor

or other machine. The device usually displays the revolutions per minute (RPM) on a calibrated
analogue dial, but digital displays are increasingly common.

Control devices:
Hydraulic dynamometer: Hydraulic dynamometers are used to measure the force, torque,
and power produced by different types of engines, motors, and other varieties of rotating
movers. Power is capable of being calculated by measuring rotational speed.

Throttling valve: Throttling valves are a type of valve that can be used to start, stop and
regulate the flow of fluid through a rotodynamic pump. When the flow of a pump is regulated
using a throttling valve, the system curve is changed. The operating point moves to the left on
the Pump curve when the flow is decreased.

Safety devices: A safety device is a piece of equipment such as a fire extinguisher, safety belt,
or burglar alarm that reduces loss or damage from a fire, accident, or break-in.

Derived Variables: they are variables that you create by calculating or categorizing variables
that already exist in your data set. An example of a derived variable might be Income
Categories, that you would calculate for all of your participants using an existing continuous
variable Income.

Hydraulic power input: Hydraulic energy is that which may be possessed by a fluid. It may
be in the form of kinetic, pressure, potential, strain or thermal energy

Angular velocity of the turbine shaft: time rate at the shaft rotates about his axis
Turbine output power: Hydraulic turbines are the prime movers that convert the energy of
the falling water into a rotational mechanical energy and consequently to an electric energy
through the use of the generators that are connected to the turbines. Turbines consist of a row
of blades that are fixed on a rotating shaft or a plate

Turbine efficiency: Turbine efficiency is the ratio of actual work output of the turbine to the
net input energy supplied in the form of fuel. For stand-alone gas turbines, without any heat
recovery system the efficiency will be as low as 35 to 40 per cent.

Specific speed, evaluated at the largest turbine efficiency: The specific speed value for
a turbine is the speed of a geometrically similar turbine which would produce unit power (one
kilowatt) under unit head (one meter). The specific speed of a turbine is given by the
manufacturer (along with other ratings) and will always refer to the point of maximum
efficiency. This allows accurate calculations to be made of the turbine's performance for a
range of heads.

Runner speed ratio: It is defined as the ratio of the pitch diameter (D) of the Pelton wheel to
the diameter of the jet diameter (d). It is given as. Additional Information. The speed ratio of
the Pelton wheel varies between 0.43 to 0.48