UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

FLUID AND THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
(CHE486)

NAME : HAIKAL BIN SUHAIMI

STUDENT ID : 2022961933
EXPERIMENT TITLE : PROPERTIES MEASUREMENT
DATE PERFORMED : 03/05/2023
SEMESTER :3
PROGRAMME / CODE : CHE486
SUBMIT TO

No. Title Allocated Marks (%) Marks

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
6. References
7. Appendices
TOTAL MARKS 100

Remarks:

Checked by:

___________________

Date of submission: 24/05/2023

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Abstract

The First Law of Thermodynamics, the Second Law of Thermodynamics, and the relationship
between PV-T have all been thoroughly explained to students through the use of the Perfect Gas
Law Apparatus. The Boyle's Law experiment, the Gay-Lussac Law experiment, and the volume
ratio determination were the three experiments that were performed in this experiment that were
related to the ideal gas. In this experiment, the perfect gas expansion apparatus is used. This
experiment's goals of determining the P-V-T relationship and comparing the experimental findings
with the theoretical predictions were successfully accomplished. The experiments that were
conducted were successful, according to the findings. The heat capacity ratio is computed utilizing
the Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus (Model: TH 11). In order to determine the relationship,
the pressurize chamber must be filled with pressure. The pressure and temperature are recorded
once the pressure reading has stabilized. This step allows for the determination of the effects of
pressure on temperature and volume. The ratio of heat capacity can also be calculated using the
isentropic expansion process and the pressure-temperature relationship. The obtained heat capacity
ratio was 1.4123, whereas the theoretical value is 1.4. The value is off by as much as 0.09%. As a
result, the experiment was successful.

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Contents

1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 4

2.0 Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
3.0 Discussions ............................................................................................................................................. 7
4.0 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 7
5.0 References ............................................................................................................................................. 10
6.0 Appendices............................................................................................................................................ 11

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1.0 Introduction

Students can gain a thorough understanding of energy conservation laws and the progression of
processes with the help of the Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus. This tool, a self-contained
benchtop machine, enables students to familiarize themselves with fundamental thermodynamic
processes. Understanding the First Law of Thermodynamics, the Second Law of Thermodynamics,
and the P-V-T relationship completely is crucial when applying thermodynamics in the workplace.
In addition, as a bulb transforms electrical energy into light energy, this experiment is also relevant
to our everyday lives. The First Law of Thermodynamics is briefly illustrated in this example.

The apparatus in use consists of two interconnected, transparent, rigid containers that are fixed to
a frame and operate under pressure and vacuum, respectively. The vessel is pressured and emptied
using electric air pumps, valves, and knockers. The experiment gives the chance to compare the
experimental result to the theoretical result and to determine the relationship between pressure,
volume, and temperature (P-V-T). In contrast to Gay-Lussac's Law, which states that pressure is
directly proportional to temperature, Boyle's Law states that the volume of a gas is inversely
proportional to its pressure.

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2.0 Results

Experiment 1: Boyle’s Law

Pressurized vessel to atmospheric vessel (Condition 1)
Before expansion After expansion
PT 1 (kPa abs) 154.7 139.1
PT 2 (kPa abs) 104.4 135.7
Table 1

Atmospheric vessel to vacuum vessel (Condition 2)

Before expansion After expansion
PT 1 (kPa abs) 109.0 94.0
PT 2 (kPa abs) 59.8 90.5
Table 2

Pressurized vessel to vacuum vessel (Condition 3)

Before expansion After expansion
PT 1 (kPa abs) 152.9 123.2
PT 2 (kPa abs) 59.4 119.7
Table 3

Experiment 2: Gay-Lussac’s Law

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Pressure Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)
(kPa abs)
Pressurize Depressurized Pressurize Depressurized Pressurize Depressurized
Vessel Vessel Vessel Vessel Vessel Vessel
110 24.1 30.0 24.1 30.2 29.2 30.4
120 24.2 31.3 29.3 31.5 29.5 31.8
130 30.0 32.0 30.0 32.1 30.1 32.4
140 30.8 32.5 30.4 32.5 30.9 32.7
150 31.7 32.9 31.7 32.8 31.8 33.0
160 32.3 33.1 32.7 33.0 32.4 33.2
Table 4

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Experiment 3: Determination of Ratio of Heat Capacity
Initial Intermediate Final
PT1 (kPa abs) 159.4 108.5 115.0
T1 (°C) 33.0 32.4 30.0
Table 5

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3.0 Discussions

Boyle's Law is said to work in the first experiment when the pressure increases inversely with gas
volume and the temperature stays constant throughout. This occurs when the same gas is forced at
the same pressure and temperature into large and small containers, resulting in different volumes.
The smaller the container, the more frequently the gas molecules collide with the wall and with
one another, increasing the pressure inside. According to calculations, the value difference
between P1V1 and P2V2 is 0.3757 for the first condition (pressurized vessel to atmospheric
vessel), 0.38723 for the second condition (atmospheric vessel to vacuum vessel), and 0.7551 for
the third condition (pressurized vessel to vacuum vessel). Boyle's Law is in effect in this
experiment, as shown by the fact that all values are extremely small and close to their theoretical
counterparts.

For the second experiment, according to Gay-Lussac’s Law, pressure and temperature are
inversely proportional, which means that as pressure increases, so does the temperature. The
second experiment was carried out to determine the relationship between temperature and pressure.
Therefore, based on the data calculated and graph drawn, it can be said that the Gay-Lussac's Law
is verified. Similar reasoning applies in this situation; as the temperature of a gas in a container
rises, the system's heat energy transfers its energy to the gas molecules, increasing the frequency
of collisions in that container and increasing the pressure on the container.

The objective of experiment 3 is to calculate the value of heat added per unit temperature increase.
The heat capacity ratio has a theoretical value of 1.4. The value of the heat capacity ratio, as
determined by this experiment's data and the expression for that ratio, is 1.4123. The percentage
error for this experiment is only 0.9% when comparing 1.4123 with the theoretical value, 1.4. The
error may have resulted from a pressure sensor misreading or heat loss to the environment. As a
result, we can say that this experiment was carried out successfully with minimal percentage error.

Calculations for Experiment 1 – Boyle’s Law (Sample chosen: Condition A)

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Calculations for Experiment 2 – Gay-Lussac’s Law (Sample Chosen: Trial 1)

Graph 1: Graph of Pressure (kPa abs) against Pressurized Vessel (°C)

Calculations for Experiment 3 – Isentropic Process

𝐾−1
𝑇2 𝑃2( 𝐾 )
=
𝑇1 𝑃1
𝐾−1
115.0( 𝐾 )
30.0
=
33.0 159.4

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Theoretical value = 1.4

Percentage of error =

(1.4 − 1.4123)
× 100 %
1.4

4.0 Conclusion

The experiment's results show that all goals were achieved. The goal of experiment 1 is to
determine how an ideal gas's pressure and volume are related, and to compare the experiment
results with the theoretical results. The result shows that as pressure increases in a closed system,
volume decreases. This experiment satisfied Boyle's Law statement in that pressure is that pressure
is directly proportional to temperature. Graph 1 provides evidence for the claim, and Gay-Lussac’s
Law assertion is supported.

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5.0 References

Brown.W (2000-2012) Doc Brown’s Chemistry KS24 Science from

https://docbrown.info/page03/3_52gaslaws.htm

Bonnar, W. B (1956). Boyle’s Law and gravitational instability. Monthly Notice of the Royal
Astronomical Society, 116(3), 351-359

Crossland, M. P. (1961). The origins of GayLussac’s law of combining volumes f gases. Annals
of science, 17(1), 1-26.

Libretexts. (2021, June 14). 14.3: Boyle’s Law.

Chemistry LibreTexts.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_Chemi
stry_(CK12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.03%3A_Boyle’s

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6.0 Appendices

Figure 1: Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus Model TH11 that were used throughout the
experiment

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