Gastrointesinal

Monday, March 14, 2022 8:13 AM

Esophageal Atresia
• Esophagus fail to develop
• Fistula

• Oligohydramnios

Colonic Atresia
• Fistula formation in the genitourinary system
• r/o colonic
• Hypaque because barium will harden

Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (HPS)

• Increase in size of the pyloric sphincter and leads to
narrowing
• Pyloromyotomy: cut

Malrotation
• Cobination
• Individual
• Failure of fixation
• Right: 3 lobes
• Left: 2 lobes
○ In malrotation is baligtad

Imperforate Anus
• No anal opening to the exterior
• Cholostomy
• Wagensteen & Rice Invertogram

Hirschprung's Disease
• Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon

Malabsorption Syndrome
• Celiac Disease: Gluten; protein found in grains
• Celiac Sprue

Lactose Insufficiency
• Lactose intolerance

Esophageal Strictures
• Narrowing of the esophagus
• Strong acids or alkaline
• Do no induce vomiting
• Edema, swelling, possibly perforation
• Dilute - give water
• Activated charcoal

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) or Reflux

Esophagitis

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Esophagitis
• Inflammation of the tissue at the lower end of the
esophagus
• Sphincter
• Dysphagia
• Semi-fowlers to avoid reflux
• Heartburn: symptomatic reflux

Peptic Ulcer
• H Pylori
• Drugs
• Alcohol and smoking
• Omeprazole or Lansoprazole or Amoxicillin

Gastroenteritis
• Inflammation of the stomach and small bowel
• Contamination of bacteria: salmonella
• Ingestion of food contaminated with bacteria
• Haustra

Crohn's Disease
• Chronic IBD of unknown disease
• Cobblestone

Appendicitis
• Inflammation of the appendix
• Fecalith: stone made out of fecal material; hard mass
of fecal material
• Pain = Epigastric first then right lower quadrant
• Increase level of leukocytes - leukocytosis

Appendectomy: surgical treatment to remove the appendix

Ulcerative Colitis
• Ulceration of the colon mucosa of unknown cause
• Melena: black stool; bleeding is in the Upper GI
• Hematochezia: brightly red colored stool; bleeding is
in Small or Large Intestine
• Congenital Megacolon: kids; lack of neurons in the
bowel
• Toxic megacolon: paralytic ileus

Esophageal Varices
• Portal hypertension
• Lengthened, dilated, and superficial veins
• Recumbent
• Thin barium enema - will show as worm-like
• Prone to hemorrhage, shock, and death
• Hematemesis: vomiting of blood
• Melena: black stool
• Vasopressin

Herniation
• Hernia: rupture

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 • Hernia: rupture
• Abdominal: both female and male
• Inguinal: Male
○ Small bowel and herniated through scrotum
• Inguinal Hernia: lifting, coughing, straining, accident
○ Reducible hernia:
○ Incarcerated hernia
○ Strangulated hernia

Hiatal Hernia
• Weakness of the esophageal hiatus
• Part of the stomach protrudes through the
esophagus

Bowel Obstruction
Mechanical: blockage of bowel lumen
• Gallstone Ileus
• Volvulus
• Intussusception
Paralytic ileus: failure of peristalsis

Gallstone Ileus: ileum

Pneumobilia: air and fluid levels of biliary tree

Volvulus
• Twisting of bowel loop
• Surgical untwisting or resection
• To prevent necrosis
• Coffee bean sign - sigmoid

Intussusception
• Telescopes into a distal segment
• Crescent Sign or Target Sign

Paralytic Ileus
• Adynamic ileus
• Failure of bowel peristalsis; after abdominal surgery
• Lasts no longer than 3 days with proper medical
treatment

Neurogenic Diseases

Achalasia
• Lower esophageal sphincter
• Dysphagia: difficulty in swallowing
• Dilated before the part of constriction???
• Rat tail:
• Balloon catheter

Diverticulum
• Pouch or sac of variable size

Colonic Diverticula
• Elderly

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 • Elderly

Foreign bodies in the esophagus

• Unintentional swallowing

Neoplastic

Leiomyoma
• Leimyosarcoma

Cancers of the Esophagus

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma
○ Body of esophagus
• Adenocarcinoma
○ Esophogastric junction

Colonic Polyps

Gastric cancer
• Fish, Type O, Male, Black, Africa = more prone to
gastric cancer
• Satiety: madali mabusog

Carcinoma of the colon

• Common malignancies in males and generally
adenocarcinioma
• Apple core

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