A

Project Report on
Transmission Line Fault Safety
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
B. Tech (Electrical Engineering)

Submitted by
Akhil Sharma (1903051009)
Parv Kasb (1903051033)
Rahul Choudhary (1903051039)
Rajan Thakur (1903051042)
Saksham Rana (1903051050)

GUIDED BY
PROF. P.P. SHARMA
Director Cum Principal (RGGEC)

CO-GUIDED BY
Mrs. PRITI PUNDIR
Assistant Professor ( Electrical Engineering)

RAJIV GANDHI GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

KANGRA AT NAGROTA BAGWAN (H.P.)
Affiliated to
H.P. TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, HAMIRPUR
December 2022
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 RAJIV GANDHI GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
KANGRA AT NAGROTA BAGWAN (H.P.)
PROJECT WORK-I ( EE- 712)
Department of Electrical Engineering

________________________________________________

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work presented in the report entitled

“TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT SAFETY PROJECT” submitted by
Akhil Sharma, Parv Kasb, Rahul Choudhary, Rajan Thakur, Saksham Rana in
the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of in
Electrical Engineering at Rajiv Gandhi Government Engineering College
Kangra at Nagrota Bagwan is an authentic record of students own work carried
out under our supervision and guidance.

The matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted to any other
University/Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

Prof. P.P. Sharma Mrs. Priti Pundir

Director cum Principal AP, Electrical Engineering
Supervisor

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are extremely grateful to Dr. Prem Prakash Sharma,
Directorcum-Principal, RGGEC and Mrs. Priti Pundir, Asst.
Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering for providing all the
required resources for the successful completion of our Project.

We would also like to express our

gratitude and appreciation to all those who have somewhere helped us
in the completion of the report. First of all, we would like to thank our
supervisor from the faculty of Electrical Engineering Department of
our college, Mrs. Priti Pundir for the valuable guidance and advice
which she had provided us throughout the project. We are really
fortunate that we got the opportunity to attain knowledge as well as
proper guidance under her supervision. She had provided us with huge
amount of her precious time in guiding us to work sincerely on the
project.

Last but not the least, we would

like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of other
classmates who had helped us in completion of the project.

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 ABSTRACT
Electricity has become the most sought after amenity for all of us.
Those days are gone when electricity would be only limited to cities.
It is now reaching to every distant parts of the world. So we have now
a complex network of power system. This power is being carried by
the transmission lines. These lines travel very long distances so while
carrying power, fault occurring is natural. These faults damages many
vital electrical equipment like transformer, generator, transmission
lines. For the uninterrupted power supply we need to prevent these
faults as much as possible. So we need to detect faults within the
shortest possible time.

So In This Project, We will use Relay

detecting System. When any fault is detected then relay detecting
system automatic cut the transmission line power source so our
substation can be saved by any fault.

This project is about designing the

Numerical relay where the fault is detected when the input value
exceeds the reference value set in the relay which then gives the trip
signal to the circuit breaker .

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction……………………………7
2. Circuit diagram………………………..8
3. Introduction to faults………………… 9-11
4. Protective relay………………………...12
5. Hardware specifications……………..13-18
6. Working principle……………………..19
7. Advantages and limitations…………20
8. Conclusion……………………………21
9. References …………………………….22

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INTRODUCTION

In This Project We solve the big problem by our idea. These days
when three phase transmission line first wire touch to second wire
then that fault effect on substation and sometimes substation
transformer fused so we make a system for transmission line all type
of fault , for example in transmission any fault Line to Line fault or
Line to ground fault or fire fault then that time automatic transmission
line electricity power cut so our substation safe by that fault , So this
is our idea for solving this big problem.

Block Diagram

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 BASIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF PROJECT

1st Hand Made Relay Module Circuit :

2nd Dual Channel Relay Module Circuit:

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 INTRODUCTION TO FAULTS

Electrical networks, machines and equipment are often subjected to

various types of faults while they are in operation. When a fault
occurs, the characteristic values (such as impedance) of the machines
may change from existing values to different values till the fault is
cleared.
There may be lot of probabilities of faults to
appear in the power system network, including lighting, wind, tree
falling on lines, apparatus failure, etc.

A fault in an electric power system can be defined as , any abnormal

condition of the system that involves the electrical failure of the
equipment, such as , transformers, generators, busbars, etc.

The fault inception also involves in insulation failures and conducting

path failures which results short circuit and open circuit of conductors.

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 TYPES OF FAULTS
Electrical faults in three-phase power system mainly classified into
two types, namely open and short circuit faults. Further, these faults
can be symmetrical or unsymmetrical faults.

1. Open Circuit Faults

These faults occur due to the failure of one or more conductors. The
most common causes of these faults include joint failures of cables
and overhead lines, and failure of one or more phase of circuit breaker
and also due to melting of a fuse or conductor in one or more phases.
Open circuit faults are also called as series faults. These are
unsymmetrical or unbalanced type of faults except three phase open
fault.

2. Short Circuit Faults

A short circuit can be defined as an abnormal connection of very low

impedance between two points of different potential, whether made
intentionally or accidentally. These are the most common and severe
kind of faults, resulting in the flow of abnormal high currents through
the equipment or transmission lines. If these faults are allowed to
persist even for a short period, it leads to the extensive damage to the
equipment. Short circuit faults are also called as shunt faults. These
faults are caused due to the insulation failure between phase
conductors or between earth and phase conductors or both.

3. Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Faults

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Faults are mainly classified into open and short circuit faults and
again these can be symmetrical or unsymmetrical faults.

Symmetrical Faults
A symmetrical fault gives rise to symmetrical fault currents that are
displaced with 1200 each other. Symmetrical fault is also called as
balanced fault. This fault occurs when all the three phases are
simultaneously short circuited.

These faults rarely occur in practice as compared with unsymmetrical

faults. Two kinds of symmetrical faults include line to line to line (L-
LL) and line to line to line to ground (L-L-L-G).

Unsymmetrical Faults

The most common faults that occur in the power system network are
unsymmetrical faults. This kind of fault gives rise to unsymmetrical
fault currents (having different magnitudes with unequal phase
displacement). These faults are also called as unbalanced faults as it
causes unbalanced currents in the system.

Up to the above discussion, unsymmetrical faults include both open

circuit faults (single and two phase open condition) and short circuit
faults (excluding L-L-L-G and L-L-L).

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What is a Protective Relay?
The protective relay was invented more than 160 years ago. During
the last 60 years, it has undergone considerable change, the most
obvious of which is its reduction in size.
A protective relay is a switchgear device
that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the circuit
breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the
system. They are compact and self-contained devices which can
detect abnormal conditions. Protective relays detect the abnormal
conditions in the electrical circuits by constantly measuring the
electrical quantities which are different under normal and fault
conditions.
Having detected the fault, the relay
operates to close the trip circuit of the breaker. This results in the
opening of the breaker and disconnection of the faulty circuit.
The protective relaying is used in electrical substations to give an
alarm or to cause prompt removal of any element of the power system
from service when that element behaves abnormally.

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HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS

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SR.NO COMPONENT

1 5V Relay Module

2 Temperature Module

3 Capacitor 25v/1000uf

4 LED Bulb

5 Resistor

6 5V Adopter Circuit

7 Steel Plate

8 PCB

9 Line Filter

10 AC Bulb / Holder

11 Jumper Wire

12 Hard Cover Wire

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 5V DUAL-CHANNEL RELAY MODULE

The dual-channel relay module is more or less the same as a

singlechannel relay module, but with some extra features like optical
isolation. The dual-channel relay module can be used to switch
mains powered loads from the pins of a microcontroller.

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 5V Relay Module

What is a 5V Relay?
A 5v relay is an automatic switch that is commonly used in an
automatic control circuit and to control a high-current using a low-
current signal. The input voltage of the relay signal ranges from 0
to 5V.

5V Relay Pin Configuration

The pin configuration of the 5V relay is shown below. This relay includes
5-pins where each pin and its functionality are shown below.

Pin1 (End 1): It is used to activate the relay; usually this pin one end is
connected to 5Volts whereas another end is connected to the ground.
Pin2 (End 2): This pin is used to activate the Relay.
Pin3 (Common (COM)): This pin is connected to the main terminal
of the Load to make it active.

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Pin4 (Normally Closed (NC)): This second terminal of the load is
connected to either NC/ NO pins. If this pin is connected to the load
then it will be ON before the switch.
Pin5 (Normally Open (NO)): If the second terminal of the load is
allied to the NO pin, then the load will be turned off before the switch.

TEMPERATURE SENSOR MODULE

NTC Thermistor temperature sensor module is low cost, small size

module. It is very sensitive to ambient temperature. It is generally
used to detect the temperature of the surrounding environment.
Through potentiometer adjustment, it is possible to change the
temperature detection threshold. DO output can be directly connected
to the micro controller to detect high and low, by detecting
temperature changes in the environment. The temperature detection
range of the module is between 20 and 80 degrees Celsius. This
module can be replaced with a line temperature sensor for controlling
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the water temperature, water tank, etc. Generally the 4 wire method of
thermistor measurement is the most accurate, because there is
effectively no current flowing in either of the measurement cable wires
and therefore no added resistance due to the cable wires.

Specifications of NTC Thermistor Temperature

sensor module :
• NTC thermistor sensor, good sensitivity
• The comparator output signal is more than 15mA.
• Possibe to adjust the temperature distribution position detection
threshold
• Working voltage: 3.3V-5V
• Output form: DO digital switching outputs (0 and 1) and AO
analog voltage output
• Fixed bolt hole for easy installation
• Small PCB board size: 3.2cm x 1.4cm
• uses a wide voltage comparator LM393

A voltage applied across the conductors creates an electrical field in

the capacitor, which stores energy. A capacitor operates like a battery
in that, if a potential difference is applied across it that can cause a
charge greater than its "present" charge, it will be charged up.

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WE USE RESISTOR WITH LED BULB

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 WORKING PRINCIPLE

This Project Full Work On Relay System And Relay is an electrical

switch so relay module when received the signal then relay cut the
electricity power so this project full principle depend on Relay
Principle. The relay is the device that open or closes the contacts to
cause the operation of the other electric control. It detects the
intolerable or undesirable condition with an assigned area and gives
the commands to the circuit breaker to disconnect the affected area.
Thus protects the system from damage.

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 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
OF THE SYSTEM

ADVANTAGES :

• We can stop losses by line to line fault in Transmission Line.

• We can stop losses by Ground to line fault in Transmission
Line.
• We can Stop Losses by Fire and Temperature Fault in
Transmission Line.
• This Project Save fault in transmission line so our government
money save.

LIMITATIONS OF THE SYSTEM :

1. To detect fault we need more sensor Module for every tower.
2. This is now a idea for my project we did not check in real life.

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 CONCLUSION

In This project, we show how to save fault in transmission line and we

make this project and show successful working of project, so by
successful work of our project, our conclusion is that this is the best
idea for safety of many type of fault.

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 REFERENCES
1. Literature Survey of Luminous, Su-Kam from google. Com.
2. Literature Survey of Md. A. Hussainfrom google. Com.
3. https://www.flipkart.com.
4. https://www.electronicscomp.com.
5. www.googleimages.com.

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