CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

FOREIGN LITERATURE
The fast charging infrastructure has a power system flow and power electronics
converters affect the occurred harmonics and reactive power in this system. AC-DC
converters are used with passive, active and hybrid filters due to power quality problems
as in (Balasubramanian et al., 2016; Justus Rabi et al., 2015; Kushwaha et al., 2020a;
Sah et al., 2021). However, filters are quite costly, bulky and have losses. These reduce
the AC-DC converters performance (Singh et al., 2011). The converters selected for EV
charging are important in terms of power quality, THD, reduced-rippled DC output and
control approaches (Praneeth et al., 2018)

AC-DC converters supplied from three-phase AC mains are developed by using

diodes, thyristors and controlled switches to provide controlled-uncontrolled and
unidirectional bi-directional DC power in high power applications. Power quality
problems and fluctuating DC output at the load end occur in the converter due to the
injected current harmonics. Therefore, designers take into account standards
guidelines. When we look at the literature, we can see that three-phase bidirectional
multilevel AC-DC PFC converters are used for fast charging because of their efficiency
as in (Khaligh et al., 2012; Nayak, 2019; Sandoval et al., 2015; Sharma et al., 2020;
Singh et al., 2004; Tan et al., 2016; Verma et al., 2019; Yilmaz et al., 2013; Zhang et al.,
2012). Therefore, this paper provides information about these converters topologies in
detail.

Electric vehicles (EV) are one of the best options in contributing to a cleaner
mode of transportation. EVs are an eco-friendly solution. Global warming, greenhouse
gas emissions and carbon footprint remain an issue when EV charging stations use grid
electricity to power EVs. As the Philippine government approved and implemented RA
11697, EV charging stations are also one of its scopes for the development.

It is true that EV reduces the environmental impact of gasoline usage but using
grid electricity to power EV still leaves a carbon footprint, doing less to maximize EVs
greener and cleaner influence on the environment . Around 40-60% of national grid
power is still manufactured and produced from fossil fuels and other non-renewable
sources. Installing solar powered EV charging stations guarantees an environmentally-
friendly solution and 100% carbon-neutral footprint.

A station powered by grid electricity comes with inconvenience when a power

outage happens. This can be caused by extreme weather conditions where outages can
come unannounced. With solar powered stations, users don’t need to worry about grid
outages. It comes more handy when adding a solar battery at the charging station to
store energy. It offers full flexibility especially at night during unanticipated power
interruptions.

The payback period is long. Yet collaborations and government policies can
decrease it and help in establishing a robust charging infrastructure. Installing a solar
PV system for your EV charging station is worthy of your investment. It gives you clean
and free electricity for 20 to 25 years with low maintenance to power EVs.

Solar PV systems assist to alleviate the power deficit problem by providing a

continuous source of electricity for EV charging. This study optimizes the performance
of solar PV charging stations in the actual world. In addition, studies show how to
design solar PV charging stations for EVs, electric bikes, and other commercial facilities
in the region. The outcomes show an energy-efficient, sustainable, and inexpensive
method of using renewables, paving the way for increased usage of EVs and E-bikes.
The proposed system also assesses solar energy’s economic and environmental
impacts. A thorough study was carried out to find the best cost-effective and low-
emission model design. The following are the major contributions of the proposed
system.

Local Literature

According to an International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) study, local

power providers believe implementing such HES mini-grid projects in SOIs is capital
intensive and costly, as HESs require a lengthy payback time before seeing a financial
return. This capital cost includes centralized power generation and distribution networks
(poles, wires, power transformers) followed by power losses and conversion losses at
different stages, forming the most significant parts of their operating costs—a critical
barrier to off-grid rural electrification adoption. Additionally, due to its remoteness, the
SOI market is also viewed as small, with a low capacity of consumers to pay, and
logistical complexities. That is why the implementation and investments of HESs in off-
grid areas in the Philippines remain high-risk and unattractive to power providers.
Another barrier pointed out related to the technical-related aspect is that there are no
technical studies or models for mini-grids and min.

Foreign Studies

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is seen as an important means to reduce

global carbon emissions from the transport sector, but a number of barriers to mass
adoption of EVs have been identified. Technical concerns such as battery range,
charging time, and battery life are prominent among these, particularly for battery-only
EVs as compared to hybrids (Biresselioglu, Kaplan, and Yilmaz 2018).

Electric vehicle charging station for fast DC charging performs AC-DC conversion
at off-board. In recent years, three-phase AC-DC power factor correction (PFC)
converters are dealt with fast charger. These converters are developed using
unidirectional and bidirectional power flow structure. In this study, three-phase AC-DC
PFC converter topologies, providing bidirectional power flow, are evaluated in terms of
performance. The aim is to present the latest technology of bidirectional multilevel AC-
DC PFC converters for EV fast charging. This paper provides a comprehensive and
practical review for researchers interested in fast charging infrastructure for electric
vehicles.
DC fast-charging stations can charge an electric vehicle several times faster than
Level 2 AC charging stations. Using a network of DC charging stations, it becomes
possible to travel in electric vehicles for long-distance, cross-country driving with only
short recharging stops. This paper examines and compares typical customer usage
patterns at DC fast-charging stations (50 kW) against Level 2 AC charging stations (7
kW) to study the benefits of transitioning to DC charging for Western Australia.

Local Studies

The use of EV and other greener alternatives is gaining traction globally, and the
technology needed to feed the public’s demand is constantly and exponentially
developing. It thus is only right and responsible that governments and regulators take
an approach commensurate to the dynamic nature of the EV industry.
 In the Philippines, EV users are still a minority in the entire transportation
ecosystem, which is not helped by the fact that charging stations remain to be low in
numbers. EV advocates can hope that more businesses engage or invest in EVCS
operations as the registration and compliance requirements have been streamlined with
the adoption of the EVCS Policy Guidelines on top of the incentives available to EVCS
operators as provided in Philippine laws.

As the public demand for greener alternatives to energy-consuming products

rises, the Philippine government is hard at work in implementing new policies,
frameworks and guidelines to heed this call. The latest in this trend is Department
Circular No. DC2021-07-0023, or the Policy Framework on the Guidelines for the
Development, Establishment, and Operation of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in the
Philippines (“EVCS Policy Guidelines”) issued by the Department of Energy (“DOE”) on
9 July 2021. The EVCS Policy Guidelines seek to promote a more “judicious
conservation and efficient utilization of energy sources” in one of the most energy-
consuming industries, the transportation sector.

An EVCS operator is any person or entity who owns and operates EVCS for
private, semi-public and public use, which may be installed in private or public buildings,
establishments, and liquid fuel retail outlets. The EVCS operator may open the use of
the EVCS facility to the public for a fee or for its own private use. In addition, electricity
distribution utilities may also engage in the EVCS business provided they comply with
the applicable rules and guidelines on the business separation and unbundling of the
Energy Regulatory Commission.

SYNTHESIS

The researchers' collection of pertinent research and literature is significant to the

current study since it will increase the impact of microcontroller education. According to
Azad Jammu and Kashmir of Pakistan. This art possibility of designing a solar
photovoltaic-based EV charging station for security bikes. This study analyzes the
power reliability, energy cost and CO2 emissions of a PV-powered charging station.

Station powered by grid electricity can cause inconvenience when a power

outage happens. Global warming indiction of green house gas emissions and carbon
footprints remain as an issue when it come to charging EV stations to grid electrical
power supply.
 The aim of AC/ DC charging capabilities is to convert carbon and fussel foils into
energy source to minimize the green house gas effect that eventually causes global
warming. In precaution to this effect researchers conducted a safety measures to
spread awareness and implement resources that can lessen any outbreaks.

Citation

Foreign Literature
Shafiq, A.; Iqbal, S.; Habib, S.; ur Rehman, A.; ur Rehman, A.; Selim, A.; Ahmed,
E.M.; Kamel, S. Solar PV-Based Electric Vehicle Charging Station for Security Bikes: A
Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis. Sustainability 2022, 14, 13767.

Local Literature
Solenergy System Inc.( 2023 ); SOLAR PV SYSTEM FOR EV CHARGING
STATIONS

\
Local Studies
Sy, Felix.; Santos , R.B.; New Framework for the Operation of EV Charging
Stations Issued in the Philippines (2021)

Foreign Studies
Lim, K.L.; Speidel, S.; Bräunl, T. A comparative study of AC and DC public
electric vehicle charging station usage in Western Australia. Renew. Sustain. Energy
Transit. 2022, 2, 100021.
 Mollahasanoğlu, M. & Okumuş, H. (2021). A Review of Three Phase AC-DC
Power Factor Correction Converters for Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Avrupa Bilim ve
Teknoloji Dergisi , Ejosat Special Issue 2021 (RDCONF) , 663-669 . DOI:
10.31590/ejosat.1041081.

Sivapriya Mothilal Bhagavathy, Hannah Budnitz, Tim Schwanen, Malcolm

McCulloch battery electric vehicle battery degradation rapid charging charging rate..