Professional Documents
Culture Documents
High-Frequency Metal-Oxide Varistor Modelling Response To Early-Time Electromagnetic Pulses
High-Frequency Metal-Oxide Varistor Modelling Response To Early-Time Electromagnetic Pulses
High-Frequency Metal-Oxide Varistor Modelling Response To Early-Time Electromagnetic Pulses
5HVSRQVHWR(DUO\WLPH(OHFWURPDJQHWLF3XOVHV
7\OHU%RZPDQ0DWW+DOOLJDQDQG5RGULJR/ODQHV
6DQGLD1DWLRQDO/DERUDWRULHV
$OEXTXHUTXH10
WERZPD#VDQGLDJRYPKDOOLJ#VDQGLDJRYDQGUOODQHV#VDQGLDJRY
Abstract²7KHHOHFWULFSRZHUJULGLVRQHRIWKHPRVWFULWLFDOLQIUD VXUIDFH ZKLFK FRXSOH WR RYHUKHDG SRZHUOLQHV DQG GHOLYHU D
VWUXFWXUHVLQWKHPRGHUQZRUOGDQGWKHFRQWLQXHGSURWHFWLRQDQG FRQGXFWHGLPSXOVHWRFRPSRQHQWVLQWKHSRZHUJULG/LJKWQLQJ
UHVLOLHQFHRIWKLVV\VWHPIURPWKUHDWVLVRIVLJQLILFDQWFRQFHUQ2QH VXUJH DUUHVWHUV /6$V DUH WKH SULPDU\ GHIHQVH PHFKDQLVP
VXFKVHWRIWKUHDWVLVQDQRVHFRQGVFDOHWUDQVLHQWHIIHFWVJHQHUDWHG DJDLQVWIDVWWUDQVLHQWSXOVHVIRUSRZHUWUDQVIRUPHUVLQWUDQVPLV
E\ KLJKDOWLWXGH HOHFWURPDJQHWLF SXOVHV IRU ZKLFK WKH HIIHFW RQ VLRQOHYHO VXEVWDWLRQV 0DQ\ PRGHUQ VXUJH DUUHVWHUV DUH JDS
WKH SRZHU JULG LV VWLOO EHLQJ VWXGLHG /LJKWQLQJ VXUJH DUUHVWHUV OHVVDQG W\SLFDOO\FRPSULVHRID029PDWHULDOVXFKDV =Q2
VHUYHDVWKHFXUUHQWJULGSURWHFWLRQDJDLQVWIDVWWUDQVLHQWVEXWDUH DQGRWKHUDGGLWLYHPDWHULDOV7KHVHVXUJHDUUHVWHUVDUHURXWLQHO\
GHVLJQHG DQG PRGHOHG IRU SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW OLJKWQLQJ DQG WHVWHGZLWKPLFURVHFRQGVFDOHULVHWLPHSXOVHVZKLFKDUHFRP
VZLWFKLQJWUDQVLHQWV6XUJHDUUHVWHUUHVSRQVHWRIDVWHUWUDQVLHQWV
PRQIRUOLJKWQLQJDQGVZLWFKLQJHYHQWV/6$VDUHWKHUHIRUHDQ
LVQRWZHOONQRZQ7KLVZRUNGHILQHVDVFDODEOHPHWDOR[LGHVXUJH
DUUHVWHU PRGHO ZLWK VSHFLILF FRQVLGHUDWLRQ WR IUHTXHQFLHV DW
WLFLSDWHG WR IXQFWLRQ QRUPDOO\ IRU PLGWLPH +(03 ( DQG
WULEXWHG WR IDVW WUDQVLHQW RYHUYROWDJHV IURP HOHFWURPDJQHWLF ODWHWLPH+(03(LVQRWH[SHFWHGWRJHQHUDWHHQRXJKYROW
SXOVHV 0HDVXUHPHQWV XVLQJ YHFWRU QHWZRUN DQDO\]HU VZHHSV DW DJHWREHUHOHYDQWIRURYHUYROWDJHSURWHFWLRQ,QFRQWUDVWHDUO\
ORZDQGKLJKELDVDVZHOODVKLJKYROWDJH,9FXUYHWUDFHVDUHSUH WLPH+(03UHIHUUHGWRDV(KDVFRQGXFWHGSXOVHULVHWLPHVRI
VHQWHG WR GHILQH DUUHVWHU EHKDYLRU DQG WR SDUDPHWHUL]H LW IURP ¶VRIQDQRVHFRQGV>@7KHEHKDYLRURI/6$VLQUHVSRQVHWR
PHDVXUHPHQWGDWD7KHSURSRVHGPRGHOLVFRPSDUHGWRWKHVWDQG (RYHUYROWDJHVLVODUJHO\XQNQRZQDQGWKHUHLVDQHHGWRLQ
DUG ,((( PRGHO IRU OLJKWQLQJ DUUHVWHUV LQ WKLV SDSHU )XUWKHU YHVWLJDWH/6$UHVSRQVHDWWKHQDQRVHFRQGWLPHVFDOH
PRUHPRGHOSDUDPHWHUVDUHGHILQHGE\VFDODEOHWHUPVWREHHDVLO\
&RQGXFWHGHQYLURQPHQWVJHQHUDWHGIURPUDGLDWHG(HQYL
LPSOHPHQWHG IRU WUDQVPLVVLRQOHYHO GHYLFHV 7KH VFDODEOH PRGHO
HQDEOHVHQKDQFHGDVVHVVPHQWRISURWHFWLRQOHYHOVDQGJULGVXVFHS URQPHQWVDWVXEVWDWLRQVYDU\VLJQLILFDQWO\GXHWROLQHRULHQWD
WLELOLW\DJDLQVWIDVWWUDQVLHQWV WLRQOLQHKHLJKWJHRJUDSKLFDOORFDWLRQZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKH(
RULJLQDQG VHYHUDORWKHUIDFWRUV/6$UHVSRQVHHYDOXDWLRQWR
Index Terms²$UUHVWHUV (OHFWURPDJQHWLF WUDQVLHQWV (OHFWUR FRQGXFWHG(HQYLURQPHQWVUHTXLUHVDVXUJHDUUHVWHUPRGHOWKDW
PDJQHWLF SXOVH (03 3RZHU V\VWHP SURWHFWLRQ 3RZHU V\VWHP FDSWXUHVFRPSRQHQWG\QDPLFVDWQDQRVHFRQGWLPHVFDOHV6HY
WUDQVLHQWV6XUJHSURWHFWLRQ HUDODXWKRUVGHYHORSHGFLUFXLWPRGHOVIRU029DUUHVWHUVWRVLP
XODWHOLJKWQLQJSURWHFWLRQ2QHRIWKHHDUOLHVWPRGHOVDQGSUH
, ,1752'8&7,21 VHQW VWDQGDUGV ZDV SXEOLVKHG E\ ,((( >@ ZKLOH VXEVHTXHQW
PRGHOVKDYHIRFXVHGRQXVLQJSDUDPHWHUVEDVHGRQHOHFWULFDO
7KHHOHFWULFSRZHUJULGLVDFRPSOH[V\VWHPWKDWVXSSRUWV SURSHUWLHVRQO\>@VLPSOLILHGHVWLPDWLRQVRIQRQOLQHDUYDULVWRU
PRGHUQVRFLHW\7KLVV\VWHPLVFULWLFDOWRPDQ\RSHUDWLRQVGXH EHKDYLRU>@RUZLGHEDQGUHVSRQVHDFFXUDF\>@7KHVHPRGHOV
WRWKHLQFUHDVLQJUHOLDQFHRQHOHFWULFLW\7KHUHLVLQFUHDVLQJLQ ZHUHIRUPXODWHGWRGHVFULEHDUUHVWHUEHKDYLRUIRUOLJKWLQJOLNH
WHUHVW WR LPSURYH HOHFWULF JULG UHVLOLHQF\ WR ERWK QDWXUDO DQG LPSXOVHVPLFURVHFRQGWLPHVFDOHVZLWKVSHFWUDOFRQWHQWXSWR
PDQPDGHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFLQVXOWV6RPHLQVXOWVXQGHUFRQVLG DIHZKXQGUHGN+]0HDQZKLOHVWDQGDUG(ILHOGGHILQLWLRQV
HUDWLRQIRUSURWHFWLRQ LQFOXGH OLJKWQLQJJHRPDJQHWLF GLVWXUE KDYH VSHFWUDO FRQWHQW XS WR 0+] >@ 1DQRVHFRQGVFDOH
DQFHV LQWHQWLRQDO HOHFWURPDJQHWLF LQWHUIHUHQFH DQG HOHFWUR SXOVHVLPXODWLRQVRIH[LVWLQJDUUHVWHUPRGHOVVKRZZLGHO\YDU
PDJQHWLFSXOVHV(03V \LQJUHVSRQVHVFRPSDUHGWRFRQVLVWHQWOLJKWQLQJUHVSRQVHSUH
7KHIRFXVRIWKLVSDSHULVRQPRGHOLQJPHWDOR[LGHYDULVWRU GLFWLRQVDVVKRZQODWHU7KXVWKHUHLVDQHHGWRGHYHORSDIDVW
029UHVSRQVHWRDKLJKDOWLWXGH(03+(03HYHQWGXHWR WUDQVLHQWKLJKIUHTXHQF\VXUJHDUUHVWHUPRGHOWKDWFDQEHXVHG
WKHSUHYDOHQFHRI 029V WKURXJKRXW WKH HOHFWULF JULG +(03 WRSUHGLFWWKH(VXUJHDUUHVWHUUHVSRQVHWRLGHQWLI\DQ\GHVLJQ
HYHQWVJHQHUDWHVLJQLILFDQWHOHFWURPDJQHWLFILHOGVRQWKHHDUWK¶V OLPLWDWLRQVRIH[LVWLQJDUUHVWHUVDQGWRDVVHVVZKDWSURWHFWLRQ
LIDQ\LVSURYLGHGE\/6$VLQUHVSRQVHWR+(03HYHQWV
7KLVZRUNZDVVXSSRUWHGE\WKH/DERUDWRU\'LUHFWHG5HVHDUFKDQG'H
YHORSPHQWSURJUDPDW6DQGLD1DWLRQDO/DERUDWRULHV6DQGLD1DWLRQDO/DERU 7KLVZRUNGHILQHVDVFDODEOHPRGHOIRU029VXUJHDUUHVWHUV
DWRULHVLVDPXOWLPLVVLRQODERUDWRU\PDQDJHGDQGRSHUDWHGE\1DWLRQDO7HFK EDVHG RQ VPDOOVFDOH =Q2 GHYLFHV ([SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV DUH
QRORJ\DQG(QJLQHHULQJ6ROXWLRQVRI6DQGLD//&DZKROO\RZQHGVXEVLGL
DU\RI+RQH\ZHOO,QWHUQDWLRQDO,QFIRUWKH86'HSDUWPHQWRI(QHUJ\¶V1D
WLRQDO1XFOHDU6HFXULW\$GPLQLVWUDWLRQXQGHUFRQWUDFW'(1$7KLV
SDSHUGHVFULEHVREMHFWLYHWHFKQLFDOUHVXOWVDQGDQDO\VLV$Q\VXEMHFWLYH
YLHZVRURSLQLRQVWKDWPLJKWEHH[SUHVVHGLQWKHSDSHUGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\
UHSUHVHQWWKHYLHZVRIWKH86'HSDUWPHQWRI(QHUJ\RUWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV
*RYHUQPHQW
978-1-7281-7430-3/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE 466
Authorized licensed use limited to: Auckland University of Technology. Downloaded on October 05,2020 at 11:31:56 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
SUHVHQWHG IURP KLJK IUHTXHQF\ VZHHSV DQG ELDVGHSHQGHQW
SURSHUW\PHDVXUHPHQWVWRSDUDPHWHUL]HWKHPRGHO7KHPRGHO
FDQEHVFDOHGIRUGLVWULEXWLRQDQGWUDQVPLVVLRQOHYHODUUHVWHUV
DQGWKHODWWHULVGHPRQVWUDWHGKHUHIRUDSSOLFDELOLW\WRV\VWHP
OHYHOJULGVLPXODWLRQV
,, 0$7(5,$/6$1'%$6(02'(/
$ 3K\VLFDO$UUHVWHU0RGHO
7KHDUUHVWHUPRGHOXVHGLQWKLVZRUNLVEDVHGRQWKHSK\VL
FDOFRQILJXUDWLRQRIWKH029PDWHULDOLQDQDVVHPEOHG/6$
([DPSOHDUUHVWHUDVVHPEO\FXWRXWVDUHVKRZQLQ)LJIRUDQ
N9N9DQGN9DUUHVWHU$VWDFNRI=Q2GLVFVDUHXVHG )LJXUH 3K\VLFDOVXUJHDUUHVWHUFLUFXLWGLDJUDPDQGSURSRVHGPRGHO
DVWKH029PDWHULDOLQWKHDUUHVWHUZKHUHPHWDOVSDFHUVRQWKH
HQGVDQGEHWZHHQ=Q2GLVFVDUHXVHGWRDFKLHYHWKHGHVLUHGGH GHFUHDVHLQUHVLVWDQFHLVUHGXFHGDVWKHJUDLQUHVLVWDQFHRIWKH
YLFHOHQJWK$FRPSOHWHGDVVHPEO\LVZUDSSHGLQILEHUJODVVDQG VLQWHUHG =Q2 PDWHULDO EHJLQV WR GRPLQDWH WKH UHVSRQVH >@
DSRO\PHUKRXVLQJZLWKPHWDOFRQWDFWVSURWUXGLQJRQHDFKHQG 0RVW PRGHUQ DUUHVWHUV KDYH WKH VDPH IXQGDPHQWDO JHRPHWU\
FRQVLVWLQJRIDFROXPQRI029SXFNVZLWKPHWDOVSDFHUVDQG
FRQWDFWVWRREWDLQWKHGHVLUHGOHQJWK7KHUHIRUHSK\VLFDOO\GH
ILQHGPRGHOSDUDPHWHUVREWDLQHGIRUVPDOOHU029DUUHVWHUVDUH
GLUHFWO\VFDODEOHWRODUJHUWUDQVPLVVLRQDUUHVWHUVZLWKVRPHFRQ
VLGHUDWLRQIRUFROXPQGLPHQVLRQV
0HDVXUHPHQWV ZHUH SHUIRUPHGRQ LQGLYLGXDO 029 SXFN
DUUHVWHUV DQG VPDOO IXOO\ DVVHPEOHG GLVWULEXWLRQ DUUHVWHUV WR
JHQHUDWH WKH VFDODEOH DUUHVWHU PRGHO )LYH GLIIHUHQW SXFN DU
UHVWHU VL]HV ZHUH REWDLQHG IURP 'HDQ 7HFKQRORJLHV >@ DV
VKRZQLQ)LJZLWKVL]HVDQGUDWLQJVOLVWHGLQ7DEOH,7KHIXOO\
DVVHPEOHG DUUHVWHUV XVHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ ZHUH 0DF/HDQ 3RZHU
6\VWHPV =,3 =53 =,3 DQG =,3 PRGHOV
UDWHGDWN9N9N9DQGN9UHVSHFWLYHO\>@
)LJXUH )XOO\DVVHPEOHGPHWDOR[LGH/6$VZLWKN9=,3N9
=,3DQGN9=,3UDWHGYROWDJHVSLFWXUHGWRSWRERWWRP
$SK\VLFDOFLUFXLWPRGHOUHSUHVHQWLQJWKHDVVHPEOLHVLQ)LJ
LVVKRZQLQ)LJ7KH=Q2VWDFNLVUHSUHVHQWHGDVDFDSDFL )LJXUH 'HDQ7HFKQRORJLHVPHWDOR[LGHYDULVWRUSXFNVXVHGIRUVPDOO
WDQFH ZLWKDSDUDOOHOQRQOLQHDUELDVGHSHQGHQWUHVLVWDQFH VFDOHPHDVXUHPHQWV
UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH YDULVWRU EHKDYLRU 7KH VHULHV LQGXFW
DQFH FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH LQGXFWDQFH FUHDWHG IURP WKH IXOO
OHQJWK RI WKH DUUHVWHU ZKLFK LV VLJQLILFDQW IRU IDVW WUDQVLHQWV 7$%/(, 02938&.',0(16,216$1'92/7$*(5$7,1*6
VXFK DV ( 7KLV PRGHO DSSOLHV WR PDQ\ DUUHVWHU DVVHPEOLHV 1DPH 'LPHQVLRQV 5DWLQJ
UDQJLQJIURPVLQJOHSXFNDUUHVWHUVWRWUDQVPLVVLRQVFDOHDVVHP $5'; PP'îPP+ N9
EOLHVDQGZLOOEHUHIHUUHGWRIRUWKHUHPDLQGHURIWKLVSDSHU $5'; PP'îPP+ N9
$5'; PP'îPP+ N9
7KH SULPDU\ IUHTXHQF\GHSHQGHQW EHKDYLRU RI DQ DUUHVWHU $5'; PP'îPP+ N9
XQGHUORZELDVLQJFRQGLWLRQVLVFRQWUROOHGE\WKH/DQG&HOH $5'; PP'îPP+ N9
PHQWVVKRZQLQ)LJ GHILQHVWKHSULQFLSDO QRQOLQHDU
RSHUDWLRQRIWKH029UHVLVWDQFHDQGLVGLYLGHGLQWRWKUHHRSHU
DWLRQDOUHJLRQV>@7KHILUVWUHJLRQWKHOHDNDJHUHJLRQKDVOLWWOH % 0HDVXUHPHQW6HWXSV
FXUUHQW FRQGXFWLRQ ȝ$ REVHUYHG DQG KDV DQ DSSUR[L 7KUHHWHVWVHWXSVZHUHXVHGWRTXDQWLI\WKHFLUFXLWFRPSR
PDWHO\IL[HGUHVLVWDQFH7KHVHFRQGUHJLRQWKHEUHDNGRZQRU QHQWYDOXHVLQ)LJIRUYDULRXV/6$V)LUVWORZYROWDJHYHFWRU
WUDQVLHQW RYHUYROWDJH 729 UHJLRQ HQFRPSDVVHV FXUUHQWV QHWZRUNDQDO\]HU91$PHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHSHUIRUPHGXVLQJ
IURP WKHȝ$UDQJHWR DSSUR[LPDWHO\ N$ DQG KDVUHVLVWDQFH DIUDPHWRPRXQWWKHGHYLFHVRYHUDJURXQGSODQHIRUKLJKIUH
GHFUHDVLQJDORQJDSRZHUFXUYHWRPDLQWDLQYROWDJHQHDUDJH TXHQF\DQDO\VLV6ZHHSVZHUHSHUIRUPHGDFURVVWKHDYDLODEOH
RPHWU\GHSHQGHQWFODPSLQJOHYHO7KHWKLUGUHJLRQWKHXSWXUQ 91$UDQJHIURPN+]WR*+])UHTXHQF\GRPDLQPHDV
UHJLRQ LVGHILQHG IRUFXUUHQWV DERYHN$ ZKHUH WKH UDWHRI XUHPHQWVVKRZHGDEURDGEDQGFDSDFLWLYHEHKDYLRUDQGVHOIUHV
RQDQFHDWKLJKIUHTXHQF\IURPWKHDUUHVWHULQGXFWDQFHZKLFK
467
Authorized licensed use limited to: Auckland University of Technology. Downloaded on October 05,2020 at 11:31:56 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
DUHXVHGWRGHILQHWKH/&HOHPHQWVRIWKHPRGHOH[SHULPHQWDOO\ 7KH DYHUDJH HIIHFWLYH UHODWLYH SHUPLWWLYLW\ ZDV DQG LV
1H[WDQ,9FXUYHWUDFHUDVGHVFULEHGLQ>@ZDVXVHGWRTXDQ VOLJKWO\ORZHUWKDQYDOXHVIRXQGLQOLWHUDWXUHIRU=Q2PDWHULDO
WLI\ QRQOLQHDU FXUUHQW DQGYROWDJH FKDUDFWHULVWLFVUHSUHVHQWHG >@$FRUUHODWLRQH[LVWVEHWZHHQWKHUDGLXVOHQJWKDQGN$
E\ 7KH ,9 FXUYH WUDFHU XVHG PLOOLVHFRQGVFDOH VKRUW UHVLGXDOYROWDJHIRUDQDUELWUDU\=Q2GLVN>@7KHUHIRUHLWLV
GXW\F\FOHSXOVHVWRPHDVXUHELDVGHSHQGHQWUHVLVWDQFHLQWKH SRVVLEOHWRHVWLPDWHWKHGLPHQVLRQVRIWKHLQWHUQDO029ZLWK
OHDNDJH DQG HDUO\ EUHDNGRZQ UHJLRQV RI WKH DUUHVWHUV 7KH UHVSHFWWRDUUHVWHUGLVFKDUJHFODVVDQGWKHUHVLGXDOYROWDJHSHDN
WHVWEHGRXWSXWZDVOLPLWHGWRN9RUP$LQDOOPHDVXUH IRUDN$WHVWVLJQDO7KLVDYRLGVLQDFFXUDFLHVWKDWPLJKWDULVH
PHQWV $GGLWLRQDO UHVLVWDQFH YDOXHV IRU PRGHO GHYHORSPHQW IURPXVLQJH[WHUQDODUUHVWHUGLPHQVLRQVZLWKRXWNQRZOHGJHRI
ZHUH REWDLQHG IURP PDQXIDFWXUHU GDWD >@ >@ WR SURGXFH D WKHVL]HRUQXPEHURIPHWDOVSDFHUVLQWKHRYHUDOODVVHPEO\7KH
EURDGGHILQLWLRQRIWKHQRQOLQHDUUHVLVWDQFH7KHODVWVHWXSIRU DSSUR[LPDWLRQV RI WKH UHODWLYH SHUPLWWLYLW\ DQG 029 GLPHQ
PRGHOTXDQWLILFDWLRQZDVDKLJKYROWDJHELDVWHHWHVWEHG7KLV VLRQVZLWKLQWKHDVVHPEO\DUHXVHGWRFDOFXODWHWKHFDSDFLWDQFH
WHVWEHGHQDEOHGDKLJKYROWDJH'&ELDVDFURVVWKHDUUHVWHUVXQ LQWKHVFDODEOHPRGHOIRUWUDQVPLVVLRQOHYHODUUHVWHUV
GHUWHVWZKLOHVPDOOVLJQDO91$PHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHSHUIRUPHG
$OVR SORWWHG LQ )LJ LV WKH LPSHGDQFH IURP WKH FLUFXLW
DVVKRZQE\WKHVFKHPDWLFLQ)LJ$GGLWLRQDOGHWDLOVRQWKH
PRGHOLQ)LJDQGWKH,(((PRGHOLQ>@)RUWKH SURSRVHG
PHDVXUHPHQWVHWXSVDUHSURYLGHGLQWKHIROORZLQJVHFWLRQV
PRGHO WKH UHVLVWDQFH LV ODUJH IRU WKH ORZ YROWDJH ELDV
91$VZHHSVRWKHPHDVXUHGLPSHGDQFHLVHQWLUHO\GHILQHGE\
DQG 7KHVHYDOXHVDUHFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHPHDVXUHGEURDG
EDQGFDSDFLWLYHEHKDYLRUDQGIURPWKHILUVWUHVRQDQFHUHVSHF
WLYHO\7KHSURSRVHGPRGHOLPSHGDQFHFXUYHLVZLWKLQG%
RIWKHPHDVXUHPHQWGDWDXSWRWKHUHVRQDQFHIUHTXHQF\,QFRQ
WUDVWWKH,(((PRGHOLVGHILQHGE\WKHDUUHVWHUOHQJWKDQG
N$UHVLGXDOGLVFKDUJHIROORZLQJWKHSURFHVVLQ>@7KH,(((
PRGHO VKRZV D PLQLPXP G% PDJQLWXGH GLIIHUHQFH IURP
PHDVXUHPHQWVLQ WKH 0+] UDQJH ZKHUH ERWKFXUYHVDUH
FDSDFLWLYH7KLVPDJQLWXGHGLIIHUHQFHLQFUHDVHVWRG%LQWKH
LQGXFWLYH UHJLRQ IRU WKH ,((( PRGHO 7KXV ZKLOH WKH ,(((
PRGHO LV IRFXVHG RQ DFFXUDWH UHVSRQVH WR OLJKWQLQJOLNH WHVW
ZDYHIRUPVLWGRHVQRWFDSWXUHDUUHVWHUUHDFWLYHHOHPHQWVZHOO
QDPHO\WKHLQGXFWDQFHWKDWDIIHFWVIDVWHUWUDQVLHQWUHVSRQVHV
([DPSOHWUDQVLHQWUHVSRQVHVRIWKHSURSRVHGPRGHORI)LJ
DQGWKH,(((DUUHVWHUPRGHODUHVKRZQLQ)LJ+HUH63,&(
PRGHOVRIWKHN9DUUHVWHUXVLQJWKHSURSRVHGFLUFXLWDQGWKH
,(((FLUFXLWDUHVLPXODWHGIRUUHVSRQVHWRDOLJKWQLQJOLNH
N$FXUUHQWZDYHIRUP)LJDDQGDQ(OLNHYROWDJHZDYH
)LJXUH +LJKYROWDJHELDVWHHFLUFXLWXVHGIRUKLJKELDV91$ IRUPREWDLQHGIURPFRXSOLQJFDOFXODWLRQVIRUDNPOLQHLQ>@
PHDVXUHPHQWVRQ029V XVLQJWKH,(&(ZDYHIRUPLQ>@)LJE,Q)LJ
DWKHSULPDU\UHVSRQVHE\WKHDUUHVWHULQERWKPRGHOVLVIURP
,,, 0($685(0(176$1'02'(/3$5$0(7(5,=$7,21 WKHFKDQJLQJYDULVWRUUHVLVWDQFHIRUWKHVORZHUOLJKWQLQJZDYH
$ /RZ9ROWDJH%LDV91$0HDVXUHPHQWV IRUP+RZHYHULQ)LJEIRUWKH(OLNHZDYHIRUPWKH,(((
5HVXOWV IURP ORZ YROWDJH ELDV 91$ VZHHSV RI WKH 029
SXFNVDQGIXOODUUHVWHUVDOOIROORZHGDVLPLODUWUHQG ([DPSOH
UHVXOWVIURPWKH=,3DUUHVWHUDUHVKRZQLQ)LJZKHUHWKH
DUUHVWHULPSHGDQFHZDVH[WUDFWHGIURPWKHSDUDPHWHU LQWKH
PDWUL[FDOFXODWHGIURPPHDVXUHG SDUDPHWHUV5HVXOWV
DUHVKRZQXSWR0+]EDVHGRQWKHDQWLFLSDWHGVSHFWUDOFRQ
WHQW RI D UDGLDWHG ( SXOVH >@ DQG EHFDXVH WKH H[SHULPHQWDO
VHWXSUHDFKHVDOHQJWKRIȜDURXQG0+]EH\RQGZKLFK
WKHVHWXSLVQRORQJHUHOHFWULFDOO\VPDOO7KHSULPDU\EHKDYLRU
RIWKH/6$IRUWKHFRQWLQXRXVZDYHVZHHSVLVFDSDFLWLYHXSWR
WKH UHVRQDQFH QHDU 0+] DQG LQGXFWLYH DERYH UHVRQDQFH
/RZIUHTXHQF\QRLVHFDXVHGRVFLOODWLRQVDERYHLQWKHPHDV
XUHGSKDVHRIWKHWUDQVIHUSDUDPHWHU UHVXOWLQJLQWKHUDSLG
SKDVHVKLIWVREVHUYHGEHORZN+]LQWKHFDOFXODWHGDUUHVWHU
LPSHGDQFH
/RZ YROWDJH ELDV 91$ PHDVXUHPHQWV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG
DFURVVDOOWKH029SXFNVOLVWHGLQ7DEOH,7KHHIIHFWLYHUHOD )LJXUH D&DOFXODWHGLPSHGDQFHPDJQLWXGHDQGELPSHGDQFHSKDVHRI
WLYH SHUPLWWLYLW\ ZDV FDOFXODWHG IURP SXFN JHRPHWU\ DQG WKH WKHN9=,3DUUHVWHUREWDLQHGYLDDORZYROWDJH91$VZHHS7KH
LPSHGDQFHRIWKHSURSRVHGPRGHODQGWKH,(((DUUHVWHUPRGHODUHDOVR
H[WUDFWHGFDSDFLWDQFHLQIRUPDWLRQIRUHDFK91$PHDVXUHPHQW VKRZQIRUFRPSDULVRQ
468
Authorized licensed use limited to: Auckland University of Technology. Downloaded on October 05,2020 at 11:31:56 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
PRGHOVLJQLILFDQWO\XQGHUSUHGLFWVWKHLQLWLDOYROWDJHSHDNFRP
SDUHG WR WKH SURSRVHG PRGHO ZKLFK LV DWWULEXWDEOH WR GLIIHU
HQFHVLQPRGHOLQJWKHDUUHVWHULQGXFWDQFH$FFXUDWHPRGHOLQJ
RIWKHLQGXFWDQFHLVFULWLFDOIRUSUHGLFWLQJWKHUHVSRQVHWLPHRI
WKHDVVHPEOHGDUUHVWHUDVWKH=Q2YDULVWRUEHKDYLRULVH[SHFWHG
WRRSHUDWHRQVXEQDQRVHFRQGVFDOHVZKHQHOHFWULFDOOHQJWKLV
QHJOLJLEOH>@
)LJXUH 6LPXODWHGYROWDJHUHVSRQVHVRIWKHSURSRVHGPRGHODQG,(((
DUUHUVWHUPRGHOIRUDDQN$FXUUHQWZDYHIRUPDQGEDQ(OLNH
YROWDJHZDYHIRUP )LJXUH DN9=53DUUHVWHUPRXQWLQJFRQILJXUDWLRQZLWKWKH,9
FXUYHWUDFHUE0HDVXUHG,9FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGFDOFXODWHGUHVLVWDQFHZLWK
KLJKYROWDJHELDV
% ,9&XUYH7UDFLQJ
,9FXUYHWUDFLQJZDVSHUIRUPHGWRTXDQWLI\UHVLVWDQFHYDO
XHVLQWKHOHDNDJHDQGHDUO\EUHDNGRZQUHJLRQVRI029SHU
IRUPDQFH$QH[DPSOHRIWKHVHUHVXOWVLVVKRZQLQ)LJIRUWKH = + D
0DFOHDQ3RZHU6\VWHPV=53DUUHVWHUDVVHPEO\VKRZQLQ
)LJD7KHUHVXOWVLQ)LJELOOXVWUDWHWKHDQWLFLSDWHGYDULVWRU = = /
,
EHKDYLRU ZKHUH WKH DUUHVWHU UHVLVWDQFH LV UHODWLYHO\ VWDEOH ⁄
( ⁄ )
DURXQG*ȍDWWKHORZHUUDQJHRIDSSOLHGYROWDJH7KHUHLV
⁄ ) E
= ( ⁄ )
= (
VRPHQRLVHLQWKHGDWDGXHWRWKHPLFURDPSVFDOHOHDNDJHFXU
UHQWEHLQJPHDVXUHGWKURXJKWKHDUUHVWHU2QFHWKHELDVUHDFKHV = ≈ √2 =
WKHFODPSLQJYROWDJHWKHUHVLVWDQFHEHJLQVWRGHFUHDVHH[SR
QHQWLDOO\DQGWKHFXUUHQWVLJQLILFDQWO\LQFUHDVHV7KLV,9FXUYH DQG LQDDUHWKHFXUUHQWWKURXJKDQGYROWDJHDFURVV
LVWKHQFRPELQHGZLWKPDQXIDFWXUHUGDWDIRUVZLWFKLQJVXUJHV WKHYDULVWRUHOHPHQW LQ)LJ)RUWKHSDUDPHWHUVLQE
DQGWHVWSXOVHV>@WRH[WHQGWKHYDULVWRUEHKDYLRUIXUWKHU , LV WKH OHDNDJH UHVLVWDQFH DW ORZ ELDV DQG
LQWRWKHEUHDNGRZQDQGXSWXUQUHJLRQV7KHORZFXUUHQWPHDV DUHWKHUHSRUWHGVZLWFKLQJVXUJHYROWDJHIURPWKHDU
XUHPHQWGDWDDQGKLJKFXUUHQWPDQXIDFWXUHUGDWDDUHFRPELQHG UHVWHU PDQXIDFWXUHU DQG HTXLYDOHQW UHVLVWDQFH LV WKH
LQWRWKHYDULVWRUUHVSRQVHXSWRN$LQ)LJDORQJVLGHWKH PHDVXUHGFODPSLQJYROWDJH LVWKHDUUHVWHUYROWDJHUDW
VLPXODWHG,9FXUYHVRIWKHSURSRVHGPRGHODQG,(((PRGHO LQJ LVWKHUHVLGXDOYROWDJHSHDNUHSRUWHGIRUDN$
7KH,(((PRGHOGHILQHVWKHYDULVWRUEHKDYLRUXVLQJDFXUUHQW WHVWSXOVHDQG DQG DUHWKHUHVLGXDOYROWDJHSHDNDQG
YROWDJHORRNXSWDEOHIURP$WRN$RULVDOWHUQDWHO\GH HTXLYDOHQW UHVLVWDQFH IRU WKH KLJKHVW UHSRUWHG WHVW SXOVH
ILQHGXVLQJGLRGHOLNHSRZHUIXQFWLRQFXUYHV7KHILUVWRSWLRQ XVXDOO\N$
LVVKRZQLQ)LJZKHUHWKHUHVLVWDQFH,9FXUYHLVXQGHILQHG
EHORZ$DQGKHUHLVVHWWRVFDOHOLQHDUO\WRWKHRULJLQZLWK 3DUDPHWHUV UHTXLUHRQO\PDQXIDFWXUHUGDWDZKLOHSD
DFRQVWDQWUHVLVWDQFH7KHSRZHUFXUYHRSWLRQVLPLODUO\LJQRUHV UDPHWHUV XVHPHDVXUHPHQWGDWDZKHQDYDLODEOHRUDUHDS
PXFKRIWKHEUHDNGRZQ729UHJLRQDQGLQERWKLPSOHPHQWD SUR[LPDWHG EDVHG RQ PDQXIDFWXUHU GDWD $V ZLWK WKH FDSDFL
WLRQVRIWKH,(((PRGHOWKHXSWXUQUHJLRQLVWUHDWHGDVDSXUHO\ WDQFH PHDVXUHPHQWV WKH OHDNDJH UHVLVWDQFH , LV FDOFX
LQGXFWLYHHIIHFW,QWKHSURSRVHGPRGHOWKH,9FXUYHLVLQVWHDG ODWHG IURP WKH HVWLPDWHG 029 GLPHQVLRQV DQG D SUHYLRXVO\
EDVHGRQZKLFKXVHVDIRXUSDUDPHWHUORJLVWLF3/UHJUHV PHDVXUHGHIIHFWLYHUHVLVWLYLW\7KLVDOORZVDGHILQLWLRQRI LQ
VLRQFXUYHWRILWWKHORZFXUUHQWGDWDDQGDGGVDVHFRQGH[SR EZLWKRXWWKHQHHGWRPHDVXUHWKHOHDNDJHUHVLVWDQFHWKRXJK
QHQWLDOWHUPWRGHILQHWKHQRQOLQHDUXSWXUQUHJLRQ WKHUHVLVWLYLW\RI=Q2DWORZELDV YDULHVVLJQLILFDQWO\ZLWKDQ
HIIHFWLYHUHVLVWLYLW\RIȍPDFURVVPHDVXUHPHQWVDQGLQ
OLWHUDWXUH>@7KHVSHFLILFUHVLVWLYLW\RIWKH=Q2GRHVQRWVKRZ
469
Authorized licensed use limited to: Auckland University of Technology. Downloaded on October 05,2020 at 11:31:56 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
)LJXUH 0HDVXUHGDQGPRGHOHG,9FXUYHIRUDN9=53DUUHVWHU
DVLJQLILFDQWLPSDFWRQVLPXODWHGSXOVHUHVSRQVHRIWKHDUUHVWHU
IRU(OLNHVLJQDOVZKLFKW\SLFDOO\JHQHUDWHKXQGUHGVWRWKRX
VDQGVRIDPSVWKURXJKWKHDUUHVWHUDQGLVGHSHQGHQWSULPDULO\
RQWKHUHVLVWDQFHLQWKHEUHDNGRZQUHJLRQ
(TXDWLRQLVHDVLO\LQWHJUDWHGLQWR63,&(EDVHGDSSOLFD )LJXUH %LDVGHSHQGHQWFDSDFLWDQFHRIWKH'HDQ7HFKQRORJLHV029
SXFNVFDOFXODWHGIURPKLJKYROWDJHELDVWHHPHDVXUHPHQWVD&DOFXODWHG
WLRQVDVDYROWDJHGHSHQGHQWFXUUHQWVRXUFHZLWKRXWWKHQHHGIRU FDSDFLWDQFHYHUVXVELDVYROWDJHDQGEQRUPDOL]HGFDSDFLWDQFHYHUVXVELDV
DYROWDJHWDEOHORRNXSRIWHQXVHGE\,(((DQGRWKHUPRGHOV YROWDJHVFDOHGE\SXFNWKLFNQHVV
DQGLVPRUHIOH[LEOHDWGHILQLQJPXOWLSOH,9FXUYHUHJLRQV
WKDQGLRGHRUSRZHUFXUYHPRGHOV7KHSULPDU\EHQHILWVRIWKLV )LJE7KH ELDVYROWDJH LVQRUPDOL]HGE\ SXFNWKLFNQHVV LQ
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DUH WZRIROG)LUVW WKHHTXDWLRQEDVHGPRGHO )LJEWRLOOXVWUDWHWKHQRUPDOL]HG029FDSDFLWDQFHDVDIXQF
UHVXOWVLQDVLPSOHUFLUFXLWVWUXFWXUHLQWKHVLPXODWLRQQHWOLVWDQG WLRQRILQWHUQDOHOHFWULFILHOG7KHFOXVWHULQJRISRLQWVDWWKHKLJK
QDWXUDOO\FURVVHVWKHRULJLQZLWKRXWWKHQHHGIRUDGGLWLRQDOWDEOH ELDVHQGRIWKHSORWVFRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHFODPSLQJDWKLJKELDV
PDQLSXODWLRQRURSSRVLWHIDFLQJHOHPHQWVLQWKHFLUFXLWGHVLJQ ZKLFK SUHYHQWHG WKHYROWDJHDFURVVWKHSXFNIURP LQFUHDVLQJ
6HFRQGWKHHTXDWLRQEDVHGPHWKRGSURYLGHVDUHDOLVWLFXSSHU HYHQDVWKHSRZHUVXSSO\ZDVLQFUHDVHG
OLPLW WR WKH DUUHVWHU LPSHGDQFH E\ PRGHOLQJ WKH OHDNDJH UH 7KHIXQFWLRQDOUHVSRQVHRIWKHPHDVXUHG029FDSDFLWDQFH
VLVWDQFHZKLFKLVLPSRUWDQWIRUVLPXODWLRQVZKHUHWKHDUUHVWHU ZDVH[SHFWHGWRWDNHWKHIRUPRID³8´VKDSHDVREVHUYHGLQ
PD\EHLQSDUDOOHOZLWKRWKHUODUJHLPSHGDQFHVVXFKDVDSRZHU >@2QO\WKHLQLWLDOGHFUHDVLQJFDSDFLWDQFHWUHQGZDVFDSWXUHG
WUDQVIRUPHU ZLWKLQFUHDVLQJELDVYROWDJHLQPRVWPHDVXUHPHQWVGXHWRWHVW
VHWXSOLPLWDWLRQV7KHFDSDFLWDQFHLVIXUWKHUGHILQHGE\WKHQRU
& +LJK9ROWDJH%LDV91$6ZHHSV PDOL]HGUHVXOWVLQ)LJEZKLFKVKRZDGHFUHDVHLQWKHFDSDF
+LJKYROWDJH+9ELDVWHHPHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHSHUIRUPHG LWDQFH ZLWK UHVSHFW WR ELDV YROWDJH ZKHQ DFFRXQWLQJ IRU WKH
RQ029SXFNVWRTXDQWLI\FDSDFLWDQFHYDULDWLRQZLWKUHVSHFW WKLFNQHVV RI WKH LQGLYLGXDO SXFNV 7KH $5'; PHDVXUH
WRDQDSSOLHG'&ELDV7KHFLUFXLWIRUWKHKLJKYROWDJHELDVWHH PHQWQHDUN9PZDVWKHRQO\GDWDVHWWRFDSWXUHDVPDOO
VHWXSLVVKRZQLQ)LJ7KH029SXFNVZHUHSODFHGXQGHUD LQFUHDVHLQFDSDFLWDQFHDWKLJKELDV7KHUHVLGXDOYROWDJHDFURVV
KLJKYROWDJH'&ELDVXSWRP$RUN9IURPWKH'&EUDQFK WKHSXFNVIRUDW\SLFDON$VLJQDOZRXOGQRWSXVKWKHFDSDFL
ULJKWKDQGVLGHLQ)LJ7KHQWKH$&EUDQFKOHIWKDQGVLGH WDQFHEHORZRIWKHRULJLQDOYDOXHEDVHGRQWKH)LJFD
LQ)LJZDVVZLWFKHGLQWRWKHFLUFXLWWRDFTXLUHWKHSXFN91$ SDFLWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWV6LPXODWLRQVKDYHVKRZQWKDWWKLVGH
VZHHSXQGHUD'&ELDV&DSDFLWRUVRQWKH$&SDWKDQGLQGXF JUHHRIVKLIWLQFDSDFLWDQFHKDVQHJOLJLEOHHIIHFWVRQWKHDUUHVWHU
WRUV RQ WKH '& SDWK SURYLGHG LVRODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH WZR PRGHOUHVSRQVHWRIDVWWUDQVLHQWVDQGWKHUHIRUHGRHVQRWQHHGWR
EUDQFKHVVRWKDWRQO\WKHGHYLFHXQGHUWHVWZDVH[SRVHGWRERWK EHLPSOHPHQWHGLQWRWKHFLUFXLWLQ)LJ
VLJQDOV DQG DGGLWLRQDO JDV GLVFKDUJH WXEHV 5) WUDQVIRUPHUV
DQGSRZHUOLPLWHUVSURYLGHGSURWHFWLRQWRWKH91$IURPKLJK ' 6FDOLQJ([DPSOHIRUD7UDQVPLVVLRQ/HYHO$UUHVWHU
YROWDJHOHDNDJH+LJKYROWDJHSUREHVRQERWKVLGHVRIWKH029 0HDVXUHPHQW DQG PRGHOLQJ UHVXOWV DUH VKRZQ IRU VPDOO
SXFNPHDVXUHGWKHELDVYROWDJHZKLOHDFXUUHQWYLHZLQJUHVLVWRU VFDOH DUUHVWHUV LQ WKH SUHYLRXV VHFWLRQV 7KH XWLOLW\ RI WKHVH
ZDVSUREHGIRUFXUUHQW(DFKGHYLFHLQWKH$&EUDQFKRIWKH VPDOOVFDOHDUUHVWHUUHVXOWVIRUODUJHJDSOHVVDUUHVWHUVZLWKWKH
FLUFXLWZDVPHDVXUHGLQGLYLGXDOO\WRGHHPEHGSXFNFKDUDFWHU VDPH=Q2PDWHULDOVLVSUHVHQWHGWKURXJKDQH[DPSOH7KHPRG
LVWLFVIURPWKHRYHUDOO91$PHDVXUHPHQWXVLQJEORFNDQDO\VLV HOLQJSURFHVVZLOOEHGHPRQVWUDWHGIRUD0DF/HDQ3RZHU6\V
7KHDQDO\VLVRIWKH91$VZHHSVDWHDFK'&ELDVSRLQWZDVWKH WHPV=,3DUUHVWHUUDWHGDW N9&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKH
VDPHPHWKRGSHUIRUPHGIRUWKHORZYROWDJH VZHHSLQ)LJ N9DUUHVWHUIURPWKHPDQXIDFWXUHUDUHJLYHQLQ7DEOH,,>@
DQGWKHFDOFXODWHGSDUDPHWHUVZHUHFKHFNHGIRUWUHQGVLQUHOD
WLRQWRWKHELDVDFURVVWKHSXFNDIWHUDFFRXQWLQJIRURWKHUUHVLV
WLYHORVVHVLQWKHVHWXS 7$%/(,, =,3$55(67(50$18)$&785(5'$7$
$UUHVWHU 'LVFKDUJH
7KHFDOFXODWHGSXFNFDSDFLWDQFHDVDIXQFWLRQRI'&ELDVLV +HLJKW &ODVV #$ #N$ #N$
VKRZQLQ)LJIRUN9VWHSVRIWKH+9'&SRZHUVXSSO\7KH P N9 N9 N9
DEVROXWHFDSDFLWDQFHLVVKRZQLQ)LJDDQGDQRUPDOL]HGFD
SDFLWDQFH ZLWK UHVSHFW WR ORZ ELDVLQJ FRQGLWLRQV LV VKRZQ LQ
470
Authorized licensed use limited to: Auckland University of Technology. Downloaded on October 05,2020 at 11:31:56 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
7KHDUUHVWHULQGXFWDQFHDVVKRZQLQ)LJLVHVWLPDWHGZLWK 7KRXJK QRWQHFHVVDU\IRUPRGHOJHQHUDWLRQSXOVH WHVWLQJ
DW\SLFDOYDOXHRIQ+PPWRWDOOHQJWK>@7KXVWKHN9 ZLOOVWLOOSURYLGHNH\YDOLGDWLRQRIWKHSURSRVHGPRGHOIRUDF
DUUHVWHUKDVDQHVWLPDWHGȝ+LQGXFWDQFH7KHDUUHVWHUFD FXUDF\RIWKHWLPHGRPDLQUHVSRQVH7KLVLVEHLQJLQYHVWLJDWHG
SDFLWDQFHDVGHSLFWHGLQ)LJLVHVWLPDWHGIURPDSSUR[LPDWH IRUIROORZXSWHVWLQJRIWKH029PDWHULDOVXVLQJDSXOVHURS
GLPHQVLRQVRIWKH029FROXPQDQGDYHUDJHPHDVXUHGHIIHF HUDWLQJRQWKHQDQRVHFRQGVFDOHVLPLODUWRFRQGXFWHG(HQYL
WLYHSHUPLWWLYLW\7KHGLDPHWHURIWKHHQFORVHG029FROXPQLV URQPHQWSURSRVHGLQ>@
HVWLPDWHGWRVFDOHOLQHDUO\EDVHGRQDUUHVWHUFODVVIURPPP
FODVVWRPPFODVV>@7KHFROXPQOHQJWKLVHVWL $&.12:/('*0(176
PDWHGIURPWKHFROXPQUDGLXVDQG EDVHGRQQRPLQDOGLV
FKDUJHYDOXHVUHSRUWHGLQ>@$SRZHUILWFXUYHSURYLGHVWKH 7KHDXWKRUVZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQN6DOYDWRUH&DPSLRQHDW
IROORZLQJHVWLPDWLRQLQ 6DQGLD1DWLRQDO/DERUDWRULHVIRUVXSSO\LQJFRXSOLQJFDOFXOD
WLRQRXWFRPHVIRUFLUFXLWPRGHOLQJSXUSRVHV:HZRXOGOLNH
WRWKDQN$OIUHG%DXJKPDQDQG-DPHV7D\ORUDW6DQGLD1D
( ) .
= + WLRQDO/DERUDWRULHVIRUH[SHULPHQWDOVXSSRUWIRUWKHPHDVXUH
. ×
PHQWWHVWEHGV
LV WKH FDOFXODWHG 029 FROXPQ OHQJWK LV WKH HVWL 5()(5(1&(6
PDWHGFROXPQUDGLXV LVWKHUHSRUWHGN$GLVFKDUJHYROW
>@ 6&DPSLRQH/.:DUQH0+DOOLJDQ2/DYURYDDQG/6DQ0DUWLQ
DJH IURP WKH PDQXIDFWXUHU DQG LV WKH DUUHVWHU KHLJKW 7KH 'HFD\ /HQJWK (VWLPDWLRQ RI 6LQJOH 7ZRDQG 7KUHH:LUH 6\VWHPV
DUUHVWHUFDSDFLWDQFHLVFDOFXODWHGDVS)ZLWKWKHHVWLPDWHG $ERYH*URXQG8QGHU+(03([FLWDWLRQ3URJUHVV,Q(OHFWURPDJQHWLFV
GLDPHWHUDQGOHQJWKRIWKH029FROXPQDQGDQDYHUDJHPHDV 5HVHDUFK%YROS
XUHGHIIHFWLYHUHODWLYHSHUPLWWLYLW\RI = 755 >@ ,((( :RUNLQJ *URXS ³0RGHOLQJ RI 0HWDO 2[LGH 6XUJH
$UUHVWHUV´,(((7UDQV3RZHU'HOLYHU\YROQRSS-DQ
DVVKRZQLQ)LJLVHVWLPDWHGIURP7KHOHDNDJH
UHVLVWDQFH LVHVWLPDWHGXVLQJWKHVDPH029FROXPQGLPHQ >@ 33LQFHWLDQG0*LDQQHWWRQL³$VLPSOLILHGPRGHOIRU]LQFR[LGHVXUJH
VLRQVZLWK = 10 ȍP&ODPSLQJYROWDJH LVHVWLPDWHG DUUHVWHUV´,(((7UDQV3RZHU'HOLYHU\YROQRSS$SU
IURPWKHUDWHGYROWDJHRIN9DQG DQG DUHFDOFX
ODWHGXVLQJWKHYDOXHVLQ7DEOH,,7KHUHVXOWLQJSDUDPHWHUYDO >@ ) )HUQiQGH] DQG 5 'tD] ³0HWDOR[LGH VXUJH DUUHVWHU PRGHO IRU IDVW
WUDQVLHQW VLPXODWLRQV´ 7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQ &RQIHUHQFH RQ 3RZHU 6\VWHP
XHVDUHUHSRUWHGLQ7DEOH,,,DQGDUHLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRWKHDU 7UDQVLHQWV,3$7
UHVWHUPRGHOE\XVLQJDYROWDJHGHSHQGHQWFXUUHQWVRXUFHDQG
>@ 96%ULWR*56/LUD(*&RVWDDQG0-$0DLD³$:LGH5DQJH
WRGHILQHWKHYDULVWRUEHKDYLRU 0RGHOIRU0HWDO2[LGH6XUJH$UUHVWHU´,(((7UDQV3RZHU'HOLYHU\
YROQR)HE
7$%/(,,, =,36&$/('5(6,67$1&(3$5$0(7(56 >@ (OHFWURPDJQHWLFFRPSDWLELOLW\(0&3DUW(QYLURQPHQW6HFWLRQ
'HVFULSWLRQRI+(03HQYLURQPHQW5DGLDWHGGLVWXUEDQFH,(&
D E F G H I
*ȍ N9 ȍ N9 >@ 7.*XSWD³$SSOLFDWLRQRI]LQFR[LGHYDULVWRUV´-$PHU&HUDP6RF
YROQRSS-XO\
>@ $5' 6HULHV ± &.( 0HWDO 2[LGH 9DULVWRUV _ 'HDQ 7HFKQRORJLHV
,9 &21&/86,21 >KWWSVZZZGHDQWHFKQRORJ\FRPFDWDORJFNHPHWDOR[LGH
,QWKLVSDSHUDVFDODEOHPRGHOIRU029VXUJHDUUHVWHUV LV YDULVWRUVKLJKYROWDJHEDUHGLVFVXUJHDUUHVWRUVDUG@
SURSRVHGIRUWKHVSHFLILFDSSOLFDWLRQRIPRGHOLQJUHVSRQVHVWR >@ 0DF/HDQ 3RZHU 6\VWHPV ± $UUHVWHUV
QDQRVHFRQGVFDOH WUDQVLHQWV ([SHULPHQWDO GDWD IURP 029 >KWWSVZZZPDFOHDQSRZHUFRPSURGXFWVLQGH[DVS"'(3$570(17B
,' @
SXFNVDQGGLVWULEXWLRQDUUHVWHUVVKRZVWKHKLJKIUHTXHQF\ UH
>@ / - 5DVKNLQ HW DO ³0LQLDWXUH KLJK YROWDJH KLJK WHPSHUDWXUH
VSRQVHRIDUUHVWHUVLVUHDGLO\PDSSHGWR/&HOHPHQWVLQDFLU FRPSRQHQW SDFNDJH GHYHORSPHQW´ LQ 3URF ,((( ,QW 3RZHU
FXLW /LNHZLVH DQ HTXDWLRQ EDVHG RQ PDQXIDFWXUHU GDWD DQG 0RGXODWRUDQG+LJK9ROWDJH&RQI6DQ)UDQFLVFR&$SS
PLQLPDODSSUR[LPDWLRQVSURYLGHVDILWIRU WKHELDVGHSHQGHQW >@ /0 /HYLQVRQ DQG +5 3KLOLSS ³$& SURSHUWLHV RI PHWDOR[LGH
UHVLVWDQFH WKDW GHILQHV WKH QRQOLQHDU 029 RSHUDWLRQ 7KH YDULVWRUV´-$SSO3K\VYROQRSS0DUFK
PRGHOLVVFDODEOHWRODUJHUGHYLFHVE\DFFRXQWLQJIRUWKHFKDQJH >@ 9 +LQULFKVHQ 0HWDO2[LGH 6XUJH $UUHVWHUV LQ +LJK9ROWDJH 3RZHU
LQWKH029GLPHQVLRQVZLWKUHVSHFWWRDUUHVWHUFODVVDQGYROW 6\VWHPVUGHG6LHPHQV$*
DJHUDWLQJV,WLVQRWHGWKDWZKLOHKLJKYROWDJHSXOVHWHVWLQJSUR >@ +53KLOLSSDQG/0/HYLQVRQ³=Q2YDULVWRUVIRUSURWHFWLRQDJDLQVW
YLGHVWKHPRVWGLUHFWLQGLFDWLRQRIDUUHVWHUWUDQVLHQWUHVSRQVH QXFOHDUHOHFWURPDJQHWLFSXOVH´-$SSO3K\VYROQRSS
PRGHOVJHQHUDWHGIURPWKHVHOLPLWHGGDWDVHWVDUH QRWUHDGLO\ )HEUXDU\
VFDODEOHIRURWKHUDUUHVWHUVL]HVDQGGRQRWSUHGLFWWKHUHVSRQVH >@ 35(PWDJH³7KHSK\VLFVRI]LQFR[LGHYDULVWRUV´-$SSO3K\VYRO
QRSS2FW
IRUGLIIHULQJSXOVHV7KHVHOLPLWDWLRQVRIDSXOVHUHVSRQVHRQO\
>@ *'0DKDQ/0/HYLQVRQDQG+53KLOLSS³7KHRU\RIFRQGXFWLRQ
DSSURDFKDUHQRWSUHVHQWLQWKHSURSRVHGPRGHODQGLVDQDG LQ =Q2 YDULVWRUV´ - $SSO 3K\V YRO QR SS $SU
YDQWDJHRIWKHPRGHO
>@ (OHFWURPDJQHWLF FRPSDWLELOLW\ (0& 3DUW (QYLURQPHQW
'HVFULSWLRQ RI +(03 HQYLURQPHQW &RQGXFWHG GLVWXUEDQFH ,(&
471
Authorized licensed use limited to: Auckland University of Technology. Downloaded on October 05,2020 at 11:31:56 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.