Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sni 03 1727 1989 Pembebanan
Sni 03 1727 1989 Pembebanan
SABI 1362-1986
UDC: 389.6 698:8
Page
Chapter 1. Description ................................................................ 1
1.1 Intention and Objective ............................................. 1
1.2 Coverage .................................................................. 1
1.3 Definition ................................................................... 1
Chapter 2. Requirements............................................................ 3
2.1 Rules about Loading ................................................. 3
2.1.1. Dead Load ..................................................... 4
2.1.2. Live Load ....................................................... 7
2.1.3. Wind Load ................................................... 16
2.1.4. Earthquake load .......................................... 24
2.1.5. Special Load................................................ 24
1.2 COVERAGE
In this guidance book, there are rules about loading, dead load, live
load, wind load, earthquake load, special load, as also review of limit
load and working load and safety factor in stability examination.
1.3 DEFINITION
(1) DEAD LOAD is fixed weight of all parts of a building, including all
supplementary components, finishing, machines and fixed
equipment which are inseparable parts of the building.
(2) LIVE LOAD is all loads occurring due to occupancy or usage of a
building, including loads on floors from movable objects, machines
and equipment which are not inseparable parts of the building, and
are replaceable during the life of the building, thus causing a
change in its floor and roof loading. Particularly for the roof, live
load can include load from rain water, both by puddles or falling
pressure (kinetic energy) of water drops. Live load does not include
wind load, earthquake load, and special loads mentioned in
paragraph (3), (4), and (5).
(3) If live load, both the one loading a building or parts of a building fully
or partly, separately or in combination with other loads, give a
advantageous effect for the building structure or structure
components, then the loading or loading combination may not be
examined in structure or structure component design.
(4) For certain conditions, dead load, live load, or wind load can be
multiplied with a reduction coefficient. The load reduction must be
done if it produces a more risky situation for the examined structure
or structure component.
(2) If the dead load partly or fully gives a beneficial effect on stability of
a structure or structure components of a building, then in examining
the stability, according to Article 2.2, the dead load must be
multiplied with a reduction factor of 0.9.
BUILDING MATERIALS
Steel 7,850 kg/m3
Natural stone 2,600 kg/m3
Split stone, full stone, mountain stone (stack load) 1,500 kg/m3
Rock (stack load) 700 kg/m3
3
Crushed stone 1,450 kg/m
Forged iron 7,250 kg/m3
1
Concrete ( ) 2,200 kg/m3
2
Reinforcement concrete ( ) 2,400 kg/m3
3
Wood (class 1)( ) 1,000 kg/m3
Gravel, coral (air dry to damp, not sieved) 1,650 kg/m3
3
Red brick installation 1,700 kg/m
Split stone, full stone, mountain stone installation 2,200 kg/m3
Cast stone installation 2,200 kg/m3
3
Rock installation 1,450 kg/m
Sand (air dry to damp) 1,600 kg/m3
Sand (water saturated) 1,800 kg/m3
3
Gravel, coral (air dry to damp) 1,850 kg/m
Soil, clay and silt (air dry to damp) 1,700 kg/m3
Soil, clay and silt (wet) 2,000 kg/m3
Lead 11,400 kg/m3
Brick wall
Hollow
- 20 cm wall thickness (HB 20) 300 kg/m3
- 10 cm wall thickness (HB 10) 200 kg/m3
Simple wood floor with wood beam, without ceiling with 40 kg/m3
maximum span of 5 m and for maximum live load of
200 kg/m2
3
Suspended ceiling (from wood), with maximum span of 7 kg/m
5 m and minimum side-to-side distance of 0.80 m
3
Tile roof with frames /per m of roof aera 50 kg/m3
Wavy steel roof (BWG 24) without gordeng 40 kg/m3
Portland cement floor tile, marble, and concrete, without 10 kg/m3
mix, per cm thickness
Wavy asbestos cement (5 mm thickness) 24 kg/m3
11 kg/m3
(2) Live load on roof and /or parts of roof which are not reachable by
people must be taken as the most determinative of the following
loads:
a. Evenly distributed load per m2 horizontal surface from rain
water load of (40 – 0.8 α ) kg/m2,
(4) Live load of high building roof equipped with a helipad must be
taken at 200 kg/m2 on areas outside the pad, while on the pad,
load must be picked from helicopter landing and taking off with
rules as follows:
a. General
The pad and its support must be designed against from the
most determining helicopter load, which is if hard landing
happens due to engine quitting during hovering. The
helicopter loads work on pad through landing gears. Small
to medium sized helicopters generally have skid type
landing gears, or float type, while the large ones have
wheel type landing gears. The landing gears can consist of
two main gears and one rear gear or a front gear.
Parameters of helicopters commonly used is in Table 3,
with note that the given components can change on new
models. For helicopter types not written in Table 3, the
parameters must be taken according to manufacturer’s
definition.
b. Load distribution
Each landing gear passes the certain type of helicopter
gross weight, depending on helicopter type and landing
gear type.
c. Design load
To calculate shock load on hard landing due to engine
quitting, as a design load passed by the landing gear, load
must be taken as b above and multiplied by a shock
coefficient of 1.5.
d. Contact area
To design the pad floor, design load according to c above
in form of centralized load can be assumed to be
distributed evenly on the contact area of landing gears.
Size of this contact area depends on helicopter type and
landing gear type, and for several helicopter types, is found
in Table 3. For wheel type landing gear, where each
consists of several wheels, contact area sizes given are
total contact areas of each wheel, while for skid type
landing gear, the contact area size is skid area size directly
around the support rods. In general, pad floor can be
considered strong if designed for a centralized load of 50
percent of helicopter gross weight which is evenly
distributed on a contact area of 600 cm2.
(2) This guide only gives the terms about road crane, consisting of
main crane (crane carriage) and hoist crane running on the main at
perpendicular direction. The terms must be considered as
minimum requirements. If due to certain matters in overall crane
design and building structure, loading conditions different from
these rules occur, the design load must be determined separately
by the related authorities.
(3) If crane loading its own support structure consists of its own weight
plus weight of load it lifts, in the most determinative main crane and
hoist crane positions for the examined structure. As the design
load, the crane load must be used by multiplying It with a shock
coefficient determined using the following formula:
ψ = ( 1 + k1 + k2 v) ≥ 1.15
where:
ψ = shock coefficient which value cannot be taken less
than 1.15.
v = maximum lifting speed in m/s at maximum load lifting at
the most determinative main crane and hoist crane
positions for the examined structure, and the value
does not need to be more than 1.00 m/s.
k1 = coefficient depending on man crane structure rigidity
and for main crane with frame structure, general value
taken can be 0.6
k2 = a coefficient depending on properties of its lifting
machine and hoist crane, and can be taken as follows:
- on common electric machine or other machines with
similar properties: k2 = 1.0.
- on asynchronous cage machine and thermal
machine with coupling, k2 = 1.3.
Augusta
/Atlantic
A-109 Nirando 2,450 11.0 13.1 Wheel 1 2 129 129 3.5 2.3
Bell
Helicopter
47G 1,338 11.3 13.1 Skid 2 2 39 39 51 50 1.6 2.3
205A-1 4,309 14.7 17.4 Skid 2 2 52 52 40 25 2.3 2.7
206-B Jet Ranger 1,452 10.1 11.8 Skid 2 2 39 39 34 28 1.4 1.9
206-L Long Ranger 1,814 11.3 12.9 Skid 2 2 2.3
212 Twin 5,080 14.7 17.5 Skid 2 2 52 52 40 34 2.3 2.7
214-B Big Lifter 7,258 15.2 18.3 Skid 2.8
Boeing Vertol
BO-105C 2,300 9.8 11.8 Skid 2.8
CH-47, 234 22,680 18.3 30.2 Wheel 2 2 1007 500 6.9 3.4
107-11 10,030 15.2 25.3 Wheel 1 2 323 323 7.5 3.9
179 8,482 14.9 18.1 Wheel 1 2 1058 529 4.7 2.7
Fairchild
FH-110C 1,247 10.8 12.7
Hiller
UH-12-L-4 1,408 10.8 12.4 Skid 2.3
UH-12E/E-4 1,270 10.8 12.4 Skid 2.3
Hughes
269 A/B Hughes 300 758 7.7 8.8 Skid 2.0
269 C Hughes 300C 930 8.2 9.4 Skid 2.0
369 HS (Std) Hughes 500C 1,158 8.0 9.2 Skid 2.1
369 D Hughes 500D 1,362 8.1 9.3 Skid
Sikorsky
S-56T 3,265 16.2 19.0 Wheel 2 2 258 258 3.2 3.4
S-58T 5,897 17.1 20.1 Wheel 2 1 723 226 44 12 8.6 4.3
S-61 N/L 8,708 18.9 22.3 Wheel 2 1 697 348 43 15 7.2 4.3
S-62 3,583 16.2 19.0 Wheel 2 1 348 348 5.4 3.7
(6) On foundation design, the effect of live load on floor standing above
ground must be examined too. In this case, live load on the floor,
related to the value defined in paragraph (4) must be used as is
without multiplication with at reduction coefficient.
b. BLOW PRESSURE
2
(1) Minimum blow pressure used must be 25 kg/m , except for the values
defined in paragraph (2), (3), and (4).
(2) Blow pressure at the sea and on the beach up to 5 km from the beach
2
must be taken at a minimum of 40 kg/m , except for the values
determined in paragraph (3) and (4).
(3) For areas near the sea and other particular areas, where there are wind
speeds which may produce blow pressure larger the value defined in
paragraph (1) and (2), the blow pressure (p) must be calculated using
the formula:
V2
p= (kg / m2 )
16
2
(4) On chimneys, blow pressure in kg/m must be defined with the formula
(42.5 + 0.6 h), where h is total chimney height, measured from the
adjacent field.
a. Vertical wall
at wind side + 0.9
behind the wind - 0.4
parallel to the wind - 0.4
b. Triangular roof with inclination angle α
at wind side: α < 65 ° (0.02 α - 0.4
65 ° <α < 90 ° + 0.9
behind the wind, for all α - 0.4
parallel to the wind
Note:
Start angle is an angle between a line connecting the starting point
with the peak point and horizontal line.
For reversed saddle roof (V-roof) without walls, for lower surface of
the roof, similar wind coefficient of conventional saddle roof upper
surface applies.
b. For one sided inclined roof without wall, for the upper surface, wind
coefficient applies as follows (- or + depends on wind direction):
Table 7
Wind coefficient for one sided inclined roof without wall
c. Form space frame structure with square cross section with wind
direction 45 ° of frame surfaces, wind coefficient for both frame
surfaces at wind site are respectively + 0.65 and for both frames
behind the wind, each is + 0.5. As an addition, each frame must
be calculated against wind load working at each surface with
wind coefficient equals to wind load working perpendicular on it.
(1) On closed building and homes with height not exceeding 16 m, with
floors and walls giving sufficient rigidity, its main structure does not
need to be calculated against wind load, except if comparison
between height and width of the building requires wind load
examination.
(2) If the comparison between building height and width and the
building structure is such a way that it does not require wind load
examination, then building over 16 m tall can also be freed from or
requires wind load examination.
(1) CLOSED
BUILDING
(2) Building
with one
side open
(5) Chimney
with circular
cross section
(6) Frame
structure
(3) To determine the effect of dynamic forces on the building structure, like
those from machines, including soil movement from earthquake, which
causes brief changes of structure shape, specially for reinforced
concrete and pre-stressed concrete, its modulus of elasticity must be 1.5
of the values in Table 8.
(1) Special effect from crane mentoined in Article 2.1.2c consists of brake
force, centrifugal force, and the effect from wheel clenching.
Table 9
Soil bearing capacity of the foundation
2.3 STABILITY
Each building and its components must be examined for stability for
each loading combination according to Article 2.1 paragraph (2). Safety
factor of the stability, such as against roll, slide, and others must be at
least 1.5.