GC1 Element 11 Dec 2019 New Syllabus Draft.v4

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NEBOSH International General Certificate in OSH
Element 11
Electricity
Learning Outcomes
On completion of this element, candidates should be able to:
11.1 Outline the principles, hazards and risks associated with the use of electricity in the
workplace
11.2 Outline the control measures that should be taken when working with electrical
systems or using electrical equipment in all workplace conditions.
INTERNATIONAL HSE COUNCIL | Together We Progress

Page 204
Hazards and Risks

11.1 Associated with the Use
of Electricity at Work
HAZARDS and RISKS of

ELECTRICITY
ELECTRIC SHOCK
An electric shock occurs when current flows through the body. This can happen in two ways:
- Direct contact which means that a person comes into contact with a live conductor that is
supposed to be live. The main causes are deliberately working near exposed live circuits
e.g. working near overhead power lines.
- Indirect contact means that a person comes into contact with a conductor that is not live
under normal conditions but has become live due to a fault. e.g. the insulation on a drill is
damaged and the drill is placed on a work bench which becomes a live conductor.
What affects the severity of electric shock?

- The Current in Amperes. Anything above 25 mA (twenty-five thousand of an amp) could
be lethal.
- Length of contact time (speed of action of fuse or circuit breaker)
- The path through the body. The two most common paths are hand to foot and hand to
hand.
- The conductivity/resistance of the body. This varies among individuals and
circumstances e.g. sweating will increase conductivity of the skin.
- The voltage. The higher the voltage the easier it is for the current to overcome the
resistance. Voltages below 50V and preferably below 25V are preferred.
- The conductivity of the environment. A shock received in a wet area would probably be
more severe than in a dry area.

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- The nature of the contact. A small contact area will tend to resist flow whilst full hand
contact can lead to lock on which means the hand is unable to let go.
- Age and health status of victim
Most electrical accidents occur because people are working on or near equipment that is:
- Thought to be dead but which is live
- Known to be live but those involved do not have adequate training or appropriate
equipment to prevent injury, or they have not taken adequate precautions.
Common causes of electrical fires are:

- Inadequate circuits for the current - Overheating of cables on coils
e.g. 5amp wiring carrying 13amp
- Overheating due to thermal
- Overloaded circuits e.g. use of insulation
multiple socket adaptors
- Overheating of portable devices
- Incorrect fuses, nails or wire to during charging
replace fuse.
- Flammable materials close to
- Damaged wiring and insulation electrical equipment
- Loose connections

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The effects on the body of electricity can be:

- Damage to the nervous system - Physical trauma
- Fibrillation (Irregular heartbeat) - Stopping breathing (Respiratory
paralysis)
- Tissue burns at entry and exit
- Stopping the heart (Cardiac
- Damage to internal organs
arrest)
- Muscular contractions
There may be secondary effects such as being thrown backwards and possibly falling.
Portable Electrical Equipment

About a quarter of all reportable electrical accidents involve portable
electrical equipment. The majority are caused by electric shock but many
others result in burns from arcing or fire.
U N S A F E WORKING PRACTICES
Unsafe working practices with portable electrical equipment include:
- Using unsuitable apparatus - Modifications whilst the appliance is
live
- Inadequate maintenance or misuse
- Using equipment in unsuitable
- Using defective apparatus
environments
- Modifications by unauthorised
- No system of inspection or removal
personnel
of damaged equipment
The main areas to consider when looking for the dangers in the use of portable electrical
equipment are:
THE PLUG
- No fuse or fuse replaced by nail
- Damage to plug casing
- Incorrect wiring inside plug
- Earth wire detached from connection

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THE CABLE/LEAD
- Being run over by vehicles
- Dragged over rough surfaces
- Trapped in machinery
- Exposed to hot surfaces or corrosive chemicals
- Continuous flexing
- Insulation failure
THE JOINTS AND CONNECTIONS

- Makeshift, temporary connections
- Leads pulled out of cord grips
- Connections wired incorrectly so that metalwork becomes live
- Wrong connections
- Poor earth connections preventing fuse from working
THE APPLIANCE
- Damaged casing
- Worn or damaged connections
Checklists may be drawn up to ensure the

safety of the above.
The precautions required to prevent accidents

when using portable equipment are:
- Reduced voltage operation - Sufficient socket outlets to minimise the
need for trailing cables
- Use of residual current circuit breakers
- The use of cable drums wherever
- Apparatus and cables should be
possible
protected against overload by fuses
and/or circuit breakers - Correct maintenance and repair
- All cables should be insulated and - Correct connections
protected against mechanical damage
- Regular inspections and checks to
- Correct types of sheathing to suit remove damaged equipment
working conditions
- Properly trained operators

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Use of Poorly Maintained Electrical Equipment

Equipment provided for protecting persons at work on or near electrical equipment should be suitable,
maintained and properly used.
The person using the equipment should carry out a simple inspection of the equipment prior to use.
Furthermore, the user should be capable of identifying and recognising the deterioration on equipment over
time. The user should check for the following:
- Damage to the cable sheath.
- Damage to the plug, e.g. the casing is cracking, the pins are bent or signs of overheating.
- Inadequate joints, including taped joints in the cable.
- The outer sheath of the cable is not effectively secured where it enters the plug or the equipment.
Obvious evidence would be if the coloured insulation of the internal cable cores were showing.
- The equipment has been subjected to conditions for which it is not suitable, e.g. it is wet or
excessively contaminated.
- Damage to the external casing of the equipment or there are some loose parts or screws
- Evidence of overheating (burn marks or discoloration).
These checks should also be applied to equipment connecting the appliance to the electrical supply e.g.
extension cables, plugs etc.
Any defects noted during the check should be reported via a recognised procedure and the appropriate
response can then be applied e.g. repair, replacement or removal from service.
Secondary Effects
The throwing off effect of an electric shock can cause falls from height injuries, which may be
more severe than the effect of the shock. Victims may decide to jump from a ladder to break the
electrical contact. Contact with high voltage may propel the victim some distance causing injuries,
including fractures.
As well as these immediate effects, other complications from electric shock include renal failure,
gangrene, pneumonia and chest infections. Temporary blindness or deafness may occur.
Sometimes permanent blindness is caused by retina detachment.
Work Near Overhead Power Lines

Because high voltages can arc across an air gap, it is not necessary to touch live voltage parts to suffer a
shock or burns. To minimise this risk, it is always desirable to maintain the maximum practicable distance at
all times between any person and any item of live electrical equipment.
Under normal circumstances the presence of fences and/or barriers, or the suspension of live conductors on
wooden or metal towers provides adequate clearance to ensure that electric shock or arcing do not occur.

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Contact with live overhead lines kills people and causes serious injuries every year. Unfortunately, many
inadvertent line contacts prove fatal.
For work at or near overhead power lines, planning, assessment and application of the general
hierarchy of control should be considered, i.e. can the work be avoided, if not, make the lines
dead during the work or provide necessary precautions. In some cases, it may be necessary to
use suitable combinations of these measures.
The precautions depend on the nature of the work at the site. There are three broad categories of
this work:
- Work areas where there will be no scheduled work or passage of plant under the lines.
- Work areas where plant will pass under the lines; and
- Work areas where work will be carried out beneath the lines.
Contact with Underground Power Cables During Excavation Work

During excavation work, damage can be caused when a cable is:
- Cut through by a sharp object such as the point of a tool
- Crushed by a heavy object or powerful machine.
Cables that have been previously damaged but left unreported and unrepaired can cause
incidents.
Every underground cable should be at such depth or be otherwise protected so as to avoid any
damage. Protective tiles or marking tapes should be placed above cables to warn any person
excavating in the vicinity and maps made to indicate cable runs.
Underground services can be easily damaged during excavation work. If the proper precautions
are not taken, it is all too easy for workers to hit these services, resulting in risk to themselves and
anyone nearby from the heat, flame and molten metal given off when an electricity cable is struck
and from the interruption of services to hospitals, emergency services etc.
Injuries are usually caused by the explosive effects of arcing current and by any associated fire or
flames which may result when a sharp object, such as the point of a tool, penetrates a live cable.
Such effects can also occur when a cable is crushed severely enough to cause internal contact
between the conductors or between metallic sheathing and one or more conductors. Injuries are
typically severe, potentially fatal, burns to the hands, face and body. Direct electric shock is less
likely.

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Work on mains electricity supplies (High Voltage Systems)

 The identity of the persons issuing the permit and
The isolation of supervising the work.
electrical systems prior  A signature from the person proving the circuit is dead.
to maintenance  Sufficient detail to identify the equipment made dead and
activities is important. its location, a diagram may suffice.
Permits to work are  The location of the points of isolation.

important for work on  The location of temporary earth connections.
high voltage systems.
 The location of warning notices, including live equipment
The permit to work notices, and temporary locks.
should be clearly and  A description of the work to be carried out.
legibly written and
 Any other hazards that may arise.
contain:
 Any further precautions.
Compliance with the safe system of work, including any permit to work where issued, should be
monitored.
Isolation should be by means of a device that has a safe isolating gap between live parts and
those that have been made dead.
Sometimes work on electrical equipment will require more than one point of isolation e.g. the
primary and secondary sides of transformers.
Earthing of conductors at the point of disconnection of the supply is essential and additional
earths may be necessary at the place of work.
Access to high voltage areas should be restricted to authorised persons. Physical barriers should
be more substantial than those used for low voltage systems.
Use of electrical equipment in wet environment

In wet surroundings – unsuitable equipment can easily become live and can make its
surroundings live.

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Control Measures When

Working with Electrical Systems
11.2 or Using Electrical Equipment in
all Workplace Conditions
Control measures when working with electrical systems or using

electrical equipment include:
Protection of Conductors
- Be physically shielded or suitably covered with insulating

All conductors in material and as necessary protected to prevent exposing
people to danger.
a system should:
- Be located in a suitable and safe place as a precaution
against danger.
Strength and Capability of Equipment

Choose equipment that is suitable for its working environment. Equipment should not be used
where its strength and capability may be exceeded in such a way to give rise to danger.
The ability of the equipment to withstand thermal, electromagnetic or other effects arising from its
use should be anticipated in its design and construction.
Electricity Protection Devices

There are a large number of safety devices to protect
workers from the dangers of electricity and the most
common are:
- Fuses
- Circuit breaker
- Earthing
- Isolation
- Reduced low voltage
- Residual current devices
- Double insulation

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Advantages & disadvantages of

Protective systems
Fuses (Also may be called overcurrent protection)

A fuse is a specially prepared weak link which is designed to melt at a pre-determined value of
current and as a result to open the circuit. Why a fuse has blown should be questioned
The Advantages of Fuses are:

- They are cheap
- Easy to replace
- Protects the equipment from overload.
The Disadvantages of Fuses are:

- They do not protect the person
- Slow to operate
- Inaccurate
- Easy to override e.g. replaced with wrongly rated fuse
- Needs a tool to remove it
Circuit Breakers (Also may be called overcurrent

protection)
Circuit breakers are electromagnetic devices which perform the same functions as fuses although
they operate faster.
The Advantages of Circuit Breakers are:

- They automatically trip under fault conditions
- No tools required to reset
- Not easy to defeat
- Protects equipment from overload.
The Disadvantages of Circuit Breakers are:

- They may be mistaken for RCDs
- Do not protect the individual.

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Earthing (Earth Leakage Protectors)

Electricity will always try to reach earth and earthing is a means whereby electrical equipment and
conductive items are connected to earth by a low resistance conductor such that the route to
earth provides the path of least resistance to a current flowing under fault conditions. These
systems are also called Earth Leakage protectors.
Advantages of earthing are:

- It may prevent indirect electric shock
- Readily identified.
Disadvantages of earthing are: -

- Requires specialist installation, testing and maintenance
- If removed no protection.
Isolation
This means shutting off the electrical supply to an item of equipment or part of an electrical
system and preventing the system from being mistakenly reconnected and is used for example
during maintenance work.
Advantages of isolation are:

- Safest option in that it eliminates the electricity
- May be physically locked-off.
Disadvantages of isolation are: -

- It may isolate other equipment
- May be reconnected unless locked-off
- Prevents live fault finding

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Reduced Low Voltage

Low voltage systems provide safety by reducing the
mains voltage by means of a transformer to a lower
safer voltage typically 110V or 55V and are used on
construction sites.
Advantages of Reduced low voltage are:

- At 55V injury unlikely
- Colour coded cables for easy identification
Disadvantages of reduced low voltage are:

- Specialist equipment e.g. transformer required
- Lead from supply to transformer needs
protection with RCCD
Battery Operated Tools

Battery operated tools may be used in certain
situations.
Advantages of Battery-Operated Tools

are:
- Little risk during normal use
- Not restricted by cable
- No trailing cable
Disadvantages of Battery-Operated
Tools are:
- Limited use
- Low power output
- Constant charging required

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Residual Current Devices

Residual Current Devices (RCDs) or Residual Current Circuit-Breakers provide protection against
leakage to earth and consequential risk of shock by comparing the electricity flow to the
equipment with the return flow along the neutral wire. If any difference is detected the equipment
is isolated.
Advantages of RCDs:
- Provide rapid response
- Difficult to defeat
- Easy to use, test and reset.
- Cannot be reset with a fault on the circuit
Disadvantages of RCDs:
- May isolate other important equipment
- Mechanical device could fail
- No overload protection
Double Insulation
Insulation is used in various forms to contain electricity, e.g. PVC as cable insulation. Double
insulation is where two separate layers of insulation are provided. This allows for fault detection
where one layer has failed but the second layer still provides protection for the user.
Advantages of Double Insulation are:

- Two layers prevent contact with live parts
- No earth required
Disadvantages of double insulation are:

- Damage to equipment casing defeats double insulation
- No earth therefore no protection if used with equipment that requires earth

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COMPETENT PERSONS
Individuals working with electricity need to have a combination of technical knowledge and
experience to prevent danger, if they do not possess this, e.g. an apprentice, they should be
adequately supervised.
Adequate technical knowledge includes:

- Knowledge of electricity
- Experience of electrical work
- Understanding of the system and practical experience of that system
Understanding the hazards and their precautions and the ability to recognise at all times whether
it is safe to continue work.
Use of
SAFE SYSTEMS OF WORK
Working On Live Equipment

Work should not be done on live equipment unless:
- It is unreasonable in all circumstances for the conductor to be dead, e.g. fault finding
- It cannot be carried out remotely or with barriers
- Suitable precautions are taken to prevent injury.
Suitable precautions for working live include:

- People who are properly trained and - Suitable instruments and test probes
competent
- Personal protective clothing
- Accompanied by another person
- Rubber mats
- Provision of adequate information
- Permit to work
- Suitable insulated tools
- Restricted access
- Insulated barriers or screens

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Isolation
Isolate the source of electricity to prevent workers coming into contact with electricity by the
following methods:
Engineering controls
Use engineering control measures to minimise the risk, for example installing residual current
devices to reduce the risk of receiving a fatal electric shock.
Administrative controls
Administrative controls involve the use of safe work practices to control the risk, for example
establishing exclusion zones, use of permits and warning signs.
Personal protective equipment (PPE)

PPE includes protective eyewear, insulated gloves, hard hats, aprons and breathing protection.
Most forms of PPE are not relevant to minimising electrical risks in workplaces, except in relation
to energised electrical work.
Ensure the chosen control measure does not introduce new hazards.
Locating Buried Services

Always assume cables will be present when digging in the street, pavement or near buildings.
Use up-to-date service plans, cable avoidance tools and safe digging practice to avoid danger.
Service plans should be available from electricity companies, local authorities, highways
authorities etc.
Protection against Overhead Cables

Plan and manage work near electric overhead power lines so that risks from accidental contact or
close proximity to the lines are adequately controlled.
- Be aware of the dangers of working Allow sufficient time for lines to be

near or underneath overhead power diverted or made dead, or for other
lines. Electricity can flash over from precautions to be taken. Speak to
them, even though machinery or the line owner e.g.: the electricity
equipment may not touch them company, railway company etc. If
this cannot be done, consult the
- Don’t work under them when owners about the safe working
equipment (e.g. ladders, a crane jib, distance from the cables.
a tipper-lorry body or a scaffold
pole) could come within a minimum - make sure that workers, including
of six metres of a power line without any contractors, understand the
getting advice. risks and are provided with
instructions about the risk
- Arrange for the electricity to be prevention measures
switched off before work begins.

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Emergency Procedures Following an Electrical

Incident
In the event of someone receiving an electric shock the following points should be observed.
- Do not touch injured person until the current is switched off.
- If the current cannot be switched off stand on some dry insulating material and use a
wooden or plastic implement to remove the injured person from the electrical source.
- If breathing has stopped give mouth to mouth resuscitation if qualified
- Ensure professional help has been called for.

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Inspection and Maintenance of Electrical Equipment

Electrical systems should be constructed and maintained so as to prevent danger and should also
be inspected at regular intervals.
In some countries there are specified periods and it is suggested that fixed wiring installations
should have tests every 5 years for low risk environments (offices) and every 3 years for high risk
environments (Factory).
Portable equipment should also have a system of checks, inspections and tests depending on the
type and place where equipment is being used.
Types of Inspection
1) User Checks
Carried out before use (daily) to check integrity of plug, cable and equipment for signs of
damage/overheating.
2) Formal Visual Inspections

Carried out weekly or every two weeks (depending on extent of conditions of use) by an
appointed person (electrical competent person) and will include checking fuse ratings and
connections to plug and appliance.
3) Combined Inspection and test

(Portable appliance testing)
Carried out by a competent person at specified intervals consisting of earth bonding, insulation
resistance and earth leakage tests.
The frequency of portable appliance testing varies and needs to be relevant to the risks involved
e.g. portable equipment used in environments such as construction sites needs to be inspected
more frequently than equipment used in an office environment.
The Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) in the UK has recommended the following
frequencies.

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Combined
Formal visual
Type of premises Type of equipment User checks inspection and
inspection
testing
Construction 110V Weekly Monthly 3 monthlies

sites 230 V Daily Weekly Monthly
Stationary Weekly None 12 months

Industrial
Including I.T. Weekly None 12 months
commercial Movable Before use 1 month 12 months
kitchens
Portable Before use 1 month 6 months
Handheld Before use 1month 6 months
I.T. Variable i.e. Monthly 12 months

children’s rides
Equipment used Movable Weekly 6 months
daily
by public Portable weekly 6 months
I.T. Weekly None 12 months

Schools Portable Weekly 4 months 12 months
Handheld Before use 4 months 12 months
I.T. None 24 months 48 months

Hotels
Portable 12 months 24 months
I.T. None 24 months 48 months

Offices and
Portable Weekly 12 months 24 months
shops
Handheld Before use 6 months 12 months
Note: The above is only a sample of the suggested inspection and testing
and the periods can vary in the same locations for different classes of
equipment.

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Factors affecting frequency of inspection and test:
- Manufacturers recommendations or - Users of equipment (Single/multiple

other guidance users and their competence)
- Age of equipment - Environment of use (Mechanical
damage/wet environment)
- Robustness of equipment (Impact
resistance/casing material) - Foreseeability of abuse or misuse
- Whether double insulated or earthed - History of equipment (Results of
previous inspections)
- Type of cable (Armoured cable)
- Extent of use
Central records of inspection/testing of portable electrical appliances should be kept:
- For inspection by authorised person (e.g. enforcing authority)

- In event of test label being removed from appliance or plug
- To ensure test frequencies maintained
- Record actions if faults rectified
Precautions for electrical safety in office environments could include:
- Equipment manufactured to - Avoid multi-socket extension boards

appropriate standards e.g., BS/EN which can lead to overloading
- There is a means of isolation and - Control private electrical equipment
system protected by RCDs brought from home
- System of pre-use checks on leads, - System for reporting defective and
plugs etc. for damage damaged equipment
- Equipment positioned close to - Disconnect or switch off electrical
“
suitable sockets equipment overnight
- No extension cables which can - Test appliances at regular intervals
cause tripping hazards
”
Checks should be made on the above areas
to ensure that they are being followed.

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF

PORTABLE APPLIANCE TESTING (PAT)
The advantages of portable appliance testing

include:
- Early Identification of faults in electrical equipment such as damaged cables, cracked
plugs, incorrect fuse used, etc.
- Increase productivity through safe and reliable equipment
- Reduce legal risks for managers
- Increase awareness of electricity hazards associated with the use of equipment
- Could result in an introduction of effective maintenance program
- Monitoring the correct use of equipment. Any misuse can be identified early, and action
taken accordingly.
- Reduction in electrical accidents
The limitations of portable appliance testing

include:
- Accuracy of testing is reliant on the competence of tester
- Unnecessary frequent testing resulting in additional cost to the organisation
- Misused of equipment may occur in between test and therefore may not show in results
- Test results include all faults including trivial ones which may cause the more significant
faults to be overlooked.
- Results of test may not be accurate due to faulty testing equipment, or testing equipment
not properly calibrated
- Pre-use checks on equipment may not be carried out (over-reliance on PAT results)

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REFERENCES
UK references
Statutory provisions
The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989
Other references
IET Wiring Regulations 18th Edition, BS 7671:2018, ISBN 978-1-78561-171-1
Electricity at Work – Safe Working Practices, HSG85, second edition 2007, HSE Books,
ISBN: 978-0-7176-2164-4 www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/hsg85.pdf
Health and Safety Toolbox, online resource, HSE

www.hse.gov.uk/toolbox/index.htm
Electrical Safety First’s guide on safe isolation procedures

http://www.hse.gov.uk/electricity/information/general.htm
HSR25: Electricity At Work Regulation 1989, Guidance on Regulations, Third Edition 2015, HSE
Books, ISBN 978 0 7176 6636 2
www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/hsr25.pdf
Maintaining Portable Electrical Equipment, HSG107, 3rd Edition 2013, HSE Books, ISBN 978 0
7176 6606 5
www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/hsg107.pdf
EU/International references
Directive 2006/95/EC - Electrical Equipment

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:374:0010:0019:en:PDF
Directive 2009/104/EC – Use of Work Equipment

https://osha.europa.eu/en/legislation/directives/workplaces-equipment-signs-personalprotective-
equipment/osh-directives/3

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Page 203

NEBOSH International General Certificate in OSH

INTERNATIONAL HSE COUNCIL | Together We Progress

Hazards and Risks

HAZARDS and RISKS of

What affects the severity of electric shock?

INTERNATIONAL HSE COUNCIL | Together We Progress

Common causes of electrical fires are:

INTERNATIONAL HSE COUNCIL | Together We Progress

The effects on the body of electricity can be:

Portable Electrical Equipment

INTERNATIONAL HSE COUNCIL | Together We Progress

THE JOINTS AND CONNECTIONS

Checklists may be drawn up to ensure the

The precautions required to prevent accidents

INTERNATIONAL HSE COUNCIL | Together We Progress

Use of Poorly Maintained Electrical Equipment

- Damage to the cable sheath.

- Inadequate joints, including taped joints in the cable.

- Evidence of overheating (burn marks or discoloration).

Work Near Overhead Power Lines

INTERNATIONAL HSE COUNCIL | Together We Progress

Contact with Underground Power Cables During Excavation Work

INTERNATIONAL HSE COUNCIL | Together We Progress

Work on mains electricity supplies (High Voltage Systems)

Permits to work are  The location of the points of isolation.

Use of electrical equipment in wet environment

INTERNATIONAL HSE COUNCIL | Together We Progress

Control Measures When

Control measures when working with electrical systems or using

- Be physically shielded or suitably covered with insulating

Strength and Capability of Equipment

Electricity Protection Devices

INTERNATIONAL HSE COUNCIL | Together We Progress

Advantages & disadvantages of

Fuses (Also may be called overcurrent protection)

The Advantages of Fuses are:

The Disadvantages of Fuses are:

Circuit Breakers (Also may be called overcurrent

The Advantages of Circuit Breakers are:

The Disadvantages of Circuit Breakers are:

INTERNATIONAL HSE COUNCIL | Together We Progress

Earthing (Earth Leakage Protectors)

Advantages of earthing are:

Disadvantages of earthing are: -

Advantages of isolation are:

Disadvantages of isolation are: -

INTERNATIONAL HSE COUNCIL | Together We Progress

Reduced Low Voltage

Advantages of Reduced low voltage are:

Disadvantages of reduced low voltage are:

Battery Operated Tools

Advantages of Battery-Operated Tools

INTERNATIONAL HSE COUNCIL | Together We Progress

Residual Current Devices

Advantages of Double Insulation are:

Disadvantages of double insulation are:

INTERNATIONAL HSE COUNCIL | Together We Progress

Adequate technical knowledge includes:

Working On Live Equipment

Suitable precautions for working live include:

INTERNATIONAL HSE COUNCIL | Together We Progress

Personal protective equipment (PPE)