BS 8007

BSI B S * 8 0 0 7 8 7 Lb24bb7 0 0 2 3 7 9 7 7 W
BS 8007 : 1987
UDC 624.953 : 621.642.3.031 :
691.32 : 614.8
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@ British Standards Institution.No part of this publication may be photocopied M otherwise reproducedwithout the prior permission in writing of BSI
British Standard Code of practice for
m Design of concrete structures for

retaining aqueous liquids
Calcul des constructions en béton destinées à retenir des liquides aqueux - Code de bonne pratique
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B S I BS*800787 m
BS 8007 : 1987
Foreword
This British Standard has been prepared under the direction This code, which is a type 1* design code, has been
of the Civil Engineering and Building Structures Standards prepared by a Technical Committee consisting of chartered
Committee. It replaces BS 5337, which is withdrawn, engineers nominated by the organizations represented
Following the withdrawalof CP 114 the alternative method (see the back cover). The members of the Drafting Panel,
of design allowed in BS 5337 has been omitted in this convened by the Institution ofStructural Engineers, were
British Standard. Secondly, the withdrawalof CP 110 and as follows.
its replacement by BS 8110 have led t o the updating of this Mr R D Anchor B Sc, C Eng, F I Struct E, F I C E Chairman
code to align with BS 81 10. One important changeis that Mr A H Allen M A (Cantab), B Sc, C Eng, F I Struct E,
the crack width equations have been modified to align with FlCE
the recommendations of BS 81 10 and now include a crack Professor B P Hughes B Sc(Eng1, D Sc, Ph D, C Eng,
width equation for direct tension. Other changes include a F I Struct E, M I C E
more logical arrangement of objectives and general
Mr D W Quinion B Sc(Eng), C Eng, F I Struct E, F I C E
recommendations for design, the introduction of a
restraint factor, the introduction of recommendations for Mr E H Thorpe C Eng, M I Struct E
partially prestressed concrete structures, improved Mr R J W Milne B Sc Secretary
recommendations for joints, updating of guidance on
The work of the Drafting Panel was overseen by the
jointing materials, an elaboration of the recommendations
Steering Group from the Technical Committee,whose
for concrete and reinforcement (including special
members included the following.
reinforcement), and a revision of the inspection and testing
recommendations for the structure. Mr C J Evans M A(Cantab1, F Eng, F I Struct E, F I C E,
FIWES Chairman
For the first time in a British Standard civil engineering
Mr H B Gould C Eng, F I Struct E, F I C E
design code the designer is recommended to consider
operational safety and to provide appropriatelya t the Mr I T Millar B Sc, C Eng, M I C E
design stage. Mr E M O'Leary B E, C Eng, F I Struct E, F I C E, M I H T
It has been assumed in the drafting of this code that the MrKRoweCEng,MICE,FBIM,MIWES
design of liquid-retaining reinforcedand prestressed NOTE. The numbers in square brackets used throughout the text
concrete structuresis entrusted to chartered civil or of this standard relate to the bibliographic references given in
appendix D.
structural engineers experiencedin the use of reinforced or
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prestressed concrete, and that site construction is carried Compliance with a British Standard does not ofitself
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out under the directionof a competent person. confer immunity from legal obligations.
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* Type 1 codes are defined:in PD 6501 : Part 1 as 'those detailing professional knowledge or practices'
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I" BSI BS*KB007 A ? W 1d24bb7
0021749 O m
BS 8007 : 1987
Contents
Page Page
Foreword Inside front cover 6.4 Workability 15

Committees responsible Back cover 6.5 Surface finish of concrete 15
6.6 Blinding layer 15
Code 6.7 Pneumatically applied mortar 15
Section oné. General Section seven. Specification and workmanship:

1.1 Scope 2 reinforcement
1.2 Field of application 2 7.1
General 16
1.3Symbols 2 7.2Special reinforcement 16
1.4 Operational safety 2
1.5 Statutory requirements 2 Section eight. Specification and workmanship:
prestressing tendons
Section two. Design: objectives and general 8.1
General 17
recommendations
2.1Designobjectives 3 Section nine. Inspection and testing of the
2.2 Structural design 3 structure
2.3 Loads. 4 9.1
General 18
2.4 Analysis of walls and junctions 4 9.2 Testing of structures 18
2.5 Site conditions 4 9.3 Testing of roofs 18
2.6 Causes and control of cracking 4
2.7 Design life and serviceability 5 Appendices
2.8 Specification 6
A Calculation of minimum reinforcement,
2.9 Operational safety considerations 7
crack spacing andcrack.widths in relation
to temperature and moisture effects 19
Section three. Design and detailing: reinforced B Calculation of crack widths in mature
concrete concrete 24
3.1
General 8 C Jointing materials 25
3.2Design 8 D Bibliography 27
. Section four. Design and detailing: prestressed Tables

concrete 3.1 Allowable steel stresses in direct or flexural
4.1
General 9 tension for serviceability limit states 8
4.2 Basis of design 9 5.1 Design options for control of thermal
*
4.3 Cylindrical prestressed concrete structures 9 contraction and restrained shrinkage 12
4.4 Other prestressed concrete structures 9 A.l Factors for the calculation of minimum
reinforcement for crack distribution and
Section five. Design, detailing and workmanship crack spacing 19
of joints A.2 Typical values of T l for OPC concretes,
5.1
General 10 where more particular information is not
. ' 5.2Types ofjoint 10 available 21
5.3 Movement joints 10 A.3 Influence of slab proportions onthe
5.4 Construction joints 11 centreline restraint factor 24
5.5 Temporary open sections 12
5.6 Joints in ground slabs . 12 Figures
5.7 Joints in walls 13 5.1 Examples of movement joints 14
5.8 Joints in roofs 13 A.l Surface zones: walls and suspended slabs 20
A.2 Surface zones: ground slabs ?O
Section six. Concrete: specification and materials A.3 Restraint factor R for various wall and
6.1
General 15 floor slab placing sequences 23
6.2Materials 15
6.3 Mix proportions 15
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1
BSI BS*KB007 8 7 m 11624bb9 00211750 7 m
BS 8007 : 1987
Code of practice. Section one
Section one. General
1.1 Scope
This British Standard provides recommendations for the Recommendations are givenfor structures in aggressive
design and construction of normal reinforcedand soils and for structures in areas liable to settlement and
prestressed concrete structures used for the containment subsidence. No recommendations have been made for the
or exclusion of aqueous liquids. The term 'liquid' in this effect of any dynamic forces norfor the effect of ice
code includes any contained or excluded aqueous liquids formation on the structure, and the designer should refer
but excludes aggressive liquids. The code does not cover t o specialist literature for information.
dams, pipes, pipelines, lined structures, or the damp-
proofing of basements. The term 'structure' is used herein
for the vessel that contains or excludes theliquid, and 1.3 Symbols
includes tanks, reservoirs, and othervessels.
NOTE 1. The design of structures of special f o r m or in unusual
circumstances is a matter for the judgementof the designer.
For the purposes of this British Standard the symbols given
in BS 81 10 : Part 1 : 1985 apply.
NOTE 2. The titles of the publications referred t o in this standard
are listed on the inside back cover.
1.4 Operational safety

1.2 Field of application
The code includes recommendationsfor design to provide
This British Standard applies particularlyto UK conditions, for operational safety.
and although the principles are applicable to design in other
parts of the world, thedesigner should take accountof
local conditions, particularly variationsin climate and the 1,5 Statutory requirements
possibility of earthquakes, which have not been considered
for UK conditions. Consideration has been given to the Designers should check compliancewith any statutory
storage of liquids a t ambient temperatures ora t requirements.*
temperatures up to approximately 35 O C such as are found
in swimming pools and industrial structures.
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* Reference should be made tothe Reservoirs A c t 1975 for structures that have a capacity of more than 25 O00 m3.
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BSI BS*8007 87 m L624667 0021751-7 m
BS 8007 : 1987
Section two
a Section two. Design: objectives and general recommendations
2.1 Design objectives surface crack widths for the exposure conditions defined
in 2.7.3 should be taken to be the following.
The purpose of design is the achievement of acceptable (a) Reinforced concrete. The maximum design surface
probabilities that the structure being designedwill not crack widths for direct tension and flexure or restrained
become unfit in any way for the use for which it is temperature and moisture effectsare:
intended. This code provides for a method of design based (1) severe or very severe exposure: 0.2 mm;
on limit state philosophy that is generally in accordance (2) critical aesthetic appearance: 0.1 mm.
with the methods employed in BS 81 IO. Structural (b) Prestressed concrete. Except for the special
elements that are not part ofthe liquid-retainingstructure recommendations for the design of cylindrical
should be designed in accordance with BS 81 IO. prestressed structures (see 4.3),the tensile stress in the
concrete should be limited for prestressed concrete
structures in accordance with the recommendations
2.2 Structural design of 2.2.3.4.2 of BS 81 10 : Part 1 : 1985.
A statically determinate member nominally subjected
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2.2.1 Limit state recommerrdations to axial prestressing should be assumed to have a

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The design of the whole structure and all individual minimum eccentricity of prestressing of 20 mm or
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members should be in accordance with the recommend- 0.05 times the overall thicknessin the plane of bending,
ations given in BS 81 10 as modified by the recommend- whichever is less. For statically indeterminate structures,
including cyliridrical prestressed structures, this
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ations of this code. When all relevant limit states are

considered, the design should lead Po an adequate degree minimum eccentricity recommendation can be ignored.
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of safety and serviceability. The required exposure conditions for the surfaces of all
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It is recommended that the size of the elements and the members should be clearly defined a t the outset of the
amounts of reinforcement are assessed on the basis of the design process and each member designed in accordance
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with the crack width limit state recommendations in this

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serviceability crack width limit state, and that other limit

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states, including the ultimate limit states, are checked. section.

Guidance on assumptions and methodsthat may be used
2.2.2 Ultimate limit states (ULS) for calculating crackwidths are given in 2.6 and
The partial safety factor, Tf, for retained liquid loads appendices A and B.
should be taken as 1.4 (as given in table 2.1 of BS 81 10: 2.2.3.4 Deflections. The recommendations for span/
Part 1 : 1985)for load combinations 1 and 2 and as 1.2 : Part 1 : 1985
effective depth ratios given in BS 81 10
for load combination 3, as appropriate.* apply to horizontal members carrying uniformly
distributed loads. For a cantilever wall which tapers
2.2.3 Serviceability limit states (SLS) uniformly away from the support and which is loaded with
2.2.3.1 General, The partial safety factor, yf,for all loads a triangular pressure, a net reduction factor should be
should be taken as unity as implied in 3.3 of BS 81 10 : applied to the above ratios if the thickness a t the top is less
Part 2 : 1985. than 0.6 times the thickness a t the base. This reduction
factor can be assumed to vary linearly between 1.0 and
2.2.3.2 Flotation. A structure subject to groundwater 0.78 where the thicknessat the top varies between 0.6
pressure should be designed to resist flotation. The and 0.3 times the thickness a t the bottom. In addition,
. deadweight of the empty structure with any anchoring allowance shouldbe made for the significant additional
devices should providea safety factor of not less than 1.1 deflection which occurs a t the top of the wall due to
against uplift pressures during construction and in service. rotation, if the pressure distribution under the base is
A factor of 1 . I should be used only where the maximum triangular or very asymmetrically trapezoidal. Limits for
groundwater level can be assessed accurately; otherwise
deflections will normally be those for nön-liquid-retaining
the factor should be assessed by the designer. The uplift
structures since only in exceptional circumstanceswill
may be reduced by:
deflections be more critical with regard to freeboard,
(a) providing effective drainage to prevent a build-up drainage or redistribution of load. Retaining walls should
of external water as far as local conditions permit; be backfilled ineven layers around the structure, the
(bl providing pressure relief devices discharging into the thickness of the layers being specified by thedesigner.
vessel (where the entry of external groundwateris Overcompaction adjacentto the wall should be avoided
acceptable). otherwise large differential deflections (and sliding) o f the
wall may occur.
2.2.3.3 Cracking. For the purpose of defining the
At least 75 % of the liquid load shouldbe Considered as
serviceability crack width limit state, the maximum design
permanent when calculating deflections.
* In exceptional Circumstances where it is envisaged that theheight of fhe liquid can greatly exceed the height of the wall, factors derived
from-2.2.2 of BS 81 10 : Part 2 :1985 should be considered,Document provided by IHS Licensee=/5910986001, User=, 10/11/2002 22:12:00 MDT
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B S I BSmA007 87 m
BS 8007 : 1987
Section two
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2,3 Loads 2.5 Site conditions

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All structures required to retain liquids should be designed 2.5.1 Groundmovement

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for both the full and empty conditions, and the assumptions Ground movement leadingto displacement and cracking
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regarding the arrangementof loading shouldbe such as to of liquid-retaining structuresmay cause severe leakage.
cause the most critical effects. Particular attention should The designer should therefore consider the possibilityof
be paid to possible sliding and overturning. geological faults, mining and other conditions giving rise
Liquid loads should allow for the actual densityof the t o foundation conditions where the bearing strata have
contained liquid and possible transient conditions,e.g. varying degrees of compressibility. When it is not possible
suspended or depositedsilt or grit where appropriate. to avoid sites where such conditions occur, the designer
For ultimate limit state conditions, liquid levels should be should consider adopting one or moreof the following
taken to the tops of walls assuming that the liquid outlets measures:
are blocked. For serviceability limit state conditions the (a) dividing the whole structureinto smaller compart-
liquid level should be taken to the working top liquid level ments in order to reduce the likely differential
or the overflow level as appropriate to working conditions. movement in each compartment;
Allowance should be made for the effects of any adverse (b) providing specially designed joints in the structure
soil pressures on walls, according to the compaction and/or to facilitate movement;
surcharge of the soil and thecondition of the structure (c) using prestressing techniquesto act as a safeguard
during construction and in service. No relief should be against cracking;
given for beneficial soil pressure effects on the wallsof
(dl providing flexible sections in service pipes;
containment structuresin the full condition. Thermal
expansion of a roof should be minimized by reflective (e) in mining areas, providing a form offoundation that
gravel or other protection against solar radiation. An will reduce any horizontal forces from ground
example of a critical adverse loading effect occurs when movement;
thermal expansion of a roof forces the wallsof an empty (f) providing underfloor drainage to prevent possible
structure into the surrounding backfill. In this case the uplift pressures on floors and wall bases where ground-
passive soil pressure on the walls maybe limited by water is not considered in the design, for example, where
insertion of a thickness of compressible and durable only one compartment of a two-compartment structure
material and/or by providing a sliding joint between the is filled and leakage occurs.
top of the wall and the underside of the roof. This can be Other measures may also be necessary depending on the
either a temporary free sliding joint that is not cast into a predicted degree of subsidence.
fixed or pinned connection until reflective gravel or other
solar protective material is placed on the roof, ora 2.5.2 Aggressive soils and chemical deterioration
permanently slidingjoint of assessed limiting friction. Chemical analyses of the soil and groundwater are essential
Movement of a roof may occur also where there are where aggressive substances are suspected. Some waters
substantial variations in the temperature of the contained containing dissolved free carbon dioxide, natural acids or
liquid. Where a roof is rigidly connected to a wall this may salts may be aggressive, and it will be necessary to take
lead to additional loading in the wall that shouldbe special precautions. Dissolved salts may cause serious
considered in the design. Earth covering on reservoir roofs deterioration in the concrete and corrosion of the steel.
may be taken as dead load, but due account should be Reference should be made to 6.2 of BS 81 10 : Part 1 :
taken of construction loads from plant and heaped earth, 1985 concerning concrete exposedto sulphate or other
which may exceed the intended design load. attack or susceptibleto alkali-silicareaction, and for the
use of special cements to resist the actionof certain
aggressive substances. In other and more serious conditions,
2.4 Analysis of walls and junctions an impermeable protective coatingof a suitable bituminous
or other compositionmay be used on the surface of the
The liquid pressure on plane walls maybe resisted by a concrete.
combination of horizontal and vertical bending moments.
An assessment should be made of the proportions of the ^.
pressure to be resisted by bending moments in the vertical 2.6 Causes and controlof cracking
and horizontal planes. Allowance should also be made for
the effects of direct tension in walls inducedby flexural 2.6.1 Applied loading effects
action in adjacent walls. Reinforcement should be provided Direct or flexural tensionin the concrete arisingfrom
to resist horizontal bending momentsa t all corners where applied external service loads, from temperature gradients
walls are rigidly joined. due to solar radiation, or from the containment of liquids
Cylindrical structuresmay be constructed with a fixed, a t temperatures above ambient, may cause crackingin the
pinned or sliding joint between the walls andthe concrete. The limitation of cracking from applied loading
foundation slab. Allowance should be made for the is dealt with in 2.2.3.3 and in the appropriate design
calculated flexural actions and hoop tensions. sections. Crack widths arising from flexure and direct
Sections should be,checkedfor shear resistance. tension in mature concrete may be calculatyd as indicate!
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. BSI BS*8007 8 7 m 162Llbb7 0021753 2 W
BS 8007 : 1987
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Section. two
2.6.2 Temperature and moisture effects (b) restraints to expansion and contraction bythe
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provision of movement joints (see 5.3);

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2.6.2.1 Orlgins. Changes in the temperature of the

concrete and reinforcement and in the moisture content of (c) restraints from adjacent sections of the work by
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the concrete cause dimensional changes which, if resisted using a planned sequence of construction or temporary
internally or externally, may crack the concrete. The open sections (see 5.5);
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(d) localized cracking within a particular member

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distribution and width of such cracks can be controlled by

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reinforcement, togetherwith the provision of movement between movementjoints b y using reinforcement

joints. In this clause, ¡.e. 2.6.2, temperature and moisture or prestress;
changes and methods for their control in re[ation to the (e) rate of first filling with liquid(see 9.2);
particular problems of liquid-retainingstructures are (f) thermal shock caused by filling a cold structure
considered; it supplements information given in BS 81 10: with a warm liquid or vice versa.
Part 2 : 1985.
2.6.2.3 Reinforcement to control restrained shrinkage and
Heat is evolved as cement hydrates, and the temperature
thermal movement cracking.The reinforcement referred to
will rise for a day or moreafter casting and then fall
in 2.6.2.2 to control cracking arisingfrom restrained
towards ambient. Crackingusually occurs a t this time
0 while the concrete is still weak.Subsequent lower ambient
temperatures and loss of moisture when the concrete is
shrinkage and thermal movement should be placed in all
slabs (floors, walls, roofs) as near to the surface of the
concrete as is consistent with the requirementfor cover.
mature will open these cracks, although the loss of moisture
Prestressed slabs should be provided with reinforcement
a t the surface under externaldrying conditions is usually
in any lateral direction in which there is no significant
low. A structure built inthe summer but not filledor an
prestress.
external structure standing empty will usually be subjected
to greater drops in temperature than the same structure The reinforcement should be calculated in accordance
filled. Structures constantly full and protected from with 5.3.3 and appendix A. Except as provided for in
climatic effects (e.g. by earth cover, shading or reflective option 3 in table 5.1 and 5.3.3, the amount of reinforce-
treatment) will have a temperature near that ofthe liquid ment in each of two directions a t right angles within each
stored. surface zone should be not less than 0.35 % of the surface
zone cross section, as defined in figures A.l and A.2 for
The designer should allow for both the greatest drop in
deformed grade 460 reinforcement* and not less than
temperature below the peak temperature arising from the
0.64 % for plain grade 250 reinforcement. In wall slabs
heat of hydration and the maximum drying thatcan be
less than 200 mm in thickness the calculated amountof
expected, hearing in mind the effects of delays in reinforcement may all be placed in one face. For ground
construction and of conditions that may occur when slabs less than 300 mm thick (see A.21, the calculated
structures are emptied for maintenance or repair. reinforcement should be placed as near to the upper
2.6.2.2 Methods of control. Cracking arising from surface as possible consistent with the nominal cover.
temperature and moisture changes in concrete structures Bar spacings should generallynot exceed 300 mm or the
can be controlled by reinforcement, by prestress, by thickness of the section; whichever is the lesser..Where
@ movementjoints, by temporary opensectionsclosed with welded fabric" only is used bar spacings should not exceed
subsequent short infill strips, or by a combination of these 1.5 times the thicknessof the section.
methods. Cracking árising from minor uneven settlement
may also be controlled by the provision of movement
'joints and by reinforcement or prestress (see 2.5.1). 2.7 Design life and serviceability
In order to minimize and control cracking that may result
from temperature and moisture changes in the structure it 2.7.1 General
is desirable to limitthe following factors: The life of a completed structure depends on the durability
(a) the. maximum temperatureand moisture changes of i t s components. For a correctly designed structure and
during construction by: good-quality materials and workmanship, the design life of
the structure should be between 40 years and 60 years.
(11 using aggregates having low or medium
Some components of the structure (such as jointing
coefficients of thermal expansion and avoiding the
materials1 have a shorter life than the structural concrete
use of shrinkable aggregates,
and may require renewal during the life of the structure.
(21 usingthe minimum cement content consistent
with the requirements for durability and, when 2.7.2 Maintenance and operation
necessary, for sulphate resistance, The completed structure should be inspected regularly.
(3) using cements with lower rates of heat evolution, The designer should provide the user with a statement
(4) keeping concrete from drying outuntil the listing the items requiring examination during such
structure is filled or enclosed, maintenance inspections, and stating the recommended
a (5) avoiding thermal shock or over-rapidcooling of a
concrete surface;
frequency of such inspections. The inspection should
* Deformed grade 4 6 0 bars complying with BS 4449 or BS 4 4 6 1 and high-yield wire fabric complying withB> 4483 having a
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guaranteed yield or proof stress and guaranteed weld strength.
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B S I B S * 8 0 08 7 Lb24bb9 00237.54 Y
BS 8007 : 1987
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Section two
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include examination of the concrete for cracking, leakage, 2.7.5 Impermeability of the concrete
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surface deterioration and settlement. Particular attention The concrete should have low permeability. Thisis
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should be paid to any rust stainsthat might indicate important not only forits direct effect on leakage but also
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corrosion of the reinforcement. Any defects should then because it is one of the main factors influencing durability,
be corrected. Movement joints should be cleaned and the resistance to leaching, chemical attack, erosion, abrasion,
joint materials replacedif necessary. frost damage and the protection from corrosion of
The designer should also prepare a schedule of precautions embedded steel. The recommendations in this code
to be taken by the user in order to prevent the structure for concrete mixes, aggregates, minimum cement content
being damaged or the design life shortened during use. The and strength, curing and admixtures generallyensure an
schedule should be included in the commissioning adequately impermeable concrete,but it is essential that
documentation. complete compactionwithout segregation is obtained on
site. In some cases an increased cement and water content
2.7.3 Exposure and appearance may be required in order to obtain adequate workability
For the purposes of this code, both faces of a liquid- to ensure complete compactionwithout increasing the
containing or liquid-excluding structuralmember, together waterhement ratio, but inno case should the maximum
with any internal walls and columnsof a containment cement content be exceeded. Alternatively, adequate
structure, are to be considered as subject to severe exposure workability may be achieved by using a lower waterhement
as defined in 3.3.4 of BS 81 10 : Part 1 : 1985. ratio forthe same cement content: for this a water-reducing
Surfaces subjectedto very severe exposure as defined agent is employed.
in 3.3.4 of BS 81 10 : Part 1 : 1985 should be designed for
a maximum design crack width of 0.2 mm (see 2.2.3.3)and 2.7.6 Cover
concrete cover and mix complying with the recommenda- The nominal cover of concrete for all steel, including
tions of BS 81 10 : Part 1 : 1985, as well as 2.7.6 and 6.3. stirrups, links, sheathing, and spacers should benot less
Where significant efflorescenceand staining of the surface than 40 mm. A greater cover may be necessary a t a face in
of the structure wouldbe considered to be unacceptable, contact with aggressive soils (see 2.5.2)or subject to
the recommendations for critical aesthetic appearance erosion or abrasion. If the nominal cover is increased,
should be satisfied (see 2.2.3.3). crack widths will increase, especially flexural and direct
tension cracks in sections less than 300 mm thick.
2.7.4 Durability In thinsections where it is not possible to achieve 40 mm
The recommendations in this code for cover, concrete cover, a higher cementcontent (see 2.7.4)or special
grade, cement content, maximum free waterhement ratio reinforcement (see 7.2)may be used to give a normal
and the means of ensuring a low permeability of the design life.
concrete are intended to meet the durability recommend-
ations that correspond generallywith the recommendations
in table 3,4of BS 81 10: Part 1 : 1985 for severe exposure 2.8 Specification
(see 6.3).Consideration shouldbe given to the effect of the
liquid to be stored on thedurability of all the materials of The designer should consider thefollowing items when
construction, e.g. concrete, reinforcement or prestressing preparing the specificationfor the structureto ensure that
steel and jointing materials: this is especially pertinent to the design assumptions for both materials and workmanship
process liquids and some sewage effluents, although the are realized during construction:
latter are usually deficient in oxygen and not particularly (a) dimensional tolerances for concrete;
aggressive. Similar considerations apply to groundwaters
(b) dimensional tolerancesfor placing reinforcement
(see 2.5.2).Attention is also drawn to the possibility of
and prestressing tendons;
biological attack,especially on the jointing materials.
(c) a scheme for ensuring thequality of the concrete in
The protection afforded by the specifiedcover and a
the structure in terms both of constituent materialsand
correctly designed and fully compacted concrete mix is
of batching, mixing, etc.;
satisfactory for the majority of constructions, but where
extended design life is required for a structure, consideration (d) a scheme for ensuring the quality of the steel
may be given to increasing the cement content (see the reinforcement and prestressing tendons;
next paragraph), increasing the cover(see 2.7.6)or using (e) the positionsand details of all construction and
special reinforcement (see 7.2). movement joints;
A concrete mix withan increased cement content will (f) the requirements for the test for liquid retention or
provide extra protection for the reinforcement, but a exclusion, and any period during whichautogenous
higher cement content will cause more heat of hydration healing is permissible.
and require extra reinforcementin accordance with For the purposes of this code, this clause replaces 2.3 of
appendix A. BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985.
~.
B S I BS*8007 87 W 162Llbh90021755 b m
BS 8007 : 1987
Section t w O
2.9 Operational safety considerations
2.9.1 Statutory safety requirements thän 2.5 m. It is preferable to provide a platform under an
The designer should take accounfof thesafety requirements access hatch. Metal ladders, where provided, should be in
appropriate to the construction and operation of the accordance with class A of BS 422 1 and walkways should
structure issued by the Healthand Safety Executive [I 1 . be in accordance with BS 5395 : Part 3. Step irons in
The requirementsäre available on requestfrom the Health accordance with BS 3572 should be provided where
and Safety Executive. appropriate.
2.9.2 Provision for access 2.9.3 Ventilation

In enclosed structures the provisionof access for personnel Harmful and/or explosive gases may collect in enclosed
is required for inspection, cleaning and testing.A t least two structures, and provision shouldbe made for adequate
access hatches should be provided a t opposite ends of the ventilation to limitany
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possible dangerous accumulations
structure and a t least one in each compartment. The to acceptable levels.
hatches should be of sufficient size to enable personnel
wearing breathing apparatusto enter (e.g. 600~mmx 2.9.4 Toxic materials
900 mm), and it should be possible to lock the hatches Toxic materials shouldnot be úsed, except where their
in boththe open and closed positions. The designer should toxicity exists only for a short period prior to
also consider providing concrete stairs whereaccess is commissioning.
required into large liquid compartments that are deeper
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COPYRIGHT 2002; British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards 1

I
BS 8007 : 1987
Section three
Section three. Design and detailing: reinforced concrete
3.1 General
This section gives methods of analysis and design that wili Compliance with the recommendations for maximum
in general ensure that the recommendationsin section two design surface crackwidth for each class of exposure given
for reinforced concrete structuresare met. in 2.2.3.3 may be achieved by providing adequate
reinforcement a t suitable spacings to resist the appropriate
stresses. The reinforcement provided to control cracking
3.2 Design arising from direct tension in the immature concretemay
be regarded as forming the whole ora part of the
3.2.1 Basis of design reinforcement requiredto control cracking arisingfrom
direct and flexural tension in the mature concrete.
Design and detailing in reinforced concrete shouldbe in Calculations for the different cases should be carried out
accordance with the recommendations givenin section as follows.
three of BS 81 10: Part 1 : 1985, except that:
(a) Direct tension in immature concrete. The crack
(a) references to section two therein should be read in widths arising from restrained shrinkage and heatof
conjunction with section two of this code, which takes hydration movement shouldbe assessed in accordance
precedence; with appendix A.
(b) the design ultimate anchorage bond stresses for (b) Direct tension in mature concrete, The crack widths
horizontal bars in sections in direct tension shouldnot for reinforced concrete members in externally applied
be greater than 0.7 times the values obtainedfrom direct tension shouldbe assessed in accordance with
3.12.8.4 of BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985; appendix B or they may be deemed to be satisfactory if
(c) maximum design crack widths should be calculated the steel stress in service conditions does not exceed the
in accordance with 3.2.2 of this code, for the exposure appropriate value in table 3.1. Tension resultingfrom
conditions described in 2.7.3 and to the limits given seasonal movement of mature concrete should be
in 2.2.3.3; assessed in accordance with appendix A.
(d) 3.1.2 (basis of design for reinforced concrete)of (c) Flexural tension in mature concrete, The crack
BS 81 10 : Part 1 : 1985 does not apply; widths should be assessed in accordance with appendix B
(e) for the design of flat slab roofs, the coefficients for or they may be deemed to be satisfactory if the steel
the simplified methodgiven in 3.7.2.7 of BS 81 10: stress in service conditions does not exceed the
Part 1 : 1985 may also be used for analysis a t the appropriate value in table 3.1. The equations in
serviceability limit state, provided that the effective appendix B apply specifically t o members in pure
column head diameters are of the maximum size flexure and direct tension. When a column or other
permitted, based on the shortest span framing into the member is subjected to combined flexural and
column; compressive stresses, or combined flexural and tensile
(f) 3.12.2 (joints) of BS 81 10 : Part 1 : 1985 is replaced stresses, the calculated flexural strain shouldbe modified
by section five of this code; to allow for the direct strain before estimating the crack
(9) 3.3.1 (nominal cover), including table 3.4,of width.
BS 81 10 : Part 1 : 1985 is replaced by 2.7.6;
(h) 3.3.4.1 (exposure conditions: general) of Table 3.1 Allowable steel stresses in direct or
BS 81 1O : Part 1 : 1985 is replaced by 2.7.3; flexural tension for serviceability limit states
(j) 3.12.5 (minimum areas of reinforcement in members)
Design
crack Allowable stress
of BS 81 10: Part 1 : 1985 is to be read in conjunction width
with 2.6.2.3 and appendix A. Plain bars* Deformed
barst
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3.2.2 Crack widths N/mm2 mm N/mm2

|
Methods of calculating crack widthsare given in appendix A o. 1

|||| |
85 1O0
(which covers the calculationof minimum reinforcement, 0.2 115 130
|||| || |
crack spacing and crack widths in relation to temperature

and moisture effects) and appendix B (which describes the * Plain grade 250 bars complying with BS 4449.
| ||
calculation of crack widths in mature concrete). The t Deformed grade 4 6 0 bars complying with BS 4449 or
|| || || |||
calculated crack width is that crack width that has an BS 4461 and high-yield wire fabric complying with BS 4483
acceptable probability of not being exceeded. An occasional having a guaranteedyield or proof stress and guaranteed
|
wider crack in a completed structure shouldnot necessarily weld strength.

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be regarded as evidence of excessive local damage unless

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other factors, such as leakage or appearance, contribute to

its unacceptability.
E S 1 BS*8007 87 m lb24bb7 0023757 T m
BS 8007 : 1987
Section four
B) Section four. Design and detailing: prestressed concrete
4.1 General
This sectiongives methods of analysis and designthat will direction, after allowance for all losses of prestress and
in general ensure that for prestressed concrete structures on the assumptionthat the topand bottom edges of the
the recommendations in section two are met. wall are free of all restraint.
(e) The bending moments in the vertical direction
should be assessed on the basis of a restraint equal to
A2 Basis of design one-half of thatprovided bya pinned foot, when the
foot of the wall is free to slide. In other cases where
Design should be in accordance with the recommendations sliding a t the foot of the wall is prevented, the moments
given in section four of BS 8110 :Part 1 : 1985 except in the vertical direction should be assessed for the actual
where these are at variance with the specific recommend- degree of restraint a t the wall foot.The tensile stress
ations of this code. In general the design of prestressed arising from vertical moments should not exceed
concrete members in exposure conditions as defined 1.O N/mm2.
a in 2.7.3 is controlled by the concrete tension limitations

for serviceload conditions, but the ultimate limit state
should be checked.
(f) Where the structure is to be emptied and filled a t
frequent intervals, or perhaps left empty for a prolonged
period, the structure shouldbe designed so that there is
no residual tensionin the concrete a t any point when
the structure is full or empty.
4.3 Cylindrical prestressed concrete Prestressing wire may be placed outsidethe walls, provided
structures that it is protected with pneumatic mortar. However in
industrial areas or near the sea, where there is a possibility
of corrosive penetrationof the covering concrete, thecables
The special recommendations for the design of cylindrical
should preferablybe placed within the walls and grouted.
concrete structuresprestressed vertically and circumferent-
Non-bonded tendons maybe used provided that they and
ially are as follows.
their anchorages are adequately protected against corrosion.
(a) The jacking force in the circumferential tendons
Cylindrical concrete structures whichare prestressed
should not exceed 75 3' 4 of thecharactëristic strength.
circumferentially and reinforced vertically should comply
(b) The principal compressive stress in the concrete. generally with the recommendations of this clause, except
should not exceed 0.33fc,. that 4.3(f) may be relaxed to allow tensile stresses not
(c) The temporary vertical moment inducedby the exceeding 1 N/mm2. The design for the vertical reinforce-
circumferential prestressing operation in the partially ment should be in accordance with section three-
stressed condition should also be considered. The
. maximum value of the flexural stress in the vertical
direction fromthis cause may be assumed to be 4.4 Other prestressed concrete structures
numerically equal to 0.3 times the circumferential
compressive stress. Where the tensile stress would exceed Class 3 prestressed concrete structuresas defined
1.0 N/mm2, either the vertical prestress should be in 2.2.3.4.2 of BS 81 IO : Part 1 : 1985 shouldbe designed
.~
increased or the circumferential prestress should be in áccórdance with 4.2 and 4.3. In addition, fhënominal
' built up in stages, with each stage involving a progressive cover should satisfy the 'verysevere' exposure conditions
application of prestress from one end of the cylinder. given in table 4.8 of BS 81 10 : Part 1 : 1985, and should
(d) When the structure is full there should be no be not less than 40 mm.
resultant tensionin the concrete in the circumferential
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9
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. B S I BS*800787
~~
m LhZ4hb9 Ü Ö Z ! IJ m
BS 8007 : 1987
Section five
Section five. Design, detailing and workmanship of joints
5.1 General
Joints in liquid-retaining structuresare temporary or Restraints on free contraction or expansion of the

permanent discontinuitiesa t sections, and may be formed structure shouldbe reduced as far as possible. With long
or induced. wall bases or slabs founded a t or below ground level,
This sectiondescribes the types of jointthat may be restraints can be reduced by the provisionof a sliding layer.
required and gives recommendations for their design and This can be provided by founding the structure ona flat
construction. The types of joint are illustrated in figure 5.1 and smooth layer of site concrete with interposition of
and are intended to be diagrammatic. Jointing materials some material to break the bond and facilitate movement,
are considered in appendix C. provided that friction is not assumed in the design to resist
sliding. Structures on piled foundations shouldbe designed
Joints may be used, in conjunction with a corresponding
to have a sliding layer between the foundations and the
proportion of reinforcement, to control the concrete crack
superstructure, or the restraint provided by the piles should
widths arising from shrinkage and thermal changes to
be considered in the design.
within acceptable limits.
An order of casting slabsthat gives temporary free edges
in two directions a t right angles will help reduce the
5.2 Types of joints restraint to free contraction of the immature concrete.
5.3.2 Design and detailing of movement joints

A movement joint (see 5.3) is intended to accommodate
relative movement between adjoining parts of a structure, 5.3.2.1 General. All movement joints should be designed
special provision being made to maintain the water- to accommodate repeated movementof the structure
tightness of the joint. Movement joints may be of the without loss of liquid. The joint should be designed to suit
following types. the characteristics of the material available (see appendix C)
(a) Expansion joint. This has no restraint to movement and should also providefor the exclusion of grit and debris
and is intended to accommodate either expansion or that would prevent the closingof the joint. Liquid pressure
contraction of the concrete. on the joint should be adequately resisted. Detailinga t
places where the joint changes direction or intersectswith
(b) Complete contractionjoint. This also has no
another joint should be uncomplicated.
restraint to movement, but is intended to accommodate
only contraction of the concrete. 5.3.2.2 Expansion joint. At an expansion joint there is
(c) Partial contractionjoint. This provides some restraint, complete discontinuity in bothreinforcement and concrete.
but is intended to accommodate some contraction of An initial gap should be provided between adjoining parts
the concrete, of the structureto accommodate the expansion or
contraction of the structure. Waterstops,joint fillers and
(dl Hingedjoint. This allows two structural members to
joint sealing compounds are essential.
rotate relative to one another with minimal restraint.
Design of the joint so as to incorporate sliding surfaces is
(e) Sliding joint. This allows two structural members to
not precluded and may sometimes be advantageous.
slide relative to one another with minimal restraint.
5.3.2.3 Complete contractionjoint. At a complete
A construction joint (see 5.4) is a joint in the concrete contraction joint there is complete discontinuity in both
introduced for convenience in construction. Measures are reinforcement and concrete. Cracking in the adjoining
taken to achieve subsequent continuity with no provision parts of the structure is controlled by thespacing of the
for further relative movement. joints and the corresponding amountof reinforcement
required to transmit movements to the adjacentjoints.
A joint may be formed either by using stop endswith no
5.3 Movement joints initial gap between the concreteor by usinga crack inducer
(or other means) to reduce the depth of the concrete
5.3.1 Need for movement joints section by a t least 25 %. In the latter case, the restraint to
Structures shouldbe provided with movement joints if initial contraction of the concrete exerted by the reduced
effective and economic means cannot otherwisebe taken cross section of the concretea t the joint is small and may
to avoid unacceptable cracking. Regard should be paid to be neglected. Waterstops are essential, as are joint sealing
the conditions of structures in service. In elevated compounds, where debris may enterthe joints. Transfer of
structures where restraint is small, movement joints may shear across the joint can be achieved by the use of dowel
not be required. bars with one end of the dowel freeto slide.
The risk of cracking because of overall temperature and 5.3.2.4 Partial contractionjoint. A distinction is made
shrinkage effects may be reduced by limiting the changes between a complete contractionjoint and a partial
in temperature to which the structureis subjected, contraction joint in that, while both types have
as discussed in 2.6.2. discontinuity in the concrete, a partial contraction joint
The storage of warm liquids may affect the provisionof has a proportion of the reinforcement continuing through
expansion joints, as may an uninsulated roof slab. the joint.
I-"
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B S I BS*800787 m l b 2 4 b b 7 0023757 3
BS 8007 : 1987
Section five
5.3.2.5 Hinged joint. A hinged joint is a joint that transmits (1) It is possible for horizontal cracks-tooccur a t any
thrust and shearing force,but permits rotation with free-standing verticalend because of the change in
minimal restraint. A hinged join€ may be formed either by horizontal restraint with respect to height. For bays of
completely separating the two elements, placing one any height the vertical strain arising from this warping
element in a groove in the other, or by crossingthe effect may be taken as approximately half the
reinforcement a t the junction of the two elements. In horizontal strain, and the vertical steel ratio should not
either case the rotation of one element will nottransfer be less than the critical ratio, pcrit.
moment to the other. (2) The vertical restraint exerted on a newly cast bay
5.3.2.6 Sliding joint. A sliding joint has complete a t a vertical construction joint may be assumedto
discontinuity in both reinforcement and concrete and develop at a depth of 2.4 m fromthe free top surface.
allows relative movementin the plane of the joint. The Thus design for freedom of movement (option 3) may
surface of the concrete onthe lower component shouldbe be used for the vertical reinforcement in the top 2.4 m
flat and smooth so that movement is not restricted. In of a lift. Design for partial restraint (option 2) is
order to prevent bonding betweenthe two faces, a appropriate for vertical steel below this depth.
separating layer or layers of a suitable material shouldbe The choice of design imposes a discipline on construction.
provided to allow movement to take place. It is desirable to achieve minimum restraint to early
thermal contraction ofthe immature concrete in walls and
5.3.3 Spacing of movement joints slabs even though the finished structure may be designed
The provision of movement joints and their spacing are for full continuity. Cracks arising from thermal contraction
dependent on the design philosophy adopted, ¡.e. whether in a roof supported on columns maybe minimized or even
to allow for or restrain shrinkage and thermalcontraction prevented if the roofslab is not tied rigidlyto the walls
in walls and slabs. At one extreme, the designer may during construction.
exercise control by providing a substantial amount of
reinforcement in the formof small diameter bars a t close
spacing with no movementjoints. At the other extreme, 5.4 Constructionjoints
the designer may provide closely spaced movement joints
in conjunction with a moderate proportion of reinforce- The positions of construction joints should be specified by
ment. Between these extremes, control may be exercised the designer and indicated on the drawings. If there is a
by varyingthe reinforcement and joint spacing, an increase need on-site to revise any specified position or to have
in spacing being compensatedfor by an increase in the additional joints the proposed positionsshould be agreed
proportion of reinforcement required. with the designer.
---
The three mainoptions for the designer are summarized Full structural continuity is assumed in design a t a
in table 5.1 as follows. construction joint. Reinforcement is fully continuous
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(a) In option 1 (design for full restraint) no contraction across the joint and the concrete is taken to be as nearly
|||| |
joints are provided within the area designed for monolithic as possible. Cracking in the concrete member
|||| || |
continuity, and crack widths and spacing arecontrolled arising from all thermal and load effects is controlled by
by the reinforcement. Construction joints become part the use of reinforcement.
of the crack pattern and have similar crack widths. The designer should specify thefollowing. | ||
|| || || |||
(b) In option 2 (design for partial restraint) cracking is The concrete a t the joint should be bonded with that
. controlled by the reinforcement, but the joint spacing subsequently placed against it, without provision for
|
is such that some of the daily and seasonal movements relative movement betweenthe two. Concrete should not
|
||
in the mature slab or structural member are be allowed to run to a feather-edge, and vertical joints
--
accommodated a t the joints, so reducing the amount of should be formed against a stop end. Particular care should
movement to be accommodated a t the cracks between be taken when forming the joints.
the joints. The surface of the first pour should be roughened to
(c) In option 3 (design for freedom of movement) increase the bond strength and to provide aggregate
cracking is controlled by the proximity of thejoints, interlock. With horizontal joints, the joint surface should
with a moderate amount of reinforcement provided, be roughened, without disturbing the coarse aggregate
sufficient to transmit movement a t any cracked section particles, by spraying the joint surface, approximately 2 h
to the adjacent movementjoints. Significant cracking to 4 h after the concrete is placed, with a fine spray of
between the adjacent movementjoints should not occur. water and/or brushing with a s t i f f brush. Vertical joints
The options given in table 5.1 are considered in terms of can be treated similarly, if the use of a retarder on the
horizontal movement, but vertical movement in walls stop end is authorized, to enable the joint surface to be
should also be considered. Two cases are as follows. treated after the stop end has been removed.
I1
BSI BS*B007 87 W l b 2 q b b 9 0 0 2 L 7 b 0 T W
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BS 8007 : 1987
Section five
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Table 5.1 Design options for control of thermal contraction and restrained shrinkage
|
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Option Type of construction and Steel ratio

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Movement jointspacing Comments

method of control (see note 2
1 Continuous: No joints, but expansion joints a t Minimum Use small size bars a t close
for full restraint wide spacings may be desirable in of Pcrit spacing to avoid highsteel
walls and roofs that are not prot- ratios well in excess of pcrit
ected from solar heat gain or where
the contained liquid is subjected to
a substantial temperature range
2 Semicontinuous: (a) Complete joints, 15 m< Use small size bars but less
for partial restraint (b) Alternate partial and steel than in option 1
complete joints (by
interpolation), 11.25 m
(c) Partial joints, < 7.5 m
3 Close movement joint (a) Complete joints, in metres Restrict thejoint spacing
spacing: for freedom W For options 3(b) and 3(c)
of movement < 4.8 +- e
(b) Alternate partial and
complete joints, in metres
W
<0 . 5 + ~2.4 ~t -
e
~ ~
(c) Partial joints
Smax +e
W
NOTE 1. References should be made t o appendix A for the description of the symbols used in this table and for calculating perlt,
smsX and e.
NOTE 2. In options 1 and 2 the steel ratio will generally exceed pcrit to restrict the crack widths to acceptable values. In option 3
the steel ratio of 2/3 pcrit will be adequate.
If the joint surface is not roughened until the concrete has The width of the open section between adjacent panels
hardened, the larger aggregate particles near the surface should be not greater than 1000 mm. Properly formed
should be exposed by sandblasting or by applyinga scaling construction joints should be provided a t each end of the
hammer or other mechanical device. Powerful hammers temporary open section with the longitudinal reinforcement
should not be used as they may damage or dislodge from each adjacent panel lapping in this area.
aggregate particles so reducing, rather than increasing, Provided that the isolatedpanels satisfy the criteria for
the capacity of the joint to transfer stresses. Care should option 3(a) of table 5.1, only the effects of T 2 ,the
be taken that the joint surface is clean immediately before temperature fall due to seasonal variations (see A.31, need
the fresh concrete is placed against it. It may need to be be considered when designing the complete continuous
dampened prior to the new concrete being placed, to structure.
prevent excessive loss of mix water into it by absorption. Sufficient time shouldbe allowed for all the early
Particular care should be taken in the placing of new thermal movement to take place before the open section
concrete close to the joint to ensure that it has an adequate
is infilled.
fines content and is fully compacted and dense. It is not
necessary to incorporate waterstopsirr properly constructed
construction joints. 5.6 Joints in ground slabs
5.5 Temporary open sections The floor of a structure may be designed t o permit
thermal contraction and shrinkage by minimizing restraints
to movement. A separating layer of 1000 g/m2 polyethylene
Where structural continuity is required in the final
should be provided between thefloor slab and the blinding
structure (e.g. the wall of a rectangular tank) the amount
concrete. Panels may be cast in single bays or in larger areas
of reinforcement required to control early thermal effects
may be reduced by the use of temporary open sections. with induced joints.
12
B S I BSX800787 W 1624bb9 002L7b1 I m
BS 8007 : 1987
Section five
Alternatively, the floor may be designed as fully restrained. For structural design purposes the horizontal reinforcement
against shrinkage and thermal contraction and shoutdbe should be completely continuousa t vertical joints. A
cast directly onto t h e blinding concrete, central waterstop shouldbe used together with sealing
Frequently, in large structures, thefloor is designed as a compounds on both faces, whether or not any attempt is
series of continuous strips withtransverse induced complete made to achieve concrete continuity.
contraction jointsprovided to ensure that cracking occurs
in predetermined positions. Longitudinal joints between 5.8 Joints in roofs
the strips should form complete contraction joints.
Roof slabs are generally designed as flat slabs, in which case
all interior joints shouldbe construction joints so that the
5.7 Joints in walls slab is structurally monolithic. Early thermal effects and
subsequent temperature effects shouldbe considered.
Walls may be designed as fully restrained against thermal Roofs, even those covered by soil, may be subjected to a
contraction and shrinkage, or the restraints may be reduced larger thermal change than the walls and flöor, but if the
by providing movement joints in accordance with table5.1. roof is not connected monolithically to the wall the
0 Where the wall is designed to be monolithic with the base
slab, a kicker should be cast at thesame time as, and
subsequent temperature effectsmay be disregarded
(¡.e. reinforcement to control cracking is based only on T l ,
integrally with, the slab. The height of the kicker should be the fall in temperature between the hydrationpeak and
a t least 75 mm to enable the next lift of formwork to fit ambient (see A.5)). .
tightly and to avoid leakage of cement grout from the Where roofs and walls are monolithic, movement jointsin
newly deposited concrete. The jointin this position will be roofs should correspond with thosein the walls to avoid
a construction joint, and although it is recommended that the possibility of sympathetic cracking. The final
wall panels are cast in one lift, any necessary extra connection between the roof and walls should not be made
horizontal joints will be construction joints. until the roof is insulated. If, however, provision is made
In walls to circular strucfures, oneof the predominant by means of a sliding joint for movement between theroof
forces from the liquid pressure is horizontal hoop tension. and walls, correspondence o f t h e joints is less important.
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13
BS 8007 : 1987
Section five
Wall FIoor
Sealing compound on Non-absorbent Sealing compound Non-absorbent
one or bothfaces h
,joint filler
No steel No steel
continuity continuity
Centrebulb' Initial gap for .. 7
waterstop expansion expansion wa.terstop
(a) Expansion joints
Formed
Sealing compound on No concretecontinuity Jointsealing No concretecontinuity
one or bothfaces\ and no initial gap compound andno initial gap
Wall <:P,',:'d ;'Y*: Floor
No s t e e l
continuity
Waterstóp
Induced
Sealing compound on
one or both
facesL , crack
Waterstopwith pa;k
inducingupstand
Formed
Sealing compound on No concretecontinuity
one or both faces, andno initial aao
Watersto; 7
Waterstop'
Induced
Sealing compound on Induced crack
one or b o t h f a c e s i /
.'O.'...
' .! -':,:.a
.. . .,.. D .., /. L. , .... .
.I C.'
, J.
.:r
. .:. .
'
o i, 6.'. 1;'
Central crack '
inducing waterstop
(c) Partial contraction joints
Figure 5.1 Examples of movement joints

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14
BSI BSm8007 87 m 1bZ4bb9 0021763 5 m
BS 8007 : 1987
Section six
Section six. Concrete: specification and materials
6.1 General 6.4 Workability
This sectiongives methods of specifying, producing and The workability of the concrete shouldbe specified in
assessing concrete for compliance that will in general ensure relation to the equipment and methodsof handling and
that the strength, durability and impermeability will be compaction, so that theconcrete is placed without
adequate for liquid-retainingstructures. Thë recommend- segregation, fully compacted, surrounds all reinforcement,
ations in section six of BS 81 10 : Part 1 : 1985 apply tendons and ducts andcompletely fills the formwork.It is
except where these are amendedby this code. particularly importantto ensure that fullcompaction is
obtained in the vicinity of construction
and movement
joints, embedded water bars, tendon anchorages, pipes, etc.
6.2 Materials
6.2.1 Cements, ground granulated blastfurnaceslags 6.5 Surlace finishof concrete
(g.g.b.s) and pulverized-fuel ashes (p.f.a.1
0 Th-ese are to beused as specified in 6.1.2 of EIS 81 10 :
Part 1 : 1985 except that for normal use the target mean
t h e type of surface finish to be given to any member will
depend on its position in the structure, its exposure, whether
proportion of g.g.b.s, should not exceed 50 %.This applies or not it is to receive an applied finish and the properties of
to blended cements (6.1.2.1(bI) and combinations made a t the liquid to be stored. The recommendationsin 6.10 of
the mixer (6.1.2.1(d)). The target mean proportion ofp.f.a. BS 81 10 : Part 1 : 1985 apply.
should not exceed 35 % as stated in BS 81 10: Part 1. It is not possible to ensure that a reinforced concrete
NOTE. In this code theterm 'cement' means Portland cementof a member will remain uncracked. It is recommended,
combination of Portland cement andg.g.b.s. in accordance with therefore, that any member that is to be permanently
BS 6699 or p.f.a. in accordance with BS 3892 : Part 1, untess exposed t o view is provided with a profile and type of
otherwise stated.
finish that tend to minimize the effects of any surface
marking.
6.2.2Aggregates
Aggregates to be used should comply with either BS 882
or B§ 1047 and have an absorption, as measured in
accordance with B§ 812 : Part 2 : 1975, generally not
6.6 Blinding layer
greater than 3 %.
NOTE. Coarse aggregates with a l o w c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e r m a l Where walls orfloors are founded onthe ground a screeded
expansion are preferred (see 63s 8110 : Part 2 : 1985). layer of plain concrete not less than 75 mm thick should be
placed over the ground.
* 6.3 Mix proportions
The minimum cement content should be 325 kg/m3,

A maximum waterhment ratio of 0.55 should be used
In normal circumstancesthis concrete should have
proportions weaker than thatused in the remainder of the
structure, but notweaker than grade C20 as given in
table 6.2 of BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985. Where aggressive soil
or aggressive groundwater is expected, the concrete should
not be weaker than grade C25, and if necessary, a sulphate-.
except when Portland pulverized-fuelash cement or a
'combination ofordinary Portland cement andp.f.a. is used, resisting or other special cement shouldbe specified.
when the waterhementratio should be 0.50. The 28-day
characteristic cube strength shouldnot be less than
35 N/mm2, and the concrete shouldbe classed as grade 6.7 Pneumatically applied mortar
C35A.
It should be noted thatthis classification is not in The pneumatic application of mortar is a specialist
accordance with BS 81IO, as higher 28-day strengths may, operation and should be carried out only by experienced
with some types and proportions of constituentmaterials, operators. The designer should agree a full specification
lead to undesirably high cement contents.A reduction in with the contractor for materials, mix proportions, mixing,
the waterhment ratio may be achieved by the use of placing, equipment and curing beforeany workcommences,
plasticizers.
For reinforced concrete the cement content should not
exceed either 400 kg/m3 of ordinary Portland cement or
cements containing g.g.b.s. or 450 kg/m3 wherecements
containing p.f,a. are used. For prestressed concrete the
-
maximum cement content may be increased to
0 500kg/m3 or 550 kg/m3respectively.
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COPYRIGHT 2002; British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards Document provided by IHS Licensee=/5910986001, User=, 10/11/2002 22:12:00 MDT f
BS 8007 : 1987
Section seven
Section seven. Specification and workmanship: reinforcement
7.1 General
The provisions of section seven of BS 81 10: Part 1 : 1985 essential that the coating process is undertaken in factory
apply. conditions, and as there is no British Standard,
ASTM A775/A775M-84 should be complied with as a
minimum, in respect of the coating.
7.2 Special reinforcement
7.2.3 Stainless steel reinforcement
7.2.1 Galvanizedreinforcement Bar reinforcement in accordance with the preferred range
Normal bar and fabric reinforcement may be hot-dip zinc of sizes given in BS 6744 should be used.
coated in accordance with BS 729. The minimum coating
thickness should be 85 Fm. 7.2.4 Bondstrength
It may be assumed for the design that the bond strengthof
7.2.2 Epoxy coated reinforcement deformed bar types 1 and 2 is not affected by hot-dip zinc
Reinforcement may be epoxy powder coated with the coating or epoxy coating.
coating bonded byan electrostatic fusion process. It is NOTE, No guidance can be given for coated plain surface bars.
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L
B S I BS*800787 W Lb24bb7 00217b5 7 W
BS 8007 : 1987
Section eight
0 Section eight. Specification and workmanship: prestressing tendons

--
8.1 General
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Prestressing tendons shouldcomply with the

recommendations in section eight of BS 81 10 : Part 1 :
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1985.
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17
BS 8007 : 1987
Section nine
Section nine. Inspectionand testing of the structure
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9.1 General practicable, be carried out from the liquid face. When a
|||| || |
remedial lining is applied to inhibit leakage a t a crack it
should have adequate flexibility and have no reactionwith
Inspection and testing of structures should be carried out
| ||
the stored liquid.
in accordance with 2.8. Testing for liquid tightness should
|| || || |||
Should the structure not satisfy the 7day test, then after
be in accordance with 9.2 and 9.3.
the completion of the remedial work it should be refilled
|
and if necessary left fora further stabilizing period;
|
||
a further test of 7 days' duration should then be undertaken
9.2 Testing of structures
--
in accordance with this clause.
For a test of liquid retention, the structure shouldbe

cleaned and initially filled to the normal maximum level 9.3 Testing of roofs
with the specified liquid (usually water) a t a uniform rate
of not greater than 2 m in 24 h. The roofs of liquid-retaining structures shouldbe watertight
When first filled, the liquid level should be maintained by and should, where practicable, be tested on completion by
the addition of further liquid for a stabilizing period while flooding the roof with water to a minimum depth of
absorption and autogenous healing take place. The 25 m m for 24 h or longer if so specified. Where it is
stabilizing periodmay be 7 days for a maximum design impracticable, because of rooffalls or otherwise, to contain
crack width of 0.1 mm or 21 days for 0.2 mm or greater. a 25 mm depthof water, the roof should have water
After the stabilizing period thelevel of the liquid surface applied by a continuous hose or sprinkler system to provide
should be recorded at 24 h intervals for a test period of a sheet flow of water over the entire area of the rooffor
7 days. During this 7-daytest period thetotal permissible not less than 6 h. In either case the roof should be
drop in level, after allowing for evaporation and rainfall, considered satisfactory if no leaks or damp patches show
should not exceed 1/500th of the average water depth of on thesoffit. Should the structurenot satisfy either of
the full tank, 10 mm or another specified amount. these tests, then after the completion of the remedial work
Notwithstanding the satisfactory completion of the test, it should be retested in accordance with this'clause. The
any evidence of seepage of the liquid to the outsidefaces roof insulation and covering shouldbe completed as soon
of the liquid-retaining walls should be assessed against the as possible after satisfactory testing.
requirements of thespecification. Any necessary remedial
treatment of the concrete, cracks, or joints should, where
BSI BSikOO7 8 7 m l b 2 4 b b 7 002l7b7 2
BS 8007 : 1987
Appendix A
Appendices
Appendix A. Calculation of minimum required to distribute the cracking, 'concretesection'

being the surface zones given in figures A.l and A.2;
reinforcement,* crack spacing and crack
fa is the direct tensile strength of the immature
widths in relation to temperature and concrete (usually taken a t the age of 3 days as
moisture effects 1.6 N/mm2 for grade C35A);
fy is the characteristic strength of the reinforcement as
A.1General given in table 3.1 of BS 81 10: Part 1 : 1985.
The design procedures given in A.2 and A.3 are appropriate

to long continuouswall or floor or roof slabs of 'thin' A.3 Crack spacing
cross section. Reference should be made to 5.3.3 for
modifications that are necessary when consideringthe When sufficient reinforcement is provided to distribute
introduction of movement joints. A.4 considers 'thick' cracking the likely maximum spacing of cracks, smax,
sections. A.5 considers external restraint factors and their is given by the equation:
application to thinsections subject t o varying degrees of
0 externalrestraint. Finally, A.6 refers to specialist literature
regarding factors other than design that have a significant
influence onthe degree of thermal and moisture effects. where
-
fe is the ratio of the tensile strengthof the concrete (fCt)
to the average bond strength ( f b ) between concrete
A.2 Minimum reinforcement* f b and steel (see table-A.l I;
q5 is the size of each reinforcing bar;
Direct tension crackingfrom thermal m.ovement is not the p is the steel ratio based on the areas of surface zones
same mechanism as that of flexuralcracking. After the (see figures A.l and A.2).
formation of an initial crack, all the other cracks are For square-mesh fabric reinforcement in which the cross-
influenced by the reinforcement. Provided that the wires are not smaller than the mainwires, it may be assumed
reinforcement across these primary cracks does not yield, . that 20 % of the maximum force in the main wiresis taken
the contraction ofthe concrete a t both sides of the crack a t each welded intersection within the bond development
becomes restrained by the reinforcement.Once this length.
restrained contraction reaches the tensile strain capacity
Thus:
of the concrete, a further crack may be induced. Therefore,
the effect of the reinforcement onthe cracking pattern is
to increase the number of cracks above those givenin the
primary cracking pattern, but all of the cracks, both where
primary and secondary, are of a controlled width.
n, is the number of welded intersections within the
@. To be effective in distributing crackingtheamount of length smin and is normally 1 or 2;
reinforcement providedneeds to be at least as great as
smax = 2smin *
that given by the equation:
For immature concrete [21, the value of f c t / f b may be
Pcrit = f c t l f y taken as unity for plain round bars and two-thirds for
where deförméd (type 2) bars, as shown iritabiëA;l.
-
Pcrit is the critical steel ratio, ¡.e. the minimum ratio,
of steel to the gross area of the concrete section,
Table A.l Factors for the calculation of minimum reinforcement* for crack
...
distribution and crack spacing (in immature concrete: thermal movementdominant)
~
Concrete Pcrit
grade
Grade 250 460 Deformed bars, Plain round bars, Grade
fb 1.6 N/mmz type 2,
f b 2.4 N/mm2
C35A 0.0064 010035 1.o 0.67
O When calculating the area of thermal crack control steel:

A, = A c pcrit t o distribute the cracking (A.2); or
A, = A, p for specified maximum crack widths (see A.3).
-- || | | || || || ||| | || |||| || | |||| | | | ---
* Although tlreexpression 'minimumreinforcement' is used it is possible t o have 2/3 p,,it under option 3 of tb ' r a I ,
I
19
BS 8007 : 1987
Appendix A
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NOTE. For h 500 mm,assumeeach reinforcement face controls

h12 depth of concrete.
For h > 500 mm, assume each reinforcement face controls 250 m m
depth of concrete, ignoring any central core beyond this surface
depth.
Figure A.l Surface zones: walls and suspended slabs
Over
500 mn
Figure A.2 Surface zones: ground slabs
BSI BSX8007 8 7 W 1b2qbb7 00217b9 b W
BS 8007 : 1987
Appendix A
The width of a fully developed crack arisingfrom drying T l is the fall in temperature between the hydration
shrinkage and thermal movement contraction in restrained peak and ambient.
walls and slabs may be obtained from: Alternatively, the above may be expressed as:
Wmax = Smax e Wmax = Smax R T1
where where
W,, is the estimatedmaximum crack width: R is the restraint factor, being the restrained proportion
of the theoretical linear thermalor shrinkage
smOx is the estimated likely maximum crack spacing;
movement, taken as 0.5 for immature concretewith
e is the effective strainand is obtained from: rigid end restraints, after allowing for theinternal
e = [ecs+ et, - (100 x 10P 11 creep of the concrete.
where A low (Y significantly reduces the percentage of thermal
ea is the estimatedshrinkagestrain; crack control reinforcement required to restrict crack
et, is the estimated total thermal contraction after widths (see table 7.3 of BS 81 10 : Part 2 : 1985 for typical
peak temperature arisingfrom thermal effects. values).
o For immature concretethe coefficient ofthermal

contraction, less i t s associated
creep strain (which is very
high in immature concrete), maybe taken as one-half of
Typical values of T, for U K concreting using OPC are
given in table A.2. For design purposes T l should be
assumed to be not less than 20 "C for walls and not less
the value for mature concrete. than 15 OC for slabs. In table A.2 values of T l below
For walls and slabs exposed to normal UK climatic these are marked with an asterisk.
conditions, the shrinkage strain less its assoqiated creep NOTE. For guidance on appropriate values of T , when using other
strain is generally less than100 x (¡.e. aboutone-half types of co_ncrete, see sections 2.4 and 2.5 of ClRlA report.
n o . 9 1 [31,
of the ultimate concrete tensile strain) unless high
shrinkage aggregates are used (see 2.6.2). Hence the value Admixtures have little direct effect onthe temperature
of W,, for cooling to ambient from thepeak hydration rise, other than to alter the time-scaleof the temperature
temperature may be assumed to be: rise.
(Y
Provided that durability is not impaired, workability aids
wmax = S m a x l T1 and cementitious materials other than OPC may be used
to reduce the OPC content and early-agethermal cradking
where (see section 2.5 of C l R l A report no. 91 131 1.
(Y is the coefficient of thermal expansion of mature
concrete;
Table A.2 Typical values of T l for OPC concretes, where more particular
information is not available
3 1 2 4
Section Walls Ground slabs:

'
thickness OPC content,
Steel formwork: 18 m m plywood formwork: kg/m3
OPC content, OPC content,
kg/m3 kg/m3
325 350 400 325 350 400 325 350 400
mm "c "c "c "c "c

"c "c "c "c
300 I l * 13* 15* 23 25 31 15 17 21
500 20 22 27 2832 35
25 43 34
700 28 32 39 38 42 49 " _
1O00 38 42 49 42 47 56 " _
NOTE 1. For suspended slabs cast on flat steel formwork, use the data in column 2.
NOTE 2. For suspendedslabs cast on plywood förmwork, use the data in column 4.
The table assumes the following:
(a) that the formwork is left in position until the peak temperature
has passed;
(b) that theconcrete placing temperature is 20 OC;
(c) that the mean daily temperature is 15 "C;
(dl that an allowance has not been made for solar heat gain i n slabs.
-- || | | || || || ||| | || |||| || | |||| | | | ---
21
BS 8007 : 1987
Appendix A
A concrete placing temperature higher than that assumed A.4 Internal restraint in thick sections
in table A.2 can be expected in the U K on a t least a few
days each year, but because of the lower total heat evolved
For thick sections, major causes of cracking are the
with higher placing temperatures,massive sections are
differences in temperature that develop between the
unlikely to show more than a 15 % increase over that given
surface zones and the coreof the section (see 3.8.4.1 (a) of
in table A.2. In thinsections, where the rate of heat
BS 81 10 : Part 2 : 1985). The thickness of concretethat
evolution is controlling the temperaturerise, higher placing
can be considered within the 'surface zone' is somewhat
temperatures, coupled with high daily temperatures, can
arbitrary. However, site observations have indicated that
substantially increase the temperature rise overthat given
the zone thicknesses for h > 500 mm in figures A.l and
in table A.2, but these temperature rises cannot be greater
A.2 are appropriate for thick sections, and the procedure
than those for massive sections.
for calculating thermal crack control reinforcementin
The designer should consider whetherit is necessary to thick sections is then the same as for thinsections.
assume a maximum concrete placing temperature of 25 OC
for special UK conditions, such as hot weather and long-
haul distances, to ensure that design assumptions are not
significantly exceeded.
A.5 External restraint factors
The minimum and maximum cement content shouldbe
Effective externalrestraint may be taken as 50 X of the
specified, and the design should be based on the specified
total external restraint because of internal creep. Reference
maximum permitted content,unless the actual maximum
was made in A.3 to movement joints that greatly reduce
is known.
the rigid external restraint assumed for continuous walls.
In addition to the temperature fall T l there can be a However, there are other situations where the assumed
further fall in temperature, T z ,because of seasonal external restraint factor R can be less than 0.5. Some
variations. The consequent thermal contractions occur in typical situations for thinsections subjectedto external
the mature concretefor which the factorscontrolling restraint are illustrated in figure A.3 and allow for any
cracking behaviour are substantially modified. The ratio of beneficial internal restraints.
the tensile strength of the concrete to the average bond Note that no thermal crackingis likely to occur within
strength, fctlfb, is appreciably lower for mature concrete. 2.4 m of a free edge since experience has shown that this
In addition, the restraint along the base of the member is the length of wall or floor slab over which the tensile
tends to be much more uniform and less susceptible to strain capacity of the concreteexceeds the increasing
stress raisers, since a considerable shear resistance can be restrained contraction, therestraint factor varying between
--
developed along the entire length of the constructionjoint. zero a t the free edge to a maximum of 0.5 a t 2.4 m from
||
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Although precise data are not available for these effects, the free edge. Note that cracking can occur near the ends
|
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a reasonable estimate is t o assume that the combined effect if stress inducers suchas pipes occur within this 2.4 m
of these factors, in conjunction with creep, is to reduce the length of wall or slab. However, if not less than 213 pcrit,
estimated contraction by half, Hence the value of wmaX based on the surface zones, is provided and there are no
| ||
when taking an additional seasonal temperature fall into obvious stress raisers, it may be assumed that the free ends
|||| || |
account is given by: of the members will move inwards without cracking up to
|||| |
Cu where R = 0.5. Where this is only a temporary free edge

Wmax = Smax -(TI + 7-21 and a subsequent bay is cast against the edge, the larger
2
|
restraint factor for the subsequent bay is shown in

|
or
parentheses in figure A.3 and should be assumed 141.
---
Wmax = Smax R (7-1 + 7-2 1

The restraint within a wall or floor panel depends not only
Thus, in terms of restraint factor, the value of R for mature on the locationwithin the slab but also on the-proportions
concrete with rigid external restraint can also be taken as of the slab. Table A.3 shows how the restraint factors vary
0.5. If movement joints as indicated in option 2 and 3 of between oppositeedges, one free and one fixed (e.g. for a
table 5.1 are provided, then the subsequent temperature wall slab the base section is the fixed edge and the top
fall T2 need not be considered (see also A.51, provided that section is the free edge).
the steel has been reduced by 50 % a t partial contraction
joints.
L
B S I B S U B 0 0 7 87 m 162Ltbb90021771 4 m
BS 8007 : 1987
Appendix A
- 2.4 m4 2.4m cl
I L
I
Horizontalrestraintfactor.
Obtain from table A.3
for this central zone cracks H
(a) Wall on base %Where H< L,this factor=O.S(l--L!)

. L
(b) Horizontal slab between rigid restraints
aH d0.2 Whichever is
---
the greater
|
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Ot Ot
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|
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--
I”--
%Where L 6 24 these restraint factors
L =0.5(1--L )
2H
(c) Sequential bay wall construction (with construction joints) NOTE. Values of R used in the design should be related to the
practical distribution of reinforcement.
(d) Alternate bay wall construction (with constructionjoints)
Figure A.3 Restraint factor R for various wall and floor slab placing sequences
23
BS 8007 : 1987
Appendices A and B
E, modulus of elasticity of thereinforcement

Table A.3 Influence of slab proportions h overalldepth of themember
on the centreline restraint factor
W designsurfacecrack width
L /H
ratio*
T Design centreline horizontal
restraint factors
x
Em
depth of theneutralaxis
average strain a t the level where the cracking is
--
being considered
||
Base of panel Top of panel

|
el strain a t the level consideredt

|
|| || || |||
1 0.5t O e2 strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete

2 0.5t O between cracks
| ||
3 0.5" 0.05t
|||| || |
4 0.5t 0.3t
s8 0.5t 0.5t B.2 Assessment of crackwidths in flexure
|||| |
*H is the height or width toa free edge; Provided that the strainin the tension reinforcement is
|
limited to 0.8fy/ESand the stress in the concrete is limited

|
L is the distance between full contraction joints.

---
t These values can be less if L < 4.8 m. to 0.45fc,, the design surface crack width should not
exceed the appropriate value given in 2.2.3.3 and may be
calculated from equation (1).
The effective external restraint in ground slabs cast on
3acr em
smooth" blinding concrete for theseasonal temperature
variation Tz may be taken as being the design restraint
factor R = 0-5a t the mid-length, for 30 m lengths and over,
W =
1 t 2 (".;;_",-in )
and it may be assumed to vary uniformly from 0.5 to zero where em is assessed in accordance with 8.3.
a t the ends.
B.3 Average strainin flexure

A,6 Specialist literature
The average strain a t the level where cracking is being
A summary of the factors that help prevent orcontrol considered is assessed by calculating the apparent strain
early-age thermal cracking, manyof which are not within using characteristic loads and normal elastic theory.
the control of the designer and which should be taken into Where flexure is predominant but some tension exists
account in the specification, is given in table 10 of ClRlA a t the section, the depth of the neutral axis should be
report no. 91 [31. adjusted. The calculated apparent strain el is then
adjusted to take into account the stiffening effect of
the concrete between crackse2. The value of the
stiffening effect may be assessed from B.4, and
e, = e1 - €2
Appendix B, Calculation of crack widths
in
mature concrete
B.4 Stiffening effect of concrete in flexure
B.l Symbols
The stiffening effect of the concrete may be assessed by
deducting from the apparent strain a value obtained from
For the purposes of this appendix the following symbols equation (2)or (3).
apply. For a limiting design surface crackwidth of 0.2 mm:
a' distance from thecompressionface to the point
b,(h - x ) (a' - x )
a t which the crack width is being calculated e2 = (2)
acr distance from the point c,onsidered to the surface 3E,A, ( d - x )
of the nearest longitudinal bar For a limiting design surface crackwidth of 0.1 mm:
A , area oftensionreinforcement 1.56, ( h - x ) (a' - x)
bt width of the section a t the centroid of the e2 = (3)
3E,A, ( d - x )
tension steel
cmIn minimum cover to the tension steel The stiffening effect factors shouldnot be interpolated or
extrapolated and apply only for the crack widths stated.
o' effective
depth
* Power floated and/or use of sheet membrane to break bond. r ..

t Calculated ignoring the stiffening effect of the concrete in the tension zone. I
BSI BSmB007 B? M 362Ybb9 0023773 B M
BS 8007 : 1987
Appendices B and C
B.5 Assessment of crack widths in direct joints should take into account their performance
--
characteristics, both individually and in combination,

||
tension
|
and the restrictions and difficulties of access to them

|
|| || || |||
should the joints not performas designed. One of the

Provided that thestrain in the reinforcement is limited to principal problems with joints is obtaining continuously
0.8fYlE,, the.design crackwidth should not exceed the satisfactory adhesion between joint sealing compounds
| ||
appropriate value given in 2.2.3.3 and may be calculated and the concretesurfaces between which theyare to
|||| || |
from equation (4) provide a liquid-tight seal. Joint sealing compounds cannot
(4) be expected to provide a liquid-tight seal for more than a
|||| |
W = 3a,, ,e
proportion of the life of the structure, and waterstops
where e, is assessed in accordance with B.6.
|
should always be provided in movement joints.

|
---
When proprietary materials or products are used, the

recommendations of themanufacturer shouldbe followed.
B.6 Average strain in direct tension
Jointing materials shouldbe capable of accommodating
repeated movementwithout permanent distortion or
The average strain is assessed by calculating the apparent
strain using characteristic loads and normal elastic theory. extrusion, and they should not be displaced by fluid
The calculated apparent strainis then adjustedto take into pressure. The materials should remaineffective over the
account the stiffening effect of theconcrete between whole range of temperature and humidities considered.
cracks. The value of the stiffening effectmay be assessed For example, they should not slump unduly in hot weather
from 8.7. neither should they become brittle when cold. The
materials shouldbe insoluble and durable and not change
unduly by evaporation of solvent or plasticizers, nor,
in exposed portions, should theybe altered by exposure to
B.7 Stiffening effect of concrete in direct light. Depending onthe application, they may need to be
tension non-toxic and taintless and resistantto chemical and
biological attack. Ease of handling and of applicationor
The stiffening effectof the concrete may be assessedby installation are important, and the use of jointing materials
deducting from theapparent straina value obtained from should not prevent the proper compactionof the concrete
equation (5)or (6). next tothe joint. Detailing a t places where the joint
For a limiting design surface crackwidth of 0.2 mm: changes direction orintersects another joint should not be
unduly complicated.
2bt h .
€2 =- (5) Sealants, unless otherwise specifiedin this code, should
3EsA S comply with BS 6213.
For a limiting design surface crackwidth of 0.1 mm:
bt h
e2 = - (6) C.2 Joint fillers
EsAs
The stiffening effectfactors should not be interpolated or Joint fillers are used in expansion joints as illustrated in
extrapolated and apply only for thecrack widths stated. section five. They consist of compressible sheetor strip
material fixed to the face of the first-placed concreteand
against which thesecond-placed concreteis cast. They
provide the initialseparation between the faces of the
concrete and compress underthe predetermined expansion
Appendix C. Jointing materials from each face of the concrete. It i s important thatthe
joint filler accommodates the compression without
transferring appreciable loadacross the expansion joint
C.l General and recovers so that the jointremains filled when the
concrete faces subsequently move apart. Since the
The joints described in section five require theuse of percentage expansion or contraction of the filler is inversely
combinations of jointing materials, which may be proportional to the initial widthof the joint, there is an
classified as: advantage in using a wide joint.
(a) joint fillers; The usefulnessof a joint filler is increased if the material
(b) waterstops; remains in contact with both faces of the joint throughout
(c) joint sealing compounds (including primers where joint movements. This is important since the joint filler is
required). used as a support to the joint sealing compound whichis
usually resisting liquid pressure.
These materials are inaccessible oncethe liquid-retaining
structure has been commissioned until the structure is Only non-rotting and non-absorbent materials shouldbe
taken out of use. The design uses for these materials in used as joint fillers.
7-
25
BS 8007 : 1987
Appendix C
C.3 Waterstops Surface waterstops should be used only in situations where

there is sufficient pressure from the outside to ensure that
the waterstop remains in position.
Waterstops are preformed stripsof durable impermeable
material that are wholly or partially embedded in the
concrete during construction. Theyare located across joints C.4 Joint sealing compound
in the structure to provide a permanent liquid-tight seal
during the wholerange of jointmovements. Waterstops are
These materials (or sealants) are impermeableductile
usually proprietary itemswith determined performance
materials that are required to provide a liquid-tight seal by
characteristics in accordance with BS 6213. When specified,
adhesion t o the concrete throughout therange of joint
waterstops should be appropriate to the required design
--
movements. The sealing performanceis obtained by

performance.
||
permanent adhesion of the sealing compound to the

|
The different applications of waterstopsare described in

|
concrete each sideof the joint only, and most sealants

|| || || |||
section five and illustrated in figure 5.1. It is essential that should be applied in conditions of completedryness and
the concrete placed around the waterstop is well compacted cleanliness. There are joint sealing compoundsthat are
and that the waterstop be fixed and maintained firmly in
| ||
produced for application to surfaces that are not dry.

position until the concrete placingis completed and the
|||| || |
The recommendations of the manufacturer shouldbe

concrete has set. followed t o ensure that the sealing compounds are applied
|||| |
Waterstops may be divided into four categories. The first correctly to adequately prepared surfaces. It is necessary
category, known as the central-bulb type,is used in walls that the corners of the concrete each sideof the joint are
|
to form expansion, contraction and partial contraction

|
accurately cast as detailed with impermeable concreteto

---
joints. The central bulb is positioned across the joint, and avoid water by-passing the sealant through the concrete.
the main waterstopis set parallel to the water-surface of
BS 6213 : 1982 provides guidance on types of construct-
the concrete wall. Thereis a solid bulb or wing a t each end
ional sealant and on their selection and correct application,
of this type of waterstop, which is made of rubber or
so enabling the specifierto select appropriately from
flexible plástics such as PVC. The distance of the waterstop
table 4 of that standard. This table lists the main types of
from the nearest exposed concrete face should not be less sealants, their suitability for the different types of joints
than half thewidth of the waterstop. The second category in a variety of liquid-retaining structures. Table4 and
is similar to the first category but has no central bulb. It is sections six and seven of BS 6213 : 1982 give guidance on
set in a similar manner to category one, but should be used the method of application of the sealants. Table 2
only in contraction, partial contraction and construction provides an expected service life for the varioustypes, with
joints. The third category, consisting of surface types of an indication that 20 years is a reasonable maximum,
waterstop, is mainly used on the undersides of concrete although in favourable conditions a longer service life may
slabs, and sometimes on the outer face of walls that are be obtained.
backfilled. These waterstops areset into the surfaceof the
In floor joints, the sealing compound is usually applied in
concrete each side of contraction or partial contraction
a chase formed in the surface of the concrete along theline
joints that are formed. They are also used with a central
of the joint. The actual minimumwidth will depend on the
crack-inducing tonguefor induced contractionjoints. To
known characteristics of the material.In floorjoints of the
secure good compaction of the concreteagainst the water-
expansion type, the sealantis supported by thejoint filler.
stop it should be fixed to a base of blinding concrete or
In floorjoints, retention of the sea[ant is assisted by gravity,
formwork. The use of a surface waterstop is sometimes
and in many cases sealing can be delayed until just before
specified at construction joints. This typeof waterstop is
the structure is put intoservice, so that the amountof joint
usually formed from rubber or flexible plasticssuch as PVC.
opening subsequentlyto be accommodated is small. The
The fourth category of waterstop is a rigid type and is
chase should be neither too narrow nor too deep to hinder
specified when, as in construction joints, no movement is
expected a t the joint but a positive waterstop is required complete filling and should be primed before thesealing
because of the pressure of the contained liquid as in a compound is applied. Here again, a wider joint demands a
pressure pipeline. Such waterstops are usuallyformed from smaller percentage distortion in the material.
copper or steel strip. Vertical joints in walls should be primed where necessary
The design of the structure should generally provide for and then sealed on the liquid-facewith a sealant that is
the continuity of the waterstop system acrossall joints usually pressured by gun or knife into the preformed chase.
and particularly junctions between floor and wall systems. The sealants should have non-slumping properties and great
The correct procedurefor making the runningjoints on extensibility.
site using heat fused butt welds for PVC, vulcanized or The long-term performanceof a joint sealing compound
pocketed sleeve joints for rubber and brazed or welded lap depends on its formulation, the workmanshipwith which
joints for copper or steel needs to be adopted. Intersections it is prepared and appliedas well as the circumstances of
and special junctions such as those that arise between the structure. It would be unwise to depend on the sealing
rubber and PVC shouldbe prefabricated. compound for liquid-tightness in the long termand that
should be provided by the waterstop.The sealing
Metal waterstops can be lapped instead of welded, provided
compound should maintainstability a t the face of the joint
that the gap between them is 5 mm greater than the
and preclude the ingress of any hard objectsthat could
specified size of the coarse aggregate. f -.
impair joint movements.
26
BS 8007 : T987
Appendix D
Appendix D. Bibliography
1. HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE. Aiticlesand 4. HUGHES, B.P. Elimination of shrinkage and cracking in
substances for use at work,Guidance noteGS 8, a water-refainingstructure, Technical note 36, CI RIA,
August 1977. London 1971.
HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE. Entry into Further reading
confined spaces, Guidance note GS 5,June 1980.
5. WATER AUTHORITIES ASSOCIATION. Civil
HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE. Occupational engineering specification for thewater industry,
exposure limits, Guidance note EH 40/85, April 1985. 2nd edition, 1984.
2. HUGHES, B.P. Control of thermal and shrinkage 6. ANCHOR, R.D. and HUGHES, B.P. Guide to BS8UU7,
cracking in restrained reinforced concrete walls, Institution of Structural Engineers, London (to be
Technical note 21, CI R IA, London 1976. published).
3. HARR ISON, T.A. Early-age thermal crack control in 7. ANCHOR, R.D. Design of liquidretaining concrete
concrete, Report no. 91, CIRIA, London 1981. structures, Surrey University Press, Glasgow 1981.
O
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Publicationsreferred to
BS 729 Specification for hot dip galvanizedcoatings on iron and steel articles
BS 812 Testing aggregates
Part 2 Methods for determination ofphysical properties
BS 882 Specification for aggregates from natural sources for concrete
BS 1047 Specification for air-cooled blastfurnace slag aggregate for use in construction
BS 3572 Specification for access fittings for chimneys and other high structures in concrete or brickwork
BS 3892 Pulverized-fuel ash
Part 1 Specification for pulverized-fuel ash for use as a cementitious componentin structural concrete
BS 4221 Specification for ladders for permanent access to chimneys, other high structures, silos and bins
BS 4449 Specification for hot rolled steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete
BS 4461 Specification for cold worked steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete
BS 4483 Specification for steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete
BS 5395 Stairs,laddersandwalkways
Part 3 Code of practice for the design of industrial typestairs, permanent ladders and walkways
BS 6213 Guide to selection of constructional sealants
BS 6699 Specification for ground granulated blastfurnace slag for use with Portland cement
BS 6744 Specification for austenitic stainless steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete
BS 8110 Structural use of concrete
Part 1 Code of practice for design and construction
Part 2 Code of practice for special circumstances
PD 6501 The preparation of British Standards for building and civil engineering
*Part 1 Guide to the types of British Standard, their aims, relationship, content and application
ASTM A775/A775M-84 Specification for epoxy coated reinforcing steel bars, 01.04, American Society for Testing and Materials
Philadelphia 1984
NOTE. See also bibliography.
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* Referred to inthe foreword only.
BS 8007 : 1987
This British Standard, havingbeen prepared under the direction of implementing the standard, ofnecessary details such as symbols and
the Civil Engineering and Building Structures Standards Committee, size, type or grade designations. Enquiries should be addressedto
was published under the authority of the Board of BSI and comes the Publications Manager, BSI, Linford Wood, Milton Keynes
into effect on 30 October 1987. MK14 6LE. The number for telephone enquiriesis 0908 220022
O British Standards Institution, 1987 and for telex 825777.
ISBN O 580 16134 X Contract requirements. A British Standard does not purport to
include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British
The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Standards are responsiblefor their correct application.
Committee reference CSEl60 Draft for comment 86/12222 DC
Revision of British Standards. British Standards are revised, when
British Standards Institution. Incorporated by Royal Charter, BSI is necessary, by the issue either of amendments or of revised editions.
the independent national body for the preparation of British It is important that users of British Standards should ascertainthat
Standards. It is the UK member of the International Organization they are in possession of the latest amendments or editions.
for Standardization and UK sponsor of the British National
Automatic updating service. BSI provides an economic, individual
Committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission.
and automatic standards updating service called PLUS. Details are
In addition to the preparation and promulgationof standards, BSI available from BSI Enquiry Section a t Milton Keynes, telephone
offers specialist services including the provision of information 0908 221 166, telex 825777.
through the BSI Library and Standardline Database; Technical Help
to Exporters; and other services. Advice can be obtained from the Information on all BSI publications is in the ES/ Catalogue,
Enquiry Section, BSI, Milton Keynes MK14 6LE, telephone supplemented each month by BSI News which is available to
0908 221166, telex 825777. subscribing membersof BSI and gives details of new publications,
Copyright. Users of British Standards are reminded that copyright revisions, amendments andwithdrawn standards. Any person who,
subsists in all BSI publications. No part of this publication may be when making use of a British Standard, encounters an inaccuracy or
reproduced in any form without the prior permission in writing of ambiguity, is requested to notify BSI without delay in order that
BSI. This does not preclude the freeuse, in the course of the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
Committees responsible for this British Standard

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the
Civil Engineering and Building Structures Standards Committee
(CSBk" to Technical Committee CSB/60, upon which the
following bodies were represented:
Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency)
Health and Safety Executive
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Structural Engineers
Water Authorities Association
Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No, Date of issue Text affected
British Standards Institution 2 Park Street London WIA 2BS Telephone 01-629 9000 Telex 266933
a
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BSI B S * 8 0 0 7 8 7 Lb24bb7 0 0 2 3 7 9 7 7 W

British Standard Code of practice for

m Design of concrete structures for

Leitfaden für Betonbauteile zum Aufbewahren oder Auffangen wässriger Flüssigkeiten

Document provided by IHS Licensee=/5910986001, User=, 10/11/2002 22:12:00 MDT

Foreword Inside front cover 6.4 Workability 15

Section oné. General Section seven. Specification and workmanship:

. Section four. Design and detailing: prestressed Tables

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Section one. General

1.4 Operational safety

a Section two. Design: objectives and general recommendations

2.2.1 Limit state recommerrdations to axial prestressing should be assumed to have a

ations of this code. When all relevant limit states are

with the crack width limit state recommendations in this

serviceability crack width limit state, and that other limit

states, including the ultimate limit states, are checked. section.

2,3 Loads 2.5 Site conditions

All structures required to retain liquids should be designed 2.5.1 Groundmovement

provision of movement joints (see 5.3);

2.6.2.1 Orlgins. Changes in the temperature of the

(d) localized cracking within a particular member

distribution and width of such cracks can be controlled by

reinforcement, togetherwith the provision of movement between movementjoints b y using reinforcement

2.9 Operational safety considerations

2.9.2 Provision for access 2.9.3 Ventilation

COPYRIGHT 2002; British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards 1

Section three. Design and detailing: reinforced concrete

3.2.2 Crack widths N/mm2 mm N/mm2

Methods of calculating crack widthsare given in appendix A o. 1

crack spacing and crack widths in relation to temperature

wider crack in a completed structure shouldnot necessarily weld strength.

be regarded as evidence of excessive local damage unless

other factors, such as leakage or appearance, contribute to

B) Section four. Design and detailing: prestressed concrete

a in 2.7.3 is controlled by the concrete tension limitations

-- || | | || || || ||| | || |||| || | |||| | | | ---

Section five. Design, detailing and workmanship of joints

Joints in liquid-retaining structuresare temporary or Restraints on free contraction or expansion of the

5.3.2 Design and detailing of movement joints

Option Type of construction and Steel ratio

Movement jointspacing Comments

-- || | | || || || ||| | || |||| || | |||| | | | ---

Centrebulb' Initial gap for .. 7

waterstop expansion expansion wa.terstop

(a) Expansion joints

Figure 5.1 Examples of movement joints

COPYRIGHT 2002; British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards

Section six. Concrete: specification and materials

6.1 General 6.4 Workability

* 6.3 Mix proportions

The minimum cement content should be 325 kg/m3,

-- || | | || || || ||| | || |||| || | |||| | | | ---

Section seven. Specification and workmanship: reinforcement

0 Section eight. Specification and workmanship: prestressing tendons

Prestressing tendons shouldcomply with the

Section nine. Inspectionand testing of the structure

For a test of liquid retention, the structure shouldbe

Appendix A. Calculation of minimum required to distribute the cracking, 'concretesection'