H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

E`hptor-8

FNZ\GJ_EZFGN

Eustgdor roihtfgns`fp dhnhcodont fs hii hlgut mgeusfnc gn t`o eustgdor. Ft fs h e`hnco fn t`o

dfnjsot gm egnjuetfnc lusfnoss. Eustgdor-eontrfe wgrbfnc hnj t`fnbfnc fs t`o dhfn jrfvor tgjhy
tg egnsgifjhto h lusfnoss hrgunj. Ft fs t`o dhfn prgpoiior t`ht runs hii t`o dhrbotfnc e`hnnois gm h
 lusfnoss. Z`o wgrij fs loegdfnc dgro eustgdor-eontrfe ly
l y hjhptfnc tg t`o crgwfnc hnj jynhdfe
e`hncos hs por t`o noojs hnj whnts gm t`o eustgdors. Z`oy cg muii t`rgttio fn hn hii-fn-gno
httodpt tg rohe` gut tg t`ofr thrcot hujfoneo hergss hii pgssflio e`hnnoi hnj mgruds, fneiujfnc
odhfi dhrbotfnc, sgefhi dojfh dhrbotfnc, hnj sg gn. Ft‖s h vfthi nooj mgr t`o lusfnoss tg t`fnb,  
ifston, unjorsthnj, prgvfjo roiovhneo, hnj gptfdfzo egntont vhiuo hnj het t`o why eustgdor
whnts. Lusfnossos `hvo tg lrghjon t`ofr jomfnftfgn gm eustgdors, tg lo eustgdor-eontrfe. Ft fs ngt
gniy t`o trhjftfgnhi oxtornhi eustgdor, t`o onj-usor t`ht fs fdpgrthnt. Due` nocioet `hs loon t`o
mhto gm fntornhi eustgdors tfii jhto. Z`o prgjuets hnj sorvfeos hro gm egurso lguc`t ly t`o
eustgdors, lut ft fs t`o fntornhi odpigyoo w`g dhbos suro t`o cggjs hnj prgjuets rohe` t`o rfc`t
quhifty sthnjhrjs.

Z`o sthmm jfroetiy hnj fnjfroetiy hnj w`ht t`oy spohb hnj prgaoet hlgut t`o egdphny egntrfluto tg
 lrfncfnc lusfnoss sthlfifty, httrhetfnc fnvostgrs, t`o dojfh,
doj fh, hnj hii t`o pogpio w`g hro egnnoetoj
wft` t`fs oegsystod. Dgro t`hn eustgdor prgjuets hnj sorvfeos, pogpio luy oxporfoneos, rospoet,
h sonso gm loigncfnc hnj fnjfroet vhiuo. Z`o eustgdor fs h vonjgr tgg hnj sg ft fs noeosshry tg
 luy `fs trust, egnmfjoneo, rospoet hnj `fs ontry fntg jfcfthi gr sgefhi fnmiuoneo
fnmiuoneo sp`oro.

. Eustgdor-roihtfgns`fp dhnhcodont fs hn hpprghe` tg dhnhco h egdphny's fntorhetfgn wft`

eurront hnj pgtontfhi eustgdors.

Ft usos bngwiojco hnhiysfs egneornfnc eustgdors' `fstgry wft` h egrpgrhtfgn tg lggst lusfnoss
roihtfgns`fps wft` eustgdors, spoefmfehiiy spoefhifzfnc fn eifont rotontfgn hnj uitfdhtoiy jrfvfnc
shios crgwt`. Gno vfthi mheot gm t`o E\D hpprghe` fs t`ht t`o systods gm E\D t`ht egdpfio
bngwiojco mrgd h sprohj gm vhrfgus egddunfehtfgn e`hnnois, hs woii hs h egdphny's wol sfto,
toiop`gno, odhfi, ifvo e`ht, dhrbotfnc dhtorfhis hnj dgro roeontiy, sgefhi dojfh. Z`rguc` t`o

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 8

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

E\D hpprghe` hnj t`oromgro t`o systods heeustgdoj mhefifthto ft, lusfnossos iohrn hjjftfgnhi
egneornfnc t`ofr thrcot hujfoneos hnj t`o why tg lost ehtor tg t`ofr josfros

Eustgdor \oihtfgns`fp Dhnhcodont, gr E\D, fs h vfthi h phrt gm mhs`fgnhlio lusfnoss

dhnhcodont. Z`fs E\D hrtfeio fs prgvfjoj ly Oiion Cfmmgrj, w`g spoefhifosn `oipfnc
grchnfzhtfgns jovoigp oxeoiioneo fn E\D, hnj t`fs egntrflutfgn fs crhtomuiiy hebngwiojcoj.
S`ht fs Eustgdor \oihtfgns`fp Dhnhcodont, gr E\D7 Eustgdor \oihtfgns`fp Dhnhcodont
fssuos t`o ifnb lotwoon t`o grchnfzhtfgn hnj fts eustgdors. Eustgdors hro t`o ifmoliggj gm hny
grchnfzhtfgn lo ft h ciglhi egrpgrhtfgn wft` t`gushnjs gm odpigyoos hnj h duitf-lfiifgn turngvor,
gr h sgio trhjor wft` h `hnjmui
`hn jmui gm rocuihr eustgdors.

Hpprghe`os gm eustgdor roihtfgns`fp dhnhcodont

8. Egnstftuont Dhnhcodont

Z`o pogpio hnj osthlifs`donts

osthlifs`donts h egdphny wgrbs wft` cfvo
cfvo t`o duso mrgd
mrgd t`ht t`o grchnfzhtfgn
joifvors t`ofr dfssfgn.

Lufijfnc t`o unjoriyfnc egnthet hnj mhdfiy strueturos, e`hrhetorfstfe boy e`hrhetorfstfes hnj
socdonts hdgncst egnstftuonts, roihtfgns`fps lotwoon osthlifs`donts hnj hdgncst pogpio,
hnj dhbfnc egnstftuont dhnhcodont prgeossos  ―  hii
  hii cfvo hsgifj mgunjhtfgn gn w`fe` ovoryt`fnc
oiso wfii rost.

<. Jovoigpdont

Jovoigpdont hnj jovoigpdont gporhtfgns usuhiiy roprosont t`o lost egdpioxnoss wft`fn
t`o ngnegddorefhi soetgr. Mrgd socdonthtfgn jovoigpdont mgr hppohis t`rguc` gmmfeo gm jgngrs,
munjrhfsfnc ehn roprosont t`o efreuihtgry systod ht hn grchnfzhtfgn. Hs sue`, wo `hvo h tonjoney
tg succost t`fs pfoeo dgvo mgrwhrj noxt. Gneo wo `hvo h sonso gm w`g gur egnstftuonts hro hnj
`gw wo wfii egntfnuo tg conorhto t`o rovonuo tg susthfn t`o grchnfzhtfgn, wo `hvo twg erftfehi
 pfoeos fn piheo. Lgt` ehn cfvo boy noeossftfos gr fnputs fntg muturo sthcos gm t`o prgaoet.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco <

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

5. Mfnhneo

@gw munjs hr rhfsoj, w`oro t`ht munjfnc fs ifboiy tg lo josfcnhtoj, hnj boy roegnefifhtfgn
 prgeojuros wfii `hvo loon osthlifs`oj fn t`o jovoigpdont prgeoss. Sft` t`oso fnputs, lufijfnc
gut t`o mfnhneo sthco loegdos dgro vfhlio. Fm wo hntfefphto hn oxtonjoj porfgj lotwoon
jovoigpdont hnj mfnhneo wo wguij lufij oft`or h todpgrhry fntocrhtfgn gr (dgro ifboiy) h
mfnhnefhi pgstfnc prgeoss t`ht onsuros roegnefifhtfgn prgeojuros egntfnuo unfntorruptoj.

:. Dfssfgn Dhnhcodont

Hs t`o mgunjhtfgn fs fn piheo fn t`o mgrd gm egnstftuonts hnj mfnhneo, prgcrhd gr dfssfgn
dhnhcodont hetfvfty `hs cuhrj rhfis fn piheo tg onsuro t`oso hetfvftfos geeur fn ifno wft` pgifefos
hnj prhetfeos gm t`o grchnfzhtfgn.

?. @udhn \osgureos

@\ ommgrt wfii geeur fn phrhiioi tg mfnhneo gr dfssfgn dhnhcodont. Egnstftuont roegrjs hnj
roihtfgns`fps hro erohtoj t`ht onhlio tfdo unft dhnhcodont prgeossos tg lo osthlifs`oj jurfnc
h dot`gj t`ht's egdphtflio wft` t`o ihrcor E\D-ommgrt.

Egdpgnonts gm E\D

Ht t`o mgrodgst lhsfe iovoi, E\D sgmtwhro phebhco egnsgifjhtos eifont fnmg hnj jgeudonts fntg
gno E\D fnmg t`us lusfnoss usors wfii hjjftfgnhi sfdpiy heeoss hnj dhnhco ft. Gvor tfdo,

sovorhi murt`or munetfgns hro hngt`or tg E\D systods tg erohto t`od hjjftfgnhi `oipmui. Ugdo gm
t`oso munetfgns odlrheo roegrjfnc vhrfoj eifont fntorhetfgns gvor odhfi, p`gno, sgefhi dojfh gr
hitornhtfvo e`hnnois2 eguntfnc gn systod ehphlfiftfos, hutgdhtfnc vhrfoj hjvhneodont
hutgdhtfgn prgeossos, ifbo thsbs, ehionjhrs hnj hiorts2 hnj cfvfnc dhnhcors t`o pgwor tg trheo
 pormgrdhneo hnj prgjuetfvfty suppgrtoj fnmg igccoj fnsfjo t`o systod.

•Dhrbotfnc hutgdhtfgn

E\D tggis wft` prgdgtfnc hutgdhtfgn ehphlfiftfos wfii e`hnco ropotftfvo thsbs tg lggst
 prgdgtfnc ommgrts ht tgthiiy jfmmoront pgfnts wft`fn t`o ifmoeyeio. Mgr oxhdpio, hs shios prgspoets

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 5

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

cot t`o systod, ft wguij doe`hnfehiiy sonj t`o prgspoets prgdgtfnc dhtorfhis, usuhiiy vfh odhfi
gr sgefhi dojfh, wft` t`o cghi gm turnfnc
tu rnfnc hshios iohj fntg h muii-miojcoj eustgdor.

•Uhios mgreo hutgdhtfgn

Uhios mgreo hutgdhtfgn tggis trheb eifont fntorhetfgns hnj e`hnco suro lusfnoss munetfgns gm t`o
shios eyeio t`ht hroh unft noeosshry tg mgiigw iohjs hnj httrhet hnj prgeuro now eustgdors.

•Egnthet eontor hutgdhtfgn

Josfcnoj tg sehio lheb tojfgus hspoets gm h egnthet eontor hcont's agl, egnthet eontor hutgdhtfgn
wguij pgssfliy odlrheo roegrjoj hujfg t`ht hssfsts fn eifont prgliod-sgivfnc hnj jhth
jfssodfnhtfgn. ]hrfgus sgmtwhro tggis t`ht fntocrhto wft` t`o hcont's josbtgp tggis ehn `hnjio
eustgdor roquosts fn grjor tg eut jgwn gn t`o tfdo gm ehiis hnj tg sfdpifmy eustgdor sorvfeo

 prgeossos.

• Zoe`ngigcy, \oigehtfgn gr igehtfgn-lhsoj sorvfeos

Ugdo E\D systods odlrheo toe`ngigcy t`ht dhy prgjueo cogcrhp`fe prgdgtfnc ehdphfcns
suppgrtoj eustgdors' p`ysfehi igehtfgns, conorhiiy crgup hetfgn wft` mhs`fgnhlio igehtfgn-lhsoj
C[U hpps. \oigehtfgn toe`ngigcy ehn hisg lo usoj hs h notwgrbfnc gr egnthet dhnhcodont tggi
fn grjor tg mfnj shios prgspoets lhsoj gn h igehtfgn.

Eustgdor lonomfts gm eustgdor roihtfgns`fp dhnhcodont

Sft` eifont roihtfgns`fp dhnhcodont systods eustgdors hr sorvoj `fc`or gn jhy tg jhy dot`gj
hnj wft` hjjftfgnhi roifhlio fnmg t`ofr jodhnj gm soim sorvfeo mrgd egrpgrhtfgns ehn joerohso. Fm
t`oro's ioss cgt tg dgvo wft` t`o egrpgrhto mgr vhrfgus fssuos, eifont shtfsmhetfgn iovoi wfii
fnerohso.R<0T Z`oso eontrhi hjvhnthcos gm E\D hro cgfnc tg lo egnnoetoj `ypgt`otfehiiy tg t`o 5
bfnjs gm oqufty t`ht hr roihtfgns`fp, prfeo hnj egdpioto,
eg dpioto, hnj wft`fn t`o mfnfs` tg eifont oq
oqufty.
ufty.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco :

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Ofc`t lonomfts woro roegcnfzoj tg prgvfjo vhiuo jrfvors.

8. On`hneoj hlfifty tg thrcot prgmfthlio eustgdors.

<. Fntocrhtoj hssfsthneo hergss e`hnnois

5. On`hneoj shios mgreo ommfefoney hnj ommoetfvonoss

:. Fdprgvoj prfefnc

?. Eustgdfzoj prgjuets hnj sorvfeos

=. Fdprgvoj eustgdor sorvfeo ommfefoney hnj ommoetfvonoss

3. Fnjfvfjuhifzoj dhrbotfnc dosshcos hisg ehiioj ehdphfcns

0. Egnnoet eustgdors hnj ovory gno e`hnnois gn gno pihtmgrd.

8. Fdprgvo eustgdor sorvfeos

Fn conorhi, eustgdors wguij `hvo sgdo quorfos, fssuos gr roquosts. E\D sorvfeos gmmor t`o
mioxflfifty tg h egrpgrhtfgn mgr dhnumheturfnc, hiigehtfnc hnj dhnhcfnc roquosts gr gno t`fnc
erohtoj ly eustgdors. Mgr oxhdpio, ehii eontro sgmtwhro systod, t`ht `oips tg htthe` h eifont tg
t`o dhnhcor gr gno t`ht wfii lost hssfst t`od wft` t`ofr oxfstfnc jgwnsfjo, fs gno fn hii t`o E\D
thionts w`fe` wfii lo onmgreoj tg oxtonj pgtoney.

<. Fnerohsoj porsgnhifzoj sorvfeo gr gno-tg-gno sorvfeo

[orsgnhifzfnc eifont sorvfeo gr dhte`oj sorvfeo prgvfjos egrpgrhtfgns tg lggst unjorsthnjfnc hnj
chfnfnc jhth gm t`o s`gppors hnj egnagfntiy tg gwn `fc`or jhth egneornfnc t`ofr eustgdors'
 promoroneos, noojs hnj jodhnjs.

5. \ospgnsfvo tg eustgdor's noojs

Eustgdors' t`fncs whnts |hnj wfs`os| hnj josfros} hro gmton unjorstggj ly t`o egdphnfos t`ht

spoefhifzo fn eifont noojs hnj noojs.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco ?

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

:. Eustgdor socdonthtfgn

Fn E\D, socdonthtfgn fs odpigyoj tg ehtocgrfos eustgdors, fn stop wft` sgdo sfdfihrfty, ifbo
 lusfnoss, agl gr hngt`or e`hrhetorfstfes, fntg sfdfihr tohds. t`guc` t`oso e`hrhetorfstfes, ehn lo
gno gr dgro httrflutos. Ft hro gmton gutifnoj hs h suljfvfjfnc t`o s`gppors suppgrtoj hirohjy woii-
bngwn sonsflio fnjfvfjuhi.

?. Fdprgvo eustgdfzhtfgn gm dhrbotfnc

Dohnfnc gm eustgdfzhtfgn gm dhrbotfnc fs t`ht, t`o mfrd gr grchnfzhtfgn hjhpt hnj e`hnco fts
sorvfeos gr prgjuets lhsoj gn prosontfnc h jfmmoront hnj unfquo prgjuet gr sorvfeos mgr ohe`
eustgdor. Sft` t`o hfd gm dhbfnc eorthfn t`ht eifont josfros hnj noojs hr dot Eustgdfzhtfgn fs
odpigyoj ly t`o grchnfzhtfgn. Egdphnfos wfii piheo fnvostdont fn fnmg mrgd eifonts t`on
eustgdfso t`ofr prgjuet gr sorvfeos tg boop up eustgdor fntorosts.

=. Duitfe`hnnoi fntocrhtfgn

Duitfe`hnnoi fntocrhtfgn s`gws t`o purpgso gm eg erohtfgn gm eifont prfeo fn E\D. Gn t`o
gppgsfto `hnj, h egdphny's hlfifty tg pormgrd duitfe`hnnoi fntocrhtfgn wft` sueeoss, fs `ohvfiy
glsossoj wft` t`o grchnfzhtfgn's hlfifty glthfnfnc hignc eifont fnmg mrgd hii e`hnnois hnj
fnegrpgrhto ft wft` gt`or roihtoj fnmgrdhtfgn.R5:T

3. Zfdo shvfnc

E\D ehn iot egrpgrhtfgns tg dgvo wft` eustgdors hjjftfgnhi gmt, ly eustgdfzoj dosshco hnj
egddunfehtfgn hpprghe` w`fe` dfc`t lo erohtoj qufebiy hnj dhte`oj gn h tfdoiy lhsfs, hnj
ovontuhiiy t`oy ehn `fc`or poreofvo t`ofr eustgdors hnj sg hntfefphto tg t`o
t`ofr
fr josfros.R5?T

0. Fdprgvo eustgdor bngwiojco

Mfrds wfii erohto hnj fdprgvo prgjuet hnj sorvfeos t`rguc` t`o jhth mrgd pursuft (o.c.vfh
wolsfto trhebfnc) eustgdor lo`hvfgr tg eustgdor thstos hnj noojs.R5=T E\D eguij egntrfluto tg
h egdpotftfvo hjvhnthco fn fdprgvfnc mfrd's hlfifty gm eustgdor fnmgrdhtfgn egiioetfnc tg
eustgdfzo prgjuets hnj sorvfeos heegrjfnc tg eustgdor noojs.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco =

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Fdpiodonthtfgn
Fdpiodonthtfgn gm E\D

8. Hne`grhco fn t`o tgp dhnhcodont

Ft dhy sgunj glvfgus t`ht h prgaoet t`ht fnvgivos hii oiodonts gm h egdphny whnts prfdo
dhnhcodont fnvgivodont, `gwovor sg hs tg fnspfro hnj lufij loifovhlfifty, prfdo dhnhcodont fs
eruefhi. Z`oy jrfvo t`o gpfnfgn hnj euituro wft`fn t`o grchnfzhtfgn hnj t`ofr ohriy hjhptfgn gmmors
h nhturhi hetfgn rosuit gn t`o ontfro grchnfzhtfgn. Ug cot t`od fnvgivoj!

<. [rgaoet dhnhcor

S`on ygu hro fdpiodontfnc h now E\D systod (gr fm ygu `hvo aust swfte`oj tg h now systod)
t`o dgst fdpgrthnt porsgn fs t`o gno t`ht `hs t`o gvorhii dhnhcodont hnj t`o dhnjhto tg run t`o
 prgaoet. Z`o soioetoj porsgn guc`t tg jrfvo t`o prgaoet sg t`o stops cot jgno hnj hisg t`o cghis
hroh unft dot. Ft jgos ngt `hvo tg lo sgdogno mrgd t`o dhnhcodont, lut h jg-or wft` ont`usfhsd,
 phssfgn hnj mgeus gn jothfis.

5. Uupor-usor

H supor-usor gr h E\D heegunthlio fsn't egnsthnt hs h prgaoet dhnhcor. Z`fs fs t`o porsgn fn
ygur grchnfzhtfgn w`fe` fs hssfcnoj hs t`o supor-usor gm ygur now systod. @o gr s`o sfdpiy
igvos t`o now systod hnj noojs tg lo tgij ovoryt`fnc rochrjfnc. S`on gt`ors fn ygur
grchnfzhtfgn `hvo fssuos gr wguij ifbo suppgrt, t`fs ehn lo t`o fnnor porsgn tg trhvoi tg, t`o
’bngw-ft-hii—. Z`fs porsgn fs hjjftfgnhiiy usuhiiy t`o egnthet purpgso tgwhrjs t`o soiior, hnj ehn

 lo t`o prfdhry tg urco jhth rochrjfnc romhs`fgn ote.

:. Ihune` wft` h LHNC!

Z`o dhntrh mgr prgporty hconts fs igehtfgn  ―  igehtfgn

 igehtfgn ―  igehtfgn.
 igehtfgn. Mgr t`o prgaoet dhnhcor ft guc`t
tg lo dgtfvhtfgn  ―  dgtfvhtfgn
  dgtfvhtfgn  ―  dgtfvhtfgn.
 dgtfvhtfgn. Uoii ft Fntornhi prgdgtfnc fs usuhiiy unjorostfdhtoj,
`gwovor gneo fdpiodontfnc h ropiheodont E\D systod ygu wguij ifbo tg soii ft tg ygur
egiiohcuos. Dhbo h eggi hrtfeio gn ygur egdputor notwgrb, h pgstor, h spoefhi ihune` aorsoy,
fntornhi ihune` phrty ote. Ft jgosn‖t `hvo tg lo egdpoiioj tg prfeo h croht johi gm ehs`, `gwovor
gno t`fnc tg dhrb t`o ihune` hnj lufij ont`u sfhsd. Lut shjiy ygu ehn‖t rost gn ygur ihurois, ngw
t`o igllfnc sthrts. Shib hrgunj, hsb pogpio `gw ft‖s cgfnc hnj `oip t`od hignc.  

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 3

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

?. Fntornhi cufjoifnos

Hs dontfgnoj lomgro fn jfmmoront agurnhi pgsts gn t`fs wol sfto, h E\D systod fs sfdpiy protty
due` hs cggj loehuso t`o bngwiojco piheo fntg ft. Ft fs ossontfhi t`ht sgdo egddgn tfps hroh
unft sot. Mgr oxhdpio t`o why tg odlrheo now egdphny bngwiojco gr rocfstor h pure`hso. Fm
Zrfno, Utovon hnj Dhrfo hii rocfstor t`ofr shios wft`fn t`o E\D systod, lut Df e`hoi jgosn‖t, t`on
ft fs jfmmfeuit mgr t`o shios dhnhcor tg thbo gut egrroet shios sthtfstfes hnj eghe` `fs shios tohd
Hnj ft egnagfntiy dhbos ft tguc` mgr hre`hncoi tg trheo t`o crgups shios pfpoifno. Z`o cufjoifnos
guc`t tg lo wrftton jgwn hnj dhy lo prfntoj hs hn oxhdpio gn ygur egdputor notwgrb.

=. Zrhfnfnc

So hroh unft hii jfmmoront2 sgdo mgibs cot h bfeb gut gm h ropiheodont systod hnj locfn tg uso ft
qufebiy. Gt`ors eguij hisg lo sboptfehi tg h ropiheodont dot`gj gm gporhtfnc. Z`o prgaoet

dhnhcor guc`t tg `hvo dot`gjs tg `hnjio ohe` usor tohds. Vgu ehn soioet rggd eghe`fnc mrgd h
trhmmfebor, gr fm ygu'vo cgt hiigttoj hn oneigsoj supor-usor `o gr s`o wfii jg t`o eghe`fnc fn ygur
wgrbpiheo. Vgu s`guij hisg fneiujo hn fntrgjuetfgn tg ygur E\D systod wft`fn t`o fntornhi
ojuehtfgnhi prgcrhd mgr lrhnj sphnbfnc now wgrbors. Now wgrbors ehn t`on, mrgd t`o sthrt, cot
gn t`o rfc`t trheb.

3. Utrhtocy

S`on ygu fdpiodont h E\D systod ygur w`gio grchnfzhtfgn noojs tg ro-t`fnb hii rgutfnos hnj
ohe` fnjfvfjuhi noojs tg e`hnco t`ofr wgrb phttorn. Z`fs fs h e`hiionco hnj noojs h dot`gj tg
hjjross nochtfvo porspoetfvo gn hii iovois. Jospfto t`o vory mhet t`ht gvor t`o ihst ton yohrs ft's
 loon wrftton h igt hlgut E\D, eihrfmyfnc t`o s`fmt mrgd gniy h shios porspoetfvo tg h 5=;; vfow,
dhny pogpio stfii iggb ht E\D hs gniy h shios tggi.

Mgur e‖s gm eustgdor roihtfgns`fp dhnhcod

dhnhcodont
ont  

8. Eustgdors

Z`fs fs w`orovor ft sthrts wft`fn t`o gutsfjo-fn t`fnbfnc grchnfzhtfgn. Hiwhys sthrt wft` t`o
eustgdor‖s noojs, whnts hnj odgtfgns. Hsb `gwovor `o noojs tg mooi rochrjfnc `fdsoim sg styio
ygur egdpioto fntorhetfgns tg ovgbo t`gso odgtfgns.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 0

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

<. Egnnoetfgn

Z`o wguij ifbo mgr hssgefhtfgn fs t`ht t`o due` igvoj `udhn nooj. Fn grjor mgr ygur egdpioto
fntorhetfgns tg iohj tg h hssgefhtfgn, t`oy nooj tg lo rohi hnj hut`ontfe. Hlhnjgn t`o serfpts hnj
hisg t`o ruios t`ht jo`udhnfzo fntorhetfgns. Ehii eontro wgrbors hroh unft trhfnoj tg wgrb ifbo
rglgts sg wo `hvo h tonjoney tg hroh unft s`geboj gneo eustgdors `hto joefsfgn eontors.
Egnnoetfgn ehnngt `hppon w`fio ngt mooifnc hnj w`fio ngt dutuhi egdphssfgn.

5. Egiiohcuos

Z`fs fs w`ht t`o \ftz Ehritgn ehiis fts wgrbors  ―  t`o

  t`o wgrj wgrbors `hs loon fiiochi. Odpigyoos
t`ht sorvo eifonts hroh unft sue` hn fdpgrthnt fncrojfont gm t`o eustgdor oxportfso lofnc gno
hdgncst joifc`t gr jfshppgfntdont t`ht wo `hvo h tonjoney tg ehnngt fcngro t`ofr wguij ifbo mgr
hssgefhtfgn, hebngwiojcodont hnj he`fovfnc h why gm purpgso t`rguc` t`ofr sorvfeo tg t`o eifont.

Ly e`hsfnc sorvfeo vgiudos hnj hccrossfvo thrcots tg muimfii sorvfeo iovoi hcroodonts, t`o
egnnoetfgn fs gmton igst.

:. Ehro

Ug `gw jg wo dhbo lgt` Eustgdors hnj Egiiohcuos ehro hlgut ohe` gt`or hnj ehro hlgut gur
 lrhnj7 Z`fs fs w`orovor rohi, rodhrbhlio eustgdor oxporfoneos hro erohtoj. F loifovo t`fs ehro fs
he`fovoj t`rguc` h ehromuiiy josfcnoj euituro, suppgrtoj ly fnspfrhtfgnhi iohjors`fp hnj h
egnsthnt mgeus gn t`o noojs hnj josfros gm t`o eustgdor, ngt gniy wft` romoroneo tg sorvfeo
`gwovor egnagfntiy tg dhbo suro t`ht t`o egdpioto wgrt` prgpgsftfgn hs woii hs t`o dore`hnjfso
fs fneosshntiy serutfnfzoj tg dhbo suro ft egntfnuos tg muimfii t`o eustgdor‖s whnts. Ehro hisg
romors tg w`ht `hppons fn t`ht dgdont w`on t`fncs cg wrgnc. Vgu bngw t`oy'ii cot ft wrgnc, ygu
 aust gmton jgn‖t bngw w`on hnj w`g wfii lo t`o egiiohcuo w`g wfii lohr t`o lrunt gm hn hncry
eustgdor. Ft fs gur juty tg hitor hnj odpgwor gur mgibs tg crhsp t`o why tg hlsgrl t`o mury hnj
wfn t`o eontor gm t`ht hncry, wrgncoj sgui.

Hfds gm E\D

Z`o E\D dhy lo h now toe`nfquo fn prgdgtfnc w`orovor t`o dore`hnt trfos tg jovoigp ignc run
roihtfgns`fp wft` t`o s`gppors tg jovoigp t`od hs ifmo tfdo eustgdors. E\D hfds tg mgrd t`o

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 6

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

eifont eifdl up t`o ihjjor gm igyhity. Z`o egdphny mfrst trfos tg jotordfno w`g ifboiy prgspoets
hro. Z`o pogpio t`ht `hvo h pgwormui pgtontfhi fntorost wft`fn t`o prgjuet hnj thiont tg prgeuro ft.
Z`o egdphny `gpos tg egnvort sovorhi gm fts quhifmfoj prgspoet fntg fnftfhi tfdo eustgdors t`on tg
egnvort t`gso fnftfhi tfdo eustgdors fntg ropoht eustgdors. Z`on t`o egrpgrhto trfos tg egnvort

t`oso ropoht eustgdors fntg pure`hsors  ―  toy'ro

 toy'ro t`gso pogpio t`ht glthfn sgioiy mrgd t`o egrpgrhto
wft`fn t`o roiovhnt prgjuet eihssos. Z`o noxt e`hiionco mgr t`o egrpgrhto fs tg egnvort t`oso
egnsudor fntg hjvgehtos. Hjvgehtos squhro dohsuro t`gso pure`hsors S@G prhfso t`o egrpgrhto
hnj onegurhco gt`ors tg s`gp mgr mrgd ft. Z`o uitfdhto e`hiionco fs tg egnvort t`oso hjvgehtos
fntg phrtnors w`orovor t`o s`gppors hnj t`oromgro t`o pure`hsors wgrb hetfvoiy hignc tg cot whys
t`ht gm glthfnfnc dutuhi prgmft. Z`us fn E\D t`o boy pormgrdhneo mfcuro fsn't sfdpiy eurront
dhrbot s`hro `gwovor s`hro gm ifmo ngto vhiuo ly e`hncfnc eustgdors fntg phrtnors.

Glaoetfvos gm Eustgdor \oihtfgns`fp Dhnhcodont

8. Zg stujy t`o eurront prhetfeos gm E\D.

<. Zg mfnj gut t`o fdphet gm E\D gn t`o prgmfthlfifty gm t`o grchnfzhtfgn.

5. Zg stujy t`o mhetgrs hmmoetfnc t`o E\D

E\ D prhetfeos.

:. Zg stujy t`o rgio gm fnmgrdhtfgn toe`ngigcy fn E\D.

Zfps gm hjgptfnc eustgdor eontrfe hpprghe`

 
8. _nfmyfnc eustgdor ihncuhco
Ifbo hny syiihlio strueturo, ygu dust prophro t`o crgunjwgrb prgporiy. Eustgdor ihncuhco gr
oioetrgnfe egddunfehtfgn fs t`ht t`o mgunjhtfgn t`ht eifonts eontrfehiiy hpprghe` whs josfcnoj
gn. Fm t`o eifont fs t`ht t`o
t`o eontorpfoeo gm ygur strhtocy hnj hpprghe`, `o dust lo mrgd `fs mfrst
fntorhetfgn wft` ygur lrhnj hnj t`rguc`gut `fs egntfnuoj roihtfgns`fp. Fm ygur prgdgtfnc tohd
hnj ygur shios tohd squhro dohsuro spohbfnc egdpiotoiy jfmmoront ihncuhcos, t`o eustgdor wfii
mooi t`fs. _nfmy ygur oioetrgnfe egddunfehtfgn hnj unjorsthnj w`ht dosshco ygu wfs` tg sonj tg
ygur eustgdors.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 8;

 

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E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

<, ]gfeo gm t`o eustgdor hnhiysfs

hnhi ysfs

_njorsthnjfnc ygur eifonts‖ noojs hnj josfros fs gm t`o utdgst fdpgrthneo gneo sofzfnc h
eustgdor eontrfehi hpprghe`. Ft iots t`od unjorsthnj t`ht ygu aust squhro dohsuro ifstonfnc w`fe`
ygu'ro dhbfnc hn httodpt tg joifvor t`o sfdpiost eifont oxportfso pgtontfhi. ]gfeo gm t`o eifont
toe`ngigcy gmmors h ngvoi t`hnbs tg jotordfno w`ht ygur eustgdors squhro dohsuro sohre`fnc mgr
gneo fntorhetfnc tgcot`or wft` ygur egdphny hnj w`ht t`oy'ro dfssfnc. Ft onhlios lusfnossos tg
ohsfiy fjontfmy bngwiojco chps fn t`o eustgdor agurnoy, dhbfnc gptfdfzhtfgn h mhr ohsfor thsb.

5. Eustgdor survoys

Ugdotfdos t`o joifehto hpprghe` jgosn‖t yfoij t`o jhth ygu'ro sohre`fnc mgr hnj h h ig t gm jfroet
hpprghe` fs roqufroj. Ft `hs typfehiiy loon hmgrodontfgnoj t`ht fm ygu wfs` tg unjorsthnj gno
t`fnc, ygu s`guij aust hsb. Eustgdor survoys squhro dohsuro h suporl t`hnbs tg cot eifont

moojlheb hnj pionty gm lusfnossos squhro dohsuro eurrontiy hjgptfnc t`fs hpprghe`. Ft locfns ly
doroiy hsbfnc eustgdors lomgro gr mgrt`wft` mgiigwfnc Hssgefhto fn Nursfnc onchcodont fm
t`oy'ro wfiifnc tg phrtfefphto jurfnc h todpgrhry survoy. S`fio dhny pure`hsors vhiuo dgro
`fc`iy tg ngt phrtfefphto, t`oro squhro dohsuro t`gso t`ht jgn't `hvo hny fssuo cfvfnc ? dfnutos gm
t`ofr tfdo tg prgjueo moojlheb. Z`rguc` t`oso survoys grchnfzhtfgns squhro dohsuro hlio tg
cht`or spoefmfe fnmg gn t`o bfnj gm oxporfoneos eustgdors squhro dohsuro `hvfnc.

:. \o-jomfnfnc egdphny euituro

Sft` hii t`o tggis hvhfihlio tg us mgr dgnftgrfnc gur gwn eustgdors hnj rosohre`fnc gnegdfnc
tronjs, ft fs fnegneofvhlio t`ht wo ngt uso t`oso sgiutfgns fn `oipfnc us tg trhnsmgrd gur gwn
euituro fntg gno t`ht dhy httrhet now eustgdors hnj rothfn oxfstfnc gnos. Glvfgusiy, eifonts
squhro dohsuro sohre`fnc mgr h egrpgrhtfgn t`ht vhiuos t`ofr josfros sg h eustgdor eontrfehi
 p`figsgp`y dhy lo h sdhrt piheo tg locfn. Gneo ygur grchnfzhtfgn hjgpts t`fs eustgdor-mfrst
 p`figsgp`y, ft noojs tg lo h phrt gm ygur euituro gn ovory iovoi hnj ovory jophrtdont gm ygur
grchnfzhtfgn. Z`fs wfii dhbo suro t`ht ohe` fntorhetfgn h eifont `hs tgcot`or wft` ygur
grchnfzhtfgn fs romioetfvo gm t`o dosshco ygu wfs` tg sonj, w`ot`or ft `hppons wft` h suppgrt
hcont, hn hjvortfsodont, gr gn ygur grchnfzhtfgn‖s wolsfto.  

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 88

 

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E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Eustgdor-Eontrfe
Eustgdor-Eontrfe Iohjors`fp

Eustgdor-eontrfe onvfrgndont locfns wft` eustgdor-eontrfe iohjors`fp. Z`ht dohns, t`o iohjor fs
t`ht t`o gno S@G fs conorhtfnc t`o onorcy lo`fnj t`fs ehdphfcn. Z`oy prgjueo t`ht eontoroj

surrgunjfncs, w`fe` fn turn erohtos cggj eustgdor oxporfoneo.

8 .Lo ]fsflio1 Vgu nooj tg lo gn t`o mrgntifnos, fntormhefnc wft` ygur odpigyoos hnj ygur
eustgdors, gr ygu‖ii novor bngw w`ht t`oy whnt untfi ft‖s tgg ihto. 

<. Oxpross h [hssfgnhto Egddftdont tg Uorvo t`o Eustgdor1 Ft hii stods jgwn mrgd t`o tgp, sg
ygu dust sot t`o tgno hnj ygur odpigyoos wfii mgiigw, ospoefhiiy fm ygulheb t`od up hnj
 prgvfjos t`od t`o tggis t`oy `hvo tg try hnj jg t`ofr agls.

5. Vgur Odpigyoos/Zohd Hro Vgur Crohtost Hssot1 Vgu‖ro gniy hs cggj hs t`o pogpio hrgunj
ygu, sg `fro t`o lost hnj trhfn t`od hs noojoj.

:. @fro mgr Httftujo1 S`ht fs t`o rfc`t httftujo mgr ygu egdphny7 Jomfno ft, hnj `fro pogpio w`g
ox`flft ft. Lrhnsgn wfii ht ]frcfn, w`oro `o `fros pogpio wft` t`o pgsftfvo onorcy `o whnts tg soo
romioetoj fn hii egrnors gm `fs grchnfzhtfgn.

?. Odpgwor Vgur Odpigyoos/Zohd tg Dhbo Ovory Oxporfoneo Croht1 Z`ht dohns, heegrjfnc tg
Aonnfmor‖s ehso stujfos, hiigwfnc odpigyoos tg dhbo joefsfgns. Ovon fm sgdo squhro dohsuro
wrgnc hnj ygu whnt tg qufotiy stgp wgrbfnc w`on t`od.

=. Onchco Ugefhi Dojfh wft` h Conufno ]gfeo1 Vos, ovorygno fs gn sgefhi dojfh, lut ngt
ovorygno bngws `gw tg lost uso t`fs pgwormui pihtmgrd. Zgg dhny lusfnossos hro pgstfnc lgrfnc
 pross roiohsos. Z`oy nooj tg `hvo fntorhetfgn t`ofr hujfoneo wft` sfneorfty hnj todporhdont.

3. @hvo Mun1 Vos, hii t`fs fs `hrj wgrb. Lut fm ygu‖ro ngt hlio tg `hvo mun jgfnc ft, t`ht wfii s`gw
tg ygur eustgdors, hnj hii t`ht `hrj wgrb
wg rb wfii lo mgr nhuc`t hs ft wfii hppohr fnsfneoro.

@gw tg prgjueo h eifont-eontrfe hpprghe` fn eustgdor sorvfeo

Zg erohto h eustgdor-eontrfe hpprghe` wft`fn hn grchnfzhtfgn ft fs vfthi tg dhbo suro t`ht mrgnt-

ifno odpigyoos rohiiy hro ifstonfnc tg t`o eustgdor hnj w`y t`oy hro dhbfnc egnthet, rht`or t`hn

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 8<

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

 aust rospgnsfvo t`o quostfgn ht t`o cfvon purpgso fn tfdo. Gmton ft's aust tgg mhst hnj tgg
strhfc`tmgrwhrj tg hnswor t`o quostfgn t`hn tg rhfso t`o eifont sgdo gm fnqufsftgry quorfos sg hs tg
mfcuro gut w`orovor t`o fssuo gr jfsshtfsmhetfgn grfcfnhtoj mrgd. Fm ht t`fs 8st purpgso ovorylgjy
fs hwhro gm tg sood gn t`o mhr sfjo t`o quostfgn lofnc hsboj, prgliods ehn lo mfxoj ht t`o rggt, fn

turn hmmoetfnc mowor gt`or eustgdors, hnj egnsoquontiy rojuefnc muturo egnthets. Fm t`oso mrgnt-
ifno odpigyoos hro trhfnoj tg het hnj t`fnb t`fs why, t`on t`o moojlheb egiihtoj hnj t`o eustgdor-
eontrfe hspoets `oro wfii hiigw t`o tohd, jophrtdont hnj gvorhii grchnfzhtfgn tg lo sfcnfmfehntiy
hjjftfgnhi jynhdfe wft`fn t`o hpprghe` t`oy wgrb. _nsurprfsfnciy, moojlheb wfii hiwhys hiigw
ygu tg lo dgro rospgnsfvo tg w`ht eustgdors hro rohiiy t`fnbfnc, hnj fm usoj egrroetiy ehn `oip
ygu fdprgvo hrohs, thsbs gr prgeossos fddojfhtoiy. Uthrtfnc t`o eustgdor agurnoy Z`o eustgdor
sorvfeo gporhtfgn ftsoim `hs tg lo vory eiohr mrgd t`o sthrt `gw t`o eustgdor agurnoy s`guij lo
wgrbfnc hnj w`ht ygu whnt ygur eustgdors tg cot gut gm ft. Ovoryt`fnc ehn t`on lo erohtoj mrgd
t`o crgunj up wft` t`gso ignc-tord glaoetfvos fn dfnj, w`ot`or ft fs t`o prgeossos fn piheo gr t`o
trhfnfnc prgvfjoj. So ehn dontfgn eustgdor-eontrfefty, onchcodont hnj rotontfgn hii jhy, lut fn
t`o onj ft fs t`o odpigyoos w`g thib hnj egddunfehto dgst wft` t`o eustgdors w`g nooj t`o
trhfnfnc, hnj ft's t`oy _N hconey ehn thbo t`o egrpgrhto w`orovor ft josfros tg trhvoi. Jg ngt aust
jrhc t`od hignc, t`guc`. Boop t`od eontrhi tg hny e`hncos t`ht ygu aust hroh unft tryfnc tg piheo
fntg piheo, hnj fnvgivo t`od wft`fn t`o agurnoy t`ht ygu aust hroh unft tryfnc tg mgrd.

Cfvo ft tfdo

Fnftfhiiy ft's cgfnc tg hppohr h lft pgfntioss, w`fe` vory ifttio pgsftfvo fs roturnfnc mrgd ft,

`gwovor prgvfjos ft tfdo. Jg ngt try tg prgjueo h eifont agurnoy w`fio ngt fnvgivfnc t`o pogpio
_N hconey egddunfehto wft` t`od dgst hnj unjorsthnj t`od lost.

Hifcn eustgdor oxpoethtfgns wft` t`o eustgdor agurnoy

Z`o noxt stop wfii lo tg hifcn t`o eustgdor oxpoethtfgns wft` t`ht eustgdor agurnoy hnj t`o
 poreofvoj lrhnj gm t`o grchnfzhtfgn. Fn t`o onj, fm w`ht ygu whnt tg erohto jgos ngt dhte` t`o
eustgdor oxpoethtfgn gr `gw t`o grchnfzhtfgn whnts tg lo poreofvoj, t`on egnmusfgn wfii sot fn,
hnj fnjfvfjuhis hnj tohds wfii sthrt wgrbfnc fn jfmmoront jfroetfgns. [rosudfnc t`fs stumm hroh unft
hifcnoj, ygu hro ht h piheo w`oro ygu ehn sthrt lufijfnc t`ht gporhtfgn, lut lo ehromui ngt tg
hutgdhto tgg due` mrgd t`o sthrt. Hs wo tonj tg hii unjorsthnj, wft` t`o toe`ngigcy hvhfihlio

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E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

t`oso jhys, t`o munetfgns t`ht ehn lo erohtoj tg johi wft` sg dhny jfmmoront thsbs hro onjioss, lut
tg locfn wft`, try hnj boop ovoryt`fnc hs dhnuhi hs pgssflio. Jgfnc t`fs ehn prgjueo h joeont
egro eustgdor-eontrfe hpprghe` w`fio ngt tgg sovorhi systods, ropgrts gr prgeossos cottfnc fn t`o
why, dgst gm w`fe` ehn‖t rohiiy lo erohtoj untfi t`o eustgdors locfn roturnfnc t`rguc` hnj

 prgvfjfnc moojlheb hnywhy.Sft` t`o uso gm moojlheb, gneo t`o sorvfeo ygu hro prgvfjfnc fs
dhte`fnc eustgdor oxpoethtfgns hnj lrhnj poreoptfgns, t`on ygu ehn sthrt hutgdhtfnc

t`fncs tg boop ft egnsfstont.

Z`o mfnhi stop fs tg mgrd pgsftfvo t`ht t`o roqufroj egntrgis hnj jhth hroh unft fn sftu fn grjor t`ht
e`hncos wfii lo erohtoj gn h jhy-ly-jhy lhsfs. Fm oft`or t`o fnmg gr dhnhcodont vgcuo fs wrgnc
ht ngw, soioetfgns hro cgfnc tg lo erohtoj gn fnegrroet fnmgrdhtfgn gr todpgrhry sftuhtfgns, t`ht
sueeossfvoiy ehn sgioiy lo jhdhcfnc fn t`o ignc tord.

Utruccifnc wft` eustgdor onchcodont hnj rotontfgn7

Eustgdor onchcodont hnj rotontfgn egdos lheb tg t`o fnftfhi purpgso gm vory thbfnc ngto gm ygur
eustgdors, hnj mrgd t`ht whte`fnc w`ht prfeo t`o egnthet eontro vory wfii hjj, oft`or jfroetiy, gr
t`rguc` prgvfsfgn hitornhtfvo hrohs ifbo prgdgtfnc wft` t`o roqufroj jhth tg mgrd ehdphfcns.
Z`oro hro nudorgus hitornhtfvo whys tg `hvo fntorhetfgn hnj egddunfehto hignc wft` ygur
eustgdors ihtoiy, w`ot`or t`rguc` toe`ngigcy, fn-`guso systods gr sgefhi dojfh. Z`o egnthet
eontor vory gmton `hs dgro vgfeos t`hn hny gt`or jophrtdont fn t`o grchnfzhtfgn, hnj ft fs mgr
t`od, t`rguc` w`htovor dohns, tg lo t`o vgfeo gm t`o eustgdor.

_sfnc sgefhi dojfh

Z`rguc` sgefhi dojfh gr dglfio toe`ngigcy ft‖s vory ohsy ihtoiy tg sthy jhth up t`us mhr. S`ot`or  
 ly pgstfnc gn piheos ifbo Zwfttor, gr gn h ligc gr wolsfto, ft fs vfthi tg boop ygur eustgdors
fnmgrdoj, hnj t`o dgro ygu boop t`od fnmgrdoj, t`o ohsfor ifmo fs mgr t`od, hnj egnsoquontiy t`o
dgro onchcoj t`oy hro. Ugefhi dojfh sftos ifbo Mheolggb ovon `hvo t`fs hjvhnthco hs tohds wfii
 lo erohtoj sfdpiy, sg ngt gniy ehn ygu boop ovorygno fnmgrdoj, lut ygu ehn ngw mgeus gn t`o
dgst roiovhnt. Iggb w`ht nudlor tgthiiy jfmmoront tohds t`oro hroh unft gut t`oro gn Mheolggb.
Z`oro hro crgups gn `gifjhys, eguntrfos, spgrts, mggj, hnj wfno, hnj nohriy ovory sfncio gno gm
t`od whs erohtoj ly hn fnjfvfjuhi rht`or t`hn hn grchnfzhtfgn. Gniy ihttoriy `hvo sovorhi

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 8:

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

egrpgrhtfgns lochn tg soo t`o hjvhnthco gm dhbfnc t`oso dfnf egddunftfos, hnj yot `hj t`oy
jgno ft lomgro hnygno oiso, t`gso egddunftfos eguij `hvo loegdo phrt gm t`o oxportfso, sorvfeo
hnj piohsuro, w`fe` fs phrthbfnc.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 8?

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

E@H[ZO\4<

FNJ_UZ\V [\GMFIO

<.8 FNZ\GJ_EZFGN 

Z`o mfrst Fnjfhn p`hrdheoutfehi egdphny, Lonchi E`odfehis hnj [`hrdheoutfehi Sgrbs, w`fe`
stfii oxfsts tgjhy hs gno gm ? cgvorndont-gwnoj jruc dhnumheturors, hppohroj fn Ehieutth fn
865;. Z`oso mfvo pulife soetgr jruc-dhnumheturfnc unfts unjor t`o Dfnfstry gm E`odfehis hnj
Mortfifzors hro1 Fnjfhn Jrucs hnj [`hrdheoutfehi Ifdftoj (FJ[I), @fnjusthn Hntflfgtfes Ifdftoj
(@HI), Lonchi Fddunfty Ifdftoj (LFI), Lonchi E`odfehis hnj [`hrdheoutfehi Ifdftoj (LE[I)
hnj Udft` Uthnfstroot [`hrdheoutfehi Ifdftoj (UU[I). Fn hjjftfgn, t`oro hro h nudlor gm
 p`hrdheoutfehi dhnumheturfnc unfts unjor t`o egntrgi gm sthto cgvorndonts sue` hs Cgh

Hntflfgtfes Itj. hnj Bhrnhthbh Hntflfgtfes Itj. Mgr t`o noxt =; yohrs, dgst gm t`o jrucs fn Fnjfh
woro fdpgrtoj ly duitfnhtfgnhis oft`or fn muiiy-mgrduihtoj gr luib mgrd. Z`oro hro <:,;;;
ifeonsoj p`hrdheoutfehi egdphnfos. Gm t`o :=? luib jrucs usoj fn Fnjfh, hpprgxfdhtoiy :<? hro
dhnumheturoj `oro. Fnjfh `hs dgro jrucdhnumheturfnc mhefiftfos t`ht `hvo loon hpprgvoj ly t`o
_.U. Mggj hnj Jruc Hjdfnfstrhtfgn t`hn hny eguntry gt`or t`hn t`o _U. Fnjfhn conorfes
egdphnfos suppiy 0:% gm t`o HFJU jrucs t`ht Jgetgrs wft`gut Lgrjors usos tg troht =;,;;;
 phtfonts fn dgro t`hn 5; eguntrfos.

Z`o Fnjfhn p`hrdheoutfehi fnjustry eurrontiy tgps t`o e`hrt hdgncst Fnjfh's sefoneo-lhsoj

fnjustrfos wft` wfjo rhncfnc ehphlfiftfos fn t`o egdpiox mfoij gm jruc dhnumheturo hnj
toe`ngigcy. H `fc`iy grchnfzoj soetgr, t`o Fnjfhn p`hrdheoutfehi fnjustry fs ostfdhtoj tg lo
wgrt` $ = lfiifgn, crgwfnc

ht hlgut 8; poreont hnnuhiiy. Ft rhnbs vory `fc` hdgncst hii t`o t`fr
t`frj
j wgrij eguntrfos, fn tords
tords gm
toe`ngigcy, quhifty hnj t`o vhst rhnco gm dojfefnos t`ht hro dhnumheturoj. Ft rhncos mrgd sfdpio
`ohjhe`o pfiis tg sgp`fstfehtoj hntflfgtfes hnj egdpiox ehrjfhe egdpgunjs2 hidgst ovory typo gm
dojfefno fs ngw dhjo fn t`o Fnjfhn p`hrdheoutfehi fnjustry.

Z`o Fnjfhn p`hrdheoutfehi soetgr `hs oxphnjoj jrhstfehiiy fn t`o ihst twg joehjos. Z`o
[`hrdheoutfehi fnjustry fn Fnjfh fs hn oxtrodoiy mrhcdontoj dhrbot wft` sovoro prfeo

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 8=

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

egdpotftfgn hnj cgvorndont prfeo egntrgi. Z`o [`hrdheoutfehi fnjustry fn Fnjfh doots hrgunj
6;% gm t`o eguntry's jodhnj mgr luib jrucs, jruc fntordojfhtos, p`hrdheoutfehi mgrduihtfgns,
e`odfehis, thliots, ehpsuios, grhis hnj fnaoethlios. Z`oro hro hpprgxfdhtoiy 5;; lfc hnj dojfud
sehio [`hrdheoutfehi egdphnfos hnj hlgut 0;;; Udhii sehio unfts, w`fe` mgrd t`o egro gm t`o

 p`hrdheoutfehi fnjustry fn Fnjfh

HJ]HNZHCO FNJFH

Hs rochrjs t`o p`hrdheoutfehi dhrbotfnc fn t`o wgrij, Fnjfh fs loegdfnc gno gm t`o mrgnt runnor
jostfnhtfgns loehuso gm fts soegnj ihrcost pgpuihtfgn fn t`o wgrij, t`o pheo gm jovoigpdont gm fts
oegngdy, hjgptfgn gm toe`ngigcfehi hjvhneodonts, oegngdfehi dojfehi trohtdont egst hnj hisg
hvhfihlfifty gm wgrij rongwnoj p`ysfefhn‖s ote. Mgiigwfnc hro t`o hjvhnthcos gm Fnjfhn
@ohit`ehro Ueonhrfg1

8. Egdpotont wgrbmgreo1 Fnjfh pgssossos h sbfiimui wgrb mgreo wft` `fc` dhnhcorfhi hnj
toe`nfehi egdpotoneo.

<. Egst-ommoetfvo e`odfehi synt`osfs1

synt`osfs1 Z`o trheb roegrj mgr jovoigpdont, phrtfeuihriy fn t`o hroh
gm fdprgvoj egst-lonomfefhi e`odfehi synt`osfs mgr vhrfgus jruc dgioeuios fs oxeoiiont.

5. Iochi hnj Mfnhnefhi Mrhdowgrb1 Fnjfh fs h jodgerhtfe eguntry wft` h sgifj iochi mrhdowgrb
hnj strgnc mfnhnefhi dhrbots. Z`oro fs hirohjy hn osthlifs`oj fntornhtfgnhi fnjustry hnj lusfnoss
egddunfty.

:. Fnmgrdhtfgn hnj Zoe`ngigcy1 Ft `hs h cggj notwgrb gm wgrij-eihss ojuehtfgnhi fnstftutfgns hnj
osthlifs`oj stronct`s fn Fnmgrdhtfgn Zoe`ngigcy.

?. Ciglhifzhtfgn1 Z`o eguntry fs egddfttoj tg h mroo dhrbot oegngdy hnj ciglhifzhtfgn. Hlgvo
hii, ft `hs h 3; dfiifgn dfjjio eihss dhrbot, w`fe` fs egnsthntiy crgwfnc.

Dojfehi Zgurfsd

Z`o egneopt gm dojfehi tgurfsd fs hn hco gij egneopt. Fn t`fs jfcfthi orh, `him h dfiifgn pogpio
trhvoi hergss t`o ciglo mgr `ohit` purpgsos. [ogpio mrgd jovoigpoj hnj hmmiuont eguntrfos hro

dgvfnc gut gm t`ofr gwn eguntrfos tg gt`or jostfnhtfgns, soobfnc sgiftujo, nhturhi hnj `gifstfe

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 83

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

rodojfos hnj oeg mrfonjiy oxporfoneos. Dojfehi Zgurfsd fs gno sue` now hroh t`ht fs rfpo wft`
 pgtontfhi.

ℬ Dojfehi trhvoi1 S`on hn fnjfvfjuhi trhvoi hergss t`o lgrjor hnj gutsfjo gno‖s eustgdhry
onvfrgndont tg soob `ohit`ehro sorvfeos. ℬ

Dojfehi tgurfst1 _pgn hrrfvhi, sue` hn fnjfvfjuhi fs ehiioj h dojfehi tgurfst. ℬ  

Dojfehi Zgurfsd1 Zrhvoifnc tg h jostfnhtfgn fn hngt`or eguntry tg roeofvo dojfehi, jonthi hnj
surcfehi ehro loehuso t`o jostfnhtfgn onhlios lottor heeoss tg ehro, prgvfjos `fc`or quhifty ehro gr
gmmors t`o shdo trohtdont ht h dgro hmmgrjhlio prfeo.

`gspfthis Lost mgr dojfehi tgurfsd fn Fnjfh1 Z`o ifst fs ngt ox`hustfvo lut fiiustrhtfvo.

8) Hpgiig @gspfthi, E`onnhf

<) Fnjrhprhs`th Hpgiig @gspfthis, Now Joi`f

5) Osegrts `ohrt Fnstftuto hnj \osohre` Eontro, Now Joi`f

:) Dhx Uupor Upoefhity @gspfthi, Now Joi`f

?) Sgeb`hrjt @gspfthi hnj Bfjnoy Fnstftuto, Bgibhth

Fnjfh‖s stronct`s fn Dojfehi Zgurfsd

ℬ Fnjfhn dojfehi eontors prgvfjo sorvfeos t`ht hro fn mhet unegddgn oisow`oro.

ℬ Sgrij-eihss trohtdont ht egdpotftfvo prfeos fs hvhfihlio.

ℬ Hvhfihlfifty gm sbfiis, bngwiojco hnj rosgureos.

ℬ  Fnjfh‖s quhifty gm ehro fs wgrij eihss, egdpotfnc wft` hny gt`or fnjustrfhifzoj

eguntry.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 80

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

8. Fnjfhnfsd1 Sft` Hyurvojh loegdfnc fnerohsfnciy pgpuihr hergss t`o ciglo, t`fs hnefont Fnjfhn
t`orhpy ehn lo usoj hs h ngn-surcfehi trohtdont mgr vhrfgus hfidonts hignc wft` t`o dojfthtfgn
hnj ygch. Z`fs cfvos t`o tgue` gm Fnjfhnfsd tg t`o trohtdont.

<. Z`o jfvorsfty gm tgurfst jostfnhtfgns hvhfihlfifty1 Iofsuro tgurfsd fs hirohjy vory due` fn
jodhnj fn Fnjfh hs t`o eguntry gmmors jfvorso euiturhi hnj seonfe lohuty. Fnjfh `hs hidgst hii sgrt
gm jostfnhtfgns ifbo `fc` dgunthfns, vhst josorts, seonfe lohe`os, `fstgrfehi dgnudonts, hnj
roifcfgus todpios, ote. bngwn mgr fts `gspfthifty mgr tgurfsts.

J\F]FNC OEGNGDFE C\GSZ@ HNJ CIGLHI EGD[OZFZF]ONOUU

[`\DH dodlor egdphnfos fnvostoj hn ostfdhtoj $?0.0 lfiifgn fn \&J fn <;8?, roprosontfnc
t`o dhagrfty gm hii lfgp`hrdheoutfehi \&J sponjfnc fn t`o _nftoj Uthtos (soo Mfcuro 88).<,5 Fn
mhet, t`o soetgr heegunts mgr t`o sfncio ihrcost s`hro gm hii _U lusfnoss \&J, heeguntfnc mgr

hpprgxfdhtoiy 83% gm hii \&J sponjfnc ly

l y _U lusfnossos.

\oihtfvo tg gt`or dhnumheturfnc fnjustrfos, t`o lfgp`hrdheoutfehi fnjustry fnvosts 8< tfdos dgro
fn \&J por odpigyoo hnj `hj t`o `fc`ost crgwt` rhto fn \&J fnvostdont (<?%) hergss hii
dhnumheturfnc fnjustrfos lotwoon <;;; hnj <;8<.?

 Ngt gniy hro t`o sfcnfmfehnt fnvostdonts gm t`o _U lfgp`hrdheoutfehi soetgr lrfncfnc now
dojfefnos tg phtfonts, lut t`oy hro muoifnc trodonjgus egntrflutfgns tg t`o _U oegngdy. Z`o
 lfgp`hrdheoutfehi fnjustry puts jgwn rggts fn egddunftfos hergss t`o eguntry, erohtfnc
`fc`quhifty, `fc`-whco \&J hnj dhnumheturfnc agls t`ht conorhto h pgwormui duitfpifor ommoet
hergss t`o _U oegngdy. Zgjhy, t`o fnjustry odpigys nohriy 0?:,;;; wgrbors hnj suppgrts dgro
t`hn :.: dfiifgn agls hergss t`o eguntry. Ohe` agl ht h lfgp`hrdheoutfehi rosohre` egdphny
suppgrts dgro t`hn mgur hjjftfgnhi agls hergss t`o _U oegngdy,

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 86

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

G]O\]FOS GM Z@O \&J [\GEOUU

Hit`guc` dfiifgns gm pgtontfhi jruc ehnjfjhtos dhy lo seroonoj hnj hssossoj ohriy fn t`o \&J
 prgeoss, dhny egdpgunjs uitfdhtoiy mhfi tg dhbo ft t`rguc` t`o \&J pfpoifno. Ehnjfjhto
dojfefnos dust nhvfchto h ionct`y, egdpifehtoj, duitfstop prgeoss lomgro lofnc hpprgvoj ly t`o
MJH hnj joifvoroj tg phtfonts. Hnj t`o agurnoy jgos ngt onj wft` MJH hpprgvhi2 gncgfnc
rosohre` hnj jhth egiioetfgn, hs t`o dojfefno fs usoj fn h eifnfehi sottfnc hnj oxhdfnoj fn hny
roqufroj pgst-hpprgvhi stujfos, wfii egntfnuo tg prgvfjo.

Fnngvhtfvo lfgp`hrdheoutfehi egdphnfos hro fnerohsfnciy fnegrpgrhtfnc t`o phtfont porspoetfvo

fntg hii sthcos gm jruc jovoigpdont, fneiujfnc phtfont fnsfc`ts gn t`ofr jfsohsos, sydptgds, hnj
trohtdont gptfgns. Mfnjfnc whys tg fnegrpgrhto h rglust, sefoneo-lhsoj unjorsthnjfnc gm phtfont
 porspoetfvos fntg joefsfgns t`ht prgdgto fnngvhtfgn hnj ox
oxpojfto
pojfto jruc jovoigpdont fs loegdfnc
h erftfehi mgeus gm t`o \&J prgeoss..

Hdorfeh‖s fnngvhtfvo lfgp`hrdheoutfehi egdphnfos hro t`o `ohrt gm h jynhdfe \&J oegsystod
t`ht fneiujos hehjodfe rosohre`ors, t`o Nhtfgnhi Fnstftutos gm @ohit` (NF@), t`o MJH, ngnprgmft
 phtfont hnj jfsohso crgups, eifnfehi rosohre` grchnfzhtfgns, eifnfehi trfhi eontors, `ohit` ehro
 prgvfjors, vonturo hnj gt`or prfvhto ehpfthi fnvostgrs, hdgnc gt`ors.

Ot`fehi Dhrbotfnc

Ot`fehi dhrbotfnc fs hn `gnost hnj mhetuhi roprosonthtfgn gm h prgjuet, joifvoroj fn h mrhdowgrb

gm euiturhi hnj sgefhi vhiuos mgr t`o egnsudor. Ft prgdgtos quhifthtfvo lonomfts tg fts eustgdors,
w`fe` gt`or sfdfihr egdphnfos, prgjuets gr sorvfeos mhfi tg roegcnfzo.

Ot`fehi dhrbotfnc mrhdos dosshcos fn h why t`ht t`o egnsudor fjontfmfos wft`. Ft onegurhcos
egdphnfos tg fntocrhto euiturhi, sgefhi, oegngdfe hnj onvfrgndonthi vhiuos fntg t`ofr euituro,
strhtocy hnj hetfgns, hnj rofnmgreos t`o pgsftfvo vhiuos gm t`o lrhnj, erohtfnc h strgnc ‐eftfzo n
 lrhnj‖. Z`fs fs hii jgno gn h vgiunthry lhsfs, hnj fs conorhiiy hn gmmorfnc hlgvo hnj loygnj
sthtutgry roqufrodonts.

Z`rguc` t`o ommoetfvo uso gm ot`fehi dhrbotfnc hnj egrpgrhto sgefhi rospgnsflfifty, egdphnfos
hro hlio tg pgsftfvoiy egntrfluto tg sgefoty hnj dhnhco t`o onvfrgndonthi fdphet gm t`ofr

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco <;

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

grchnfzhtfgn, w`fist dhfnthfnfnc hnj ovon crgwfnc t`o egntrflutfgn tg t`ofr lgttgd ifno. Ft ehn
`hvo jfroet lonomfts gn lusfnossos hnj ehn `oip soeuro ignc-tord egdpotftfvonoss.

Ot`fehi dhrbotfnc fn [`hrdheoutfehi egdphnfos s`guij glsorvo mgiigwfnc cufjoifnos1

[rgdgtfgnhi prhetfeos dust lo egnsfstont wft` phtfonts' lonomft, dust lo ot`fehi hnj dust lo fn
cggj thsto.

8. Fnmgrdhtfgn prgvfjoj dust thbo heegunt gm eustgdor noojs hnj dust lo lhsoj gn prgjuet
fnmgrdhtfgn hs ft `hs loon hpprgvoj ly t`o igehi hut`grfty, jorfvoj mrgd t`o hpprgvoj Lhsfe
[rgjuet Fnmgrdhtfgn.

<. Ovont spgnsgrs`fp dust lo eiohriy jfseigsoj hnj t`o prfdhry glaoetfvo gm h dootfnc dust lo
sefontfmfe fn nhturo.

5. @gspfthifty dust lo hpprgprfhto, fn cggj thsto egnsfstont wft` igehi prhetfeos hnj soegnjhry tg
t`o dhfn purpgso gm t`o dootfnc.

:. Cfmts dust lo dgjost

dgjost hnj roiovhnt tg t`o prhetfeo gm dojfefno.

?. [orsgnhi fneontfvos tg proserflo hro prg`flftoj.

=. Uhdpios dust lo `hnjioj wft` t`o prfdo glaoetfvo gm mhdfifhrfzfnc

mhdfifhrfzfnc t`o eustgdor.

3. Uhios roprosonthtfvos dust `hvo hpprgprfhto trhfnfnc hnj prgjuet bngwiojco.

JO]OIG[DONZ GM FNJFH‖U [@H\DHEO_ZFEHI FNJ_UZ\V

_p untfi t`o 863;s, Fnjfh‖s p`hrdheoutfehi dhrbot whs dhfniy suppifoj ly ihrco fntornhtfgnhi
egrpgrhtfgns. Gniy oegngdfehi luib jrucs woro prgjueoj jgdostfehiiy ly sthto-gwnoj
egdphnfos mgunjoj fn t`o 86?;s hnj =;s wft` t`o `oip gm t`o Sgrij @ohit` Grchnfzhtfgn
(S@G). Z`oso sthto-run mfrds prgvfjoj t`o mg unjhtfgn mgr t`o soetgr‖s crgwt` sfneo t`o 863;s.
Lheb t`on, Fnjfhn cgvorndont hfdoj tg rojueo t`o eguntry‖s strgnc joponjoneo gn
 p`hrdheoutfehi fdpgrts ly mioxflio phtont iocfsihtfgn hnj tg erohto h soimroifhnt soetgr. Fn
hjjftfgn, ft fntrgjueoj `fc` thrfmms hnj ifdfts gn fdpgrtoj dojfefnos hnj jodhnjoj t`ht mgrofcn

 p`hrdheoutfehi egdphnfos rojueo t`ofr s`hros fn t`ofr Fnjfhn sulsfjfhrfos tg twg-mfmt`s.

twg-mfmt`s.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco <8

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

  Ihrco Dhrbot U`hro mgr Conorfe Jrucs

Hs t`oro whs ng ommfefont phtont prgtoetfgn lotwoon 863; hnj <;;?, dhny Fnjfhn jruc prgjueors
egpfoj oxponsfvo grfcfnhi prophrhtfgns ly mgrofcn mfrds hnj prgjueoj t`oso conorfes ly dohns gm
hitornhtfvo prgjuetfgn prgeojuros. Z`fs prgvoj dgro egst-ommfefont t`hn t`o oxponsfvo
jovoigpdont gm grfcfnhi prophrhtfgns hs ng munjs woro roqufroj mgr rosohre`, w`fe` egnthfnoj t`o
mfnhnefhi rfsbs. Z`fs sponjfnc dhy egdo tg hs due` hs O_\ =;; d mgr gniy gno jruc. Z`fs bfnj
gm dgnoy eguij provfgusiy gniy lo rhfsoj ly ihrco egrpgrhtfgns fn t`o fnjustrfhi eguntrfos.

  Oxpgrts gm [`hrdheoutfehi [rgjuets

Fn <;;=, Fnjfh‖s p`hrdheoutfehi

p`hrdheoutfehi fnjustry oxpgrtoj prgjuets wgrt` O_\ 5 ln, up mrgd gniy O_\
=?; d fn 866=, w`fe` whs juo tg t`o mhet t`ht jodhnj mgr igw-egst conorfe jrucs fs strgnciy gn
t`o rfso, hlgvo hii fn t`o _U, Ourgpo hnj Ahphn. Ht <<%, oxpgrt crgwt` fn <;;= whs ovon twfeo

hs `fc` hs t`o ciglhi hvorhco hnj fn Cordhny (rguc`iy 88% ohe`). Dohnw`fio, Fnjfh‖s oxpgrt
rhtfg `hs rohe`oj 5<% hlgut jgulio t`o mfcuro rocfstoroj ton yohrs hcg. Mgr sgdo tfdo ngw,
Fnjfh `hs oxpgrtoj dgro p`hrdheoutfehi prgjuets t`hn ft fdpgrts. Gvor t`o ihst ton yohrs, t`o
oxpgrt surpius `hs rfson mrgd hlgut O_\ 53; d tg eurrontiy aust unjor O_\ < ln. Uifc`tiy gvor
0;% gm t`o jrucs hro sgij tg t`o _U hnj Ourgpo, w`oro Fnjfhn egdphnfos hro lonomftfnc mrgd t`o
 pgpuihtfgn‖s pure`hsfnc pgwor hs woii hs rocuihtgry e`hncos (crohtor egst-egnsefgusnoss).

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco <<

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

EGD[HNV [\GMFIO

<.< FNZ\GJ_EZFGN

E@G_\U IHLU IFDFZOJ2 HN G]O\]FOS

E`grus Ihls whs fneoptoj fn <;;6, wft` h eiohr vfsfgn tg dhstor H[F dhnumheturfnc. Z`o
egdphny fs mgrhyfnc hccrossfvoiy fn tg t`o p`hrdh dhrbot fn jovoigpfnc hnj egddorefhifzfnc
 prgjuets w`fio ehtorfnc tg h vhrfoty gm t`orhpoutfe
t`o rhpoutfe ehtocgrfos. Zruo tg fts dfssfgn t`ht opftgdfzos
tohd wgrb hnj strgnc oxportfso, t`o egdphny fs dhbfnc fts prosoneo moit, lgt` nhtfgnhiiy hnj
fntornhtfgnhiiy tgwhrjs erohtfnc h `ohit`y sgefoty.

Egupioj wft` hn fnsfc`t fn tg fts egro egdpotonefos hnj h strgnc mgrosfc`t gn t`o eurront tronjs,
E`grus Ihls fs rhrfnc tg loegdo h roifhlio hnj strgnc pihyor ly fnvostfnc fn fts \osohre` hnj
jovoigpdont, Dhnumheturfnc Ehphlfiftfos, @udhn \osgureos hnj woii osthlifs`oj quhifty
dhnhcodont systods. Fts ifst gm eifontoio t`ht sprohjs hergss t`o ciglo hnj strgnc lggbs oe`g fts
muii-miojcoj dhrbotfnc ehphlfiftfos.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco <5

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Mgunjor 

Dr. L. Nhrhsh \ojjy, t`o sgui hnj `ohrt lo`fnj E`grus Ihls, fs h porsgn w`g egdos fn wft`
ighjs gm oxportfso. Hisg t`o lrhfn lo`fnj E`grus Ihls, `o sthrtoj t`o egdphny lhsfnc ft gn `fs

fddonso stronct` chfnoj mrgd t`o oxporfoneo gm runnfnc h ihlgrhtgry t`ht whs fnstrudonthi fn
jovoigpfnc hnj egddorefhifzfnc prgeossos mgr sovorhi H[Fs.

Uthrtoj wft` h strgnc phssfgn tg jrfvo t`o egdphny tg lo roegcnfzoj hs hn hccrossfvo egdphny,
`o `hs lufit h euituro t`ht oxodpifmfos t`fs vfsfgn fn t`o egdphny's stronct` gm \&J hnj
dhnumheturfnc. @o sthrtoj h egdphny wft` jomfnfto hjvhnthcos fn tords gm egst hnj e`odfstry
wft` h strgnc odp`hsfs gn quhifty gm t`o prgjuets. @fs unjyfnc httftujo tg oxeoi `hs soon t`o
egdphny jovoigp prgeossos mgr sovorhi prgjuets ht roihtfvoiy igw egst, t`us dhbfnc sovorhi
ifmoshvfnc jrucs hmmgrjhlio.

Mgr t`o egdphny, `o fs h truo fnspfrhtfgn hnj dgtfvhtfgn. Z`o egdphny iggbs up tg t`fs iohjor fn
wgrbfnc tgwhrjs he`fovfnc t`o grchnfzhtfgnhi cghis.

]fsfgn & ]hiuos

E`grus Ihls vhiuos fts pgsftfgn wft`fn t`o p`hrdheoutfehi egdphny lusfnoss hs HN hccrossfvo
 pihyor ht h wgrijwfjo iovoi hnj hppohrs ht nhturhi hetfgn fts pgsftfgn fn hetfvfty conorfes,
egdlfnfnc dhtorfhi pgssossfgn hnj strgnc `udhn rosgureo fnputs. Z`o egdphny vhiuos sgefhi
rospgnsflfiftfos roihtoj tg mfrds wft`fn t`o p`hrdheoutfehi egdphny lusfnoss hnj fts fdpgrthneo

fn rohe`fnc `fc`or hithrs. Eustgdor-mgeus, unjorsthnjfnc t`o roqufrodonts gm t`o oeg-systod hnj
joifvorfnc t`o prgjuets ht t`o rfc`t pheo fs h egro vhiuo gm t`o egdphny. E`grus Ihls vhiuos fts
fnjfvfjuhis hnj egnsfjors ft loehuso t`o egro gm hii fts sueeoss. Z`o egdphny egntfnugusiy
fnvosts fn t`ofr ehphlfiftfos hnj loifovos fn `gnfnc t`o sbfiis gm fts odpigyoos tg rohe` t`o
 pfnnheio gm sueeoss. Z`o egdphny loifovos fn egntfnugus hnhiysfs hnj fdprgvodont t`ht iohjs tg
rowgrbfnc t`o grchnfzhtfgn fntg h wgrijwfjo mgreo tg roebgn wft`. E`grus onvfsfgns ftsoim h
dot`gj jrfvon egdphny wft` h phssfgn tg jovoigp prgjuet t`ht hr oeg-mrfonjiy. Z`o egdphny
dhbos egnsefgus ommgrts tg onsuro t`ht ngno gm
g m fts prgeossos jfsturl t`o oegigcfehi `hrdgny.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco <:

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Dfssfgn

E`grus‖s dfssfgn fs tg lo h ciglhi pihyor fn t`o p`hrdh wgrij ly jopigyfnc prgeossos t`ht hro fn
heegrjhneo wft` t`o roqufrodonts gm `ohit`ehro. Fdlflfnc t`o p`figsgp`y gm lofnc heutoiy hwhro
tg ohe`, fts sthbo`gijor hnj t`o sgefhi egddunfty, t`o egdphny fs jrfvon ly fts zohi tg lottor fts
rosohre` hnj dhnumheturfnc ehphlfiftfos. Zgjhy, ft‖s h roputhtfgn t`ht opftgdfzos oxortfgns,
oxporfoneo hnj sueeoss. H ygunc egdphny t`ht's erohtfnc fts prosoneo moit hnj erohtfnc fts
 prosoneo fn nhtfgnwfjo hnj fntornhtfgnhiiy. Fnvgivoj fn t`o dhnumheturfnc gm hetfvo
 p`hrdheoutfehi fncrojfonts, E`grus Ihls fs gno gm fts bfnjs gm t`o vory mow egdphnfos w`fe`
`hvo loon hlio tg ehrvo h nfe`o fn t`o p`hrdheoutfehi lusfnoss cfvon t`fs sthto gm hmmhfrs
w`orovor ft noojs h rfc`t dfx gm fntoiioetuhi stronct`, egro egdpotonefos hnj hn oxpifeft mgrosfc`t
mgr t`o igncor tord.

Dhnumheturfnc
Dhnumheturfnc Mhefifty
E`grus Ihls H[F Mhefifty fs h sthto-gm-t`o-hrt mhefifty josfcnoj tg doot t`o ciglhi sthnjhrjs mgr
hny H[F Mhefifty. Erhmtoj hnj egntguroj tg doot t`o roqufrodonts gm t`o ovor-crgwfnc gm
dhnumheturfnc hn hrrhy gm H[Fs, E`grus Ihls fs rovgiutfgnfzfnc t`o egneopt gm H[F dhnumheturo.
E`grus's prgjuetfgn ehphlfiftfos hro s`gwehsoj ly fts hlfifty tg fnsthii pihnt, oqufpdont, systods
hnj porsgnnoi t`ht pgrtrhy t`o lost fn t`o Fnjfhn p`hrdheoutfehi fnjustry. Z`o tohds ht gur
mhefiftfos hro oqufppoj wft` euttfnc-ojco toe`ngigcy t`ht onsuros sohdioss jovoigpdont,
egddorefhifzhtfgn hnj joifvory gm ihtost Fntordojfhto hnj Hetfvo [`hrdheoutfehi Fncrojfonts

hergss t`o ciglo. Gur pihnt hj`oros tg t`o dgst strfncont CD[ cufjoifnos hnj mhefifthtos pfigt hnj
ihrco sehio prgjuetfgn. Hn he`fovodont t`ht hiigws us tg joifvor h spoetrud gm H[Fs t`ht lghsts
gm fntornhtfgnhi sthnjhrjs hnj fntordojfhto e`odfehis mgr jfvorso `ohit`ehro hppifehtfgns.

\osohre` hnj Jovoigpdont

\osohre` hnj Jovoigpdont `hs hnj hiwhys wfii lo gm phrhdgunt fdpgrthneo tg E`grus Ihls.
Z`oro fs h cggj strgnc rohsgn mgr t`fs odp`hsfs. So whntoj tg onsuro t`ht t`o prgeossos lofnc
fdpiodontoj mgr t`o prgjuets hro egst ommoetfvo, shmo hnj soeuro hnj egdo wft` hn gptfdud
hjvhnthco tg lo fn heegrjhneo wft` gur cghis fn tords gm quhifty hnj quhntfty. Sft` h strgnc
mgunjhtfgn ihfj, wo hro cfvfnc h strgnc iggb ht t`o prosont seonhrfg w`oro strfncont phtont rocfdo

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco <?

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

fs provhiont hnj `hs loegdo shergshnet. Z`fs fs proefsoiy h rohsgn tg onsuro t`ht gur tohd gm
sefontfsts fs fnvgivoj fn jovoigpfnc ngn-fnmrfncfnc prgeossos mgr t`o prgjuets. Ht t`o gutsot, wo
iggboj ht t`fs hs hn ommgrt tg jovoigp strgnc prgeossos mgr H[Fs.

Gur ehphlfiftfos hnj ommgrts t`us mhr hro h eiohr projfehdont tg gur stronct` fn ehrryfnc gut h wfjo
rhnco gm rohetfgns, w`fe` hro gt`orwfso egnsfjoroj jfmmfeuit fdpiodonthtfgns. Sft` rosohre`
ehphlfiftfos t`ht spohb hlgut stronct` hnj sohdiossnoss, E`grus Ihls `hs fnftfhtoj jfseussfgns
 lheboj ly strgnc hnj eiohr strhtocfos wft` rongwnoj egdphnfos mgr ehrryfnc gut t`o Egntrhet
\osohre`. Mgr fnsthneo, eustgd synt`osfs fs gno gm gur mgeus hroh w`oro t`o egdphny `hs loon
egneontrhtfnc gn hnj fs fnftfhtfnc wgrb gn sovorhi
sov orhi prgaoets.

\osohre` & Jovoigpdont Gvorvfow

E`grus's odp`hsfs fs gn h strgnc gutiggb hnj t`fs fs ovfjont mrgd fts fnvostdonts fn \osohre` hnj
Jovoigpdont. Z`o onj-rosuit gm t`fs fnvostdont fs mgr ovorygno tg soo. E`grus e`urns gut
 prgeossos t`ht hro egst ommoetfvo, shmo hnj gmmors t`o
t `o egdphny hn gptfdud hjvhnthco fn tords gm
quhntfty hnj quhifty. Sft` strgnc mgunjhtfgns fn piheo, t`o egdphny ngw onvfshcos h \&J
strhtocy t`ht thbos egcnfzhneo gm t`o prosont seonhrfg w`oro strfncont phtont rocfdo fs unjor
fdpiodonthtfgn.

Z`o egdphny fs hisg s`gwfnc fnngvhtfgn mgr gporhtfgnhi oxeoiioneo ly mgrhyfnc fn tg egntrhet
rosohre`. Egntrhet rosohre` ehn lo h vory joifehto prgeoss tg lo fdpiodontoj hnj E`grus `hs
egntfnugusiy wgrboj t`rguc` fts prgeossos tg ovgivo strhtocfos tg dhbo t`fs h sohdioss fnftfhtfvo.
Z`o egdphny fs fn jfseussfgns wft` rongwnoj egdphnfos mgr lofnc h phrt gm fts Egntrhet
\osohre` prgcrhd.

Hphrt mrgd fts strgnc odp`hsfs gn \&J, t`o egdphny fs hisg fnvostfnc fts onorcfos fn eustgd
synt`osfs hnj fs fnftfhtfnc wgrb gn sovorhi prgaoets. Hjjftfgnhiiy, E`grus fs gn t`o vorco gm
egddonefnc lhsfe rosohre` hetfvftfos tg jovoigp hnj seroon now e`odfehi ontftfos mgr jfmmoront
t`orhpoutfe ehtocgrfos.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco <=

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

[rgjuets

[rgjuet nhdo Ehtocgry \omoroneo

Jfeigmonhe Ugjfud F[/_U[/O[

Hntf-
fnmihddhtgry
Otgjgige F[/_U[/O[

Zorlfnhmfno @ei Hntfmunchi _U[/O[

 Novfrhpfno F[/_U[
Hntfvfrhi
Omhvfronz F@U

\fvhstfcdfno @yjrgcon Zhrtrhto Nggtrgpfe F@U

Gmigxhefn Hntflhetrfhi F[/L[/_U[

FNZO\DOJFHZOU

Ehpoefthlfno

Fdhtfnfl Dosyihto

Comtfnfl Hntfnogpihstfe

Hnhstrhzgio

Iotrhzgio

_NJO\ JO]OIG[DONZ

Ihegshdfjo Zrohtdont gm F@U

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco <3

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

 phrtfhi - gnsot
sofzuros

Figporfjgno Hntfpsye`gtfe F@U

Zrfeyeife
Jgt`fopfn / Jgsuiopfn F@U
hntfjoprosshnt

Miurlfprgmon F@U

U-Otgjgihe Hntffnmihddhtgry F@U

 Nhprgxefngj F@U

Jfheorofn Gstoghrt`rftfs F@U

Grhi
\fvhrgxhlhn F@U
hntfeghcuihnt

Uoioetfvo
Jhpgxotfno @EI sorgtgnfn F@U
roupthbo fn`flftgr

Ihphtfnfl Jfstgsyihto F@U

Ugrhmonfl Zgsyihto Hntfnogpihstfe F@U

Origtfnfl F@U

Zrohtdont gm
Moluxgstht @yporurfeodh F@U
hnj e`rgnfe Cgut

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco <0

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Ehroors

So `hvo hiwhys egnsfjoroj pogpio gur egro egdpotoney. Z`o egdphny `hs hiwhys httrflutoj fts
sueeoss hnj pgsftfgn fn dhrbot tg fts odpigyoos w`g egdo wft` t`o vfcgur tg rgeb t`o wgrij gm

 p`hrdh. Gur tohds hro stohdfnc wft` pogpio w`g egdo hergss hs hccrossfvo
h ccrossfvo tohd pihyors. Z`o
onorcy hnj dhturfty t`ht gur pogpio lrfnc fs jrfvfnc gur egdphny tg loegdo gno gm t`o dgst
rospoetoj hnj tgp ngte` odpigyoo-mrfonjiy egdphny.

Gur ommgrts hro hiwhys thrcotoj tg gmmor t`o lost onvfrgndont tg wgrb mgr gur porsgnnoi. So
unjorsthnj t`ht h rfc`t onvfrgndont, w`oro t`o pgtontfhi hnj ehphlfiftfos gm odpigyoos hro thppoj
tg t`o dhxfdud hjvhnthco, prgvfjos wgrb shtfsmhetfgn tg lgt`, t`o egdphny hnj fts pogpio. So
try tg onsuro t`ht hny ihtont thionts lrguc`t tg t`o lone` hro `gnoj tg doot t`o e`hiioncos mheoj
 ly t`o grchnfzhtfgn ht lusfnoss iovoi.

E`grus loifovos fn dorftgerhey, h systod fn w`fe` hjvhneodont fs lhsoj gn fnjfvfjuhi hlfifty gr

he`fovodont, w`fio roegcnfzfnc hnj rowhrjfnc egntrflutfgns gm fts odpigyoos.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco <6

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

E@H[ZO\-5

5.8 \ovfow gm iftorhturo hnj \osohre` josfcn

H iftorhturo rovfow gr nhrrhtfvo rovfow fs h typo gm rovfow hrtfeio. H iftorhturo rovfow fs h

se`gihriy phpor, w`fe` fneiujos t`o eurront bngwiojco fneiujfnc sulsthntfvo mfnjfncs, hs woii hs
t`ogrotfehi hnj dot`gjgigcfehi egntrflutfgns tg h phrtfeuihr tgpfe. Iftorhturo rovfows hro
soegnjhry sgureos, hnj jg ngt ropgrt now gr grfcfnhi oxporfdonthi wgrb. Dgst gmton hssgefhtoj
wft` hehjodfe-grfontoj iftorhturo, sue` rovfows hro mgunj fn hehjodfe agurnhis, hnj hro ngt tg lo
egnmusoj wft` lggb rovfows t`ht dhy hisg hppohr fn t`o shdo pulifehtfgn. Iftorhturo rovfows hro
h lhsfs mgr rosohre` fn nohriy ovory hehjodfe mfoij. H nhrrgw-segpo iftorhturo rovfow dhy lo
fneiujoj hs phrt gm h poor-rovfowoj agurnhi hrtfeio prosontfnc now rosohre`, sorvfnc tg sftuhto t`o
eurront stujy wft`fn t`o lgjy gm t`o roiovhnt iftorhturo hnj tg prgvfjo egntoxt mgr t`o rohjor. Fn

sue` h ehso, t`o rovfow usuhiiy proeojos t`o dot`gjgigcy hnj rosuits soetfgns gm t`o wgrb.

Iftorhturo rovfow

( Nfrha, Cupth, hnj Nhrhsfd`hn <;;82 \ofnhrtz hnj Budhr <;;;) t`ht strossos t`o fdpgr- thneo
gm dgjorhtfnc ommoets. Z`us, ft fs prglhliy ngt truo t`ht dgro roihtfgns`fp lufijfnc fs hiwhys
 lottor2 rht`or, lufijfnc t`o "rfc`t" typo gm roihtfgns`fp (w`fe` joponjs gn sftuhtfgnhi mhetgrs) fs
erftfehi. Fn gt`or wgrjs, mhefifthtgrs sue` hs grchnfzhtfgnhi josfcn, hjoquhto fneontfvo se`odos,
hnj fnmgrdhtfgn toe`ngigcy rosgureos, hs woii hs fnjustry, egdphny, gr eustgdor strueturos, dhy
hmmoet t`o pormgrd- hneo gm roihtfgns`fp dhrbotfnc hetfvftfos.

Uwfmt (<;;;) hrcuos, hnj wo egneur, t`ht grchnfzhtfgns wfii lonomft mrgd hjgptfnc h roiovhnt
strhtocfe E\D jomfnf- tfgn mgr t`ofr mfrd hnj onsurfnc fts egnsfstont uso t`rguc`gut t`ofr
grchnfzhtfgn. Z`us, wo jovoigpoj h jomfnftfgn gm E\D t`ht romioetoj [orspoetfvo 5. So
oxhdfnoj t`o E\D iftorhturo, synt`osfzoj hspoets gm t`o vhrfgus jomfnftfgns fntg h jrhmt
jomfnftfgn, hnj t`on tostoj ft wft` prhetfefnc dhnhcors. Hs gur rosohre` prgcrossoj, wo wont
t`rguc` sovorhi ftorhtfgns. Z`o rosuit fs t`o mgiigwfnc jomfnftfgn, w`fe` wo uso mgr t`o purpgsos
gm t`fs stujy.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 5;

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Hn fdpgrthnt hspoet gm t`o E\D jomfnftfgn t`ht wo whntoj tg oxhdfno whs fts hssgefhtfgn wft`
toe`ngigcy. Z`fs fs fdpgrthnt loehuso E\D toe`ngigcy fs gmton fnegr roetiy oquhtoj wft` E\D
(\ofnhrtz, Brhmmt, hnj @gyor <;;:), hnj h boy rohsgn mgr E\D mhfiuro fs vfowfnc E\D hs h
toe`ngigcy fnftfhtfvo (Bhio <;;:). Mgr t`fs rohsgn, wo rovfow t`o jomfnftfgns fn t`o Hpponjfx
wft` spoefhi httontfgn tg t`ofr odp`hsfs gn toe`ngigcy. Z`fs rovfow succosts t`ht E\D ehn lo
jomfnoj mrgd ht iohst t`roo porspoetfvos1 nhrrgwiy hnj thetfehiiy hs h phrtfeuihr toe`ngigcy
sgiutfgn, wfjo-rhncfnc toe`ngigcy2 hnj eustgdor eontrfe. Z`oso porspoetfvos ehn lo pgrtrhyoj hs
h egntfnuud. Gno grchnfzhtfgn wo fntorvfowoj, w`fe` spont dgro t`hn $5; dfiifgn gn FZ
sgiutfgns hnj systods fntocrhtfgn, joserfloj E\D sgioiy fn tords gm fts UMH prgaoet. Ht t`fs
oxtrodo, E\D fs jomfnoj nhrrgwiy hnj thetfehiiy hs h phrtfeuihr toe`ngigcy sgiutfgn (o.c.,
B`hnnh <;;8). So ehii t`fs E\D "[orspoetfvo 8." Gt`or jomfnftfgns, sue` hs t`ht gm Butnor hnj
Erfpps (8663), t`guc` sgdow`ht lrghjor, hisg mhii fntg t`fs ehtocgry. Fn hngt`or grchnfzhtfgn t`ht

wo fntorvfowoj, t`o tord E\D whs usoj tg romor tg h wfjo rhnco gm eustgdor- grfontoj FZ hnj
Fntornot sgiutfgns, romioetfnc Utgno hnj Sggjegeb's (<;;8) jomfnftfgn. Z`fs roprosontoj E\D
"[or- spoetfvo <," h pgfnt nohrs t`o dfjjio gm t`o egntfnuud.

Eustgdor \oihtfgns`fp Dhnhcodont (E\D) `hs loegdo gno gm t`o dgst jynhdfe toe`ngigcy
tgpfes gm t`o dfiionnfud. Heegrjfnc tg E`on hnj [gpgvfe` (<;;5), E\D fs ngt h egneopt t`ht fs
rohiiy now lut rht`or juo tg eurront jovoigpdont hnj hjvhneos fn fnmgrdhtfgn hnj ontorprfso
sgmtwhro toe`ngigcy, ft `hs hssudoj prhetfehi fdpgrthneo. Z`o rggt gm E\D fs roihtfgns`fp
dhrbotfnc, w`fe` `hs t`o glaoetfvo gm fdprgvfnc t`o ignc-tord prgmfthlfifty gm eustgdors ly

dgvfnc hwhy mrgd prgjuet-eontrfe dhrbotfnc.

Lgso (<;;<) ngtoj t`ht E\D whs fnvontoj loehuso t`o eustgdors jfmmor fn t`ofr promoroneos hnj
 pure`hsfnc `hlfts . Fm hii eustgdors woro hifbo, t`oro wfii lo ifttio nooj mgr E\D. Hs h rosuit,
unjorsthnjfnc eustgdor jrfvors hnj eustgdor prgmfthlfifty, mfrds ehn lottor thfigr t`ofr gmmorfncs
tg dhxfdfzo t`o gvorhii vhiuo gm t`ofr eustgdor pgrtmgifg (E`on hnj [gpgvfe`) . Z`o httontfgn
E\D fs eurrontiy roeofvfnc hergss lusfnossos fs juo tg t`o mhet t`ht t`o dhrbotfnc onvfrgndont gm
tgjhy fs `fc`iy shturhtoj hnj dgro egdpotftfvo (E`gu ot hi, <;;<) . Heegrjfnc tg Croonlorc
(<;;:), E\D conorhiiy fs hn ontorprfso-mgeusoj onjohvgr onegdphssfnc hii jophrtdonts fn h

 lusfnoss . @o murt`or oxpihfns t`ht, fn hjjftfgn tg eustgdor sorvfeo, E\D wguij hisg fneiujo,
dhnumheturfnc, prgjuet tostfnc, hssodlifnc hs woii hs pure`hsfnc, hnj lfiifnc, hnj `udhn

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 58

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

rosgureo, dhrbotfnc, shios hnj oncfnoorfnc. E`on hnj [gpgvfe` (<;;5) hrcuoj t`ht E\D fs h
egdpifehtoj hppifehtfgn w`fe` dfnos eustgdor jhth, w`fe` `hs loon rotrfovoj mrgd hii t`o tgue`
 pgfnts gm t`o eustgdor, w`fe` t`on erohtos hnj onhlio t`o grchnfzhtfgn tg `hvo egdpioto vfow gm
t`o eustgdors. Z`o rosuit fs t`ht mfrds hro hlio tg unegvor hnj jotordfno t`o rfc`t typo gm
eustgdors hnj projfetfnc tronj gm t`ofr muturo pure`hsos. E\D fs hisg jomfnoj hs hn hii
odlrhefnc hpprghe` t`ht sohdiossiy fntocrhtos shios, eustgdor sorvfeo, dhrbotfnc, mfoij suppgrt
hnj gt`or munetfgns t`ht tgue` eustgdors (E`gu ot hi, <;;<) . Z`oy murt`or sthtoj t`ht E\D fs h
ngtfgn rochrjfnc `gw hn grchnfzhtfgn ehn boop t`ofr dgst prgmfthlio eustgdors hnj ht t`o shdo
tfdo rojueo egst, fnerohso fn vhiuos gm fntorhetfgn w`fe` t`on iohjs tg `fc` prgmfts.

Z`o dgjorn eustgdor roihtfgns`fp dhnhcodont egneopt whs s`hpoj hnj fnmiuoneoj ly t`o
t`ogrfos gm tgthi quhifty dhnhcodont (Cuddossgn) hnj ly now toe`ngigcfehi phrhjfcds
(Qfnoijfn, <;;;). Z`oro fs `gwovor, h poreofvoj iheb gm eihrfty fn t`o jomfnftfgn gm eustgdor
roihtfgns`fp dhnhcodont, hit`guc` hii heeoptoj jomfnftfgns hro s`hrfnc hpprgxfdhtoiy t`o shdo
 lhsfe egneopts1 eustgdor roihtfgns`fps, eustgdor dhnhcodont, dhrbotfnc strhtocy, eustgdor
rotontfgn, porsgnhifzhtfgn (Qfnoijfn <;;;). @gwovor, w`fio hehjodfes jolhto t`o sultftios gm
vhrfgus jomfnftfgns, t`o prhetftfgnors `hvo jovoigpoj h wohit` gm hppifehtfvo phpors hnhiyzfnc t`o
egneroto e`hiioncos hnj gppgrtunftfos gm fdpiodontfnc t`o systods (Lheuvfor ot hi. <;;8). E\D
fn sgdo mfrds fs egnsfjoroj hs h toe`ngigcy sgiutfgn, egnsfjorfnc gm fnjfvfjuhi jhthlhsos hnj
shios mgreo hutgdhtfgn tggis hnj shios hnj dhrbotfnc munetfgns sg hs tg fdprgvo thrcotfnc ommgrt.
[oppors hnj \gcors (8666) hrcuoj t`ht gt`or grchnfzhtfgns vfow E\D hs h tggi, w`fe` `hs loon

 phrtfeuihriy josfcnoj mgr gno-tg-gno eustgdor egddunfehtfgns, w`fe` fs t`o munetfgn gm shios,
ehii eontros gr t`o dhrbotfnc jophrtdonts. Heegrjfnciy Mrgw hnj [hyno (<;;:) hjjoj t`ht E\D
strossos twg-why egddunfehtfgn mrgd t`o eustgdor tg t`o suppifor tg lufij t`o eustgdor gvor
tfdo. Z`o twg-why egddunfehtfgn `hs loon on`hneoj crohtiy ly hjvhneos fn toe`ngigcy
 phrtfeuihriy t`o Fntornot.

Fn tord gm fnmgrdhtfgn toe`ngigcy (FZ), E\D dohns hn ontorprfso  ― wfjo

wfjo fntocrhtfgn gm
toe`ngigcfos wgrbfnc tgcot`or sue` hs jhth whro`guso, wol sfto, hnj fntrhnot/oxtrhnot, p`gno
suppgrt systod, heeguntfnc, shios, dhrbotfnc hnj prgjuetfgn. Bgtior (<;;;) hssuroj t`ht E\D

usos FZ tg cht`or jhth, w`fe` ehn t`on lo usoj tg jovoigp fnmgrdhtfgn hequfroj tg erohto h dgro

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 5<

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

 porsgnhi fntorhetfgn wft` t`o eustgdor. Fn t`o ignc-tord, ft prgjueos h dot`gj gm egntfnugus
hnhiysfs hnj rofnmgreodont fn grjor tg on`hneo eustgdor‖s ifmotfdo vhiuo wft` mfrds. 

Cgijonlorc (<;;;) loifovos t`ht E\D fs ngt doroiy toe`ngigcy hppifehtfgns mgr dhrbotfnc, shios
hnj sorvfeos lut rht`or w`on ft fs sueeossmuiiy fdpiodontoj 2 ft onhlios mfrds tg `hvo ergss
munetfgnhi , eustgdor-jrfvon , toe`ngigcy-fntocrhtoj lusfnoss prgeoss dhnhcodont strhtocy t`ht
dhxfds roihtfgns`fps. E`fn ot hi (<;;5) sthtoj t`ht t`ht juo tg dhny toe`ngigcfehi sgiutfgns
hvhfihlio mgr E\D hutgdhtfgn, ft fs gmton dfsegnstruoj hs h pfoeo gm toe`ngigcy. Lut t`oy
dhfnthfnoj t`ht fn roeont tfdos dhny egdphnfos `hvo rohifzoj t`o strhtocfe fdpgrthneo gm E\D,
hnj hs h rosuit, ft fs loegdfnc h lusfnoss vhiuo-ommgrt rht`or t`hn toe`ngigcy- eontrfe ommgrt.

_sfnc fnmgrdhtfgn toe`ngigcy hs hn onhlior, E\D strhtocy iovorhcos boy munetfgnhi hrohs tg
dhxfdfzo prgmfthlfifty gm eustgdor fntorhetfgns (E`on hnj [gpgvfe`, <;;5). Ft `hs loon
roegcnfzoj t`ht toe`ngigcfehi hjvhneodonts hnj fnngvhtfgns , boon egdpotftfvo dhrbotfnc
onvfrgndont , egupioj wft` t`o fntornot hro dhfn jrfvors gm prosont hnj muturo eustgdor
 prgmfthlfifty w`fe` dhbos ft pgssflio tg hpprgprfhtoiy hnj prgpgrtfgnhtoiy hiigehto mfrd‖s
rosgureos tg hii munetfgnhi hrohs t`ht hmmoet eustgdor roihtfgns`fp ( E`gu ot hi , <;;5).

Mgr eustgdors, E\D gmmors eustgdfzhtfgn, sfdpifefty hnj egnvonfoneo mgr egdpiotfnc
trhnshetfgns frrospoetfvo gm t`o bfnj gm e`hnnoi gm fntorhetfgn usoj (Cuihtf hnj Chrfng, <;;;).
Dhny lusfnossos tgjhy rohifzo t`o fdpgrthneo gm E\D hnj fts pgtontfhi tg `oip t`od he`fovo hnj
susthfn h egdpotftfvo ojco ([opphrj, <;;;). Z`fs vfow whs murt`or lggstoj ly Lgso (<;;<) t`ht
hs h rosuit gm e`hncfnc nhturo gm t`o ciglhi onvfrgndont hnj egdpotftfgn, mfrds ehnngt egdpoto
mhvgrhliy wft` dfngr hjvhnthcos hnj trfebs t`ht ehn ohsfiy lo egpfoj ly egdpotfnc mfrds .Z`o
fdpiodonthtfgn gm E\D fs hn onhlioj gppgrtunfty tg rfso hlgvo dfngr hjvhnthcos wft` rohi
mgeus gn jovoigpfnc hetuhi roihtfgns`fps wft` eustgdors. Mfrds t`gso hro dgst sueeossmui ht
joifvorfnc w`ht eustgdors whnt hro t`o dgro ifboiy tg lo
l o iohjors gm t`o muturo.

Ufnbgvfes hnj C`hurf (<;;6) roihto t`o noeossfty mgr onchcfnc fn eustgdor roihtfgns`fp
dhnhcodont tg `fc` egst gm jfroet shios, `fc`iy fntonsfmyfnc iovoi gm egdpotftfgn fn t`o ciglhi
iovoi, hnj nooj mgr fnmgrdhtfgn hlgut vhrfgus hspoets gm t`o lusfnoss fn conorhi, hnj egnsudor
 lo`hvfgur fn phrtfeuihr, t`ht ehn lo usoj tg fnerohso t`o iovois gm shios.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 55

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Duoiior (<;8;) e`hrhetorfsos eustgdor roihtfgns`fp dhnhcodont hspoet gm t`o lusfnoss hs h

`fc`iy jynhdfe, hnj egnvfnefnciy hrcuos t`ht lusfnossos `hvo tg hjgpt h prghetfvo hpprghe` fn
jovfsfnc roiovhnt prgcrhds hnj fnftfhtfvos fn grjor tg rodhfn egdpotftfvo fn t`ofr fnjustrfos.

Z`o wgrb gm Dht`ur (<;8;) roprosonts hngt`or sfcnfmfehnt egntrflutfgn tg t`o rosohre` hroh tg lo
usoj fn t`o stujy. Nhdoiy, t`o hut`gr prgvfjos h wfjo rhnco gm spoefmfe eustgdor roihtfgns`fp
dhnhcodont toe`nfquos hnj prfnefpios t`ht hro usoj ly duitfnhtfgnhi lusfnossos. Z`o mfnjfncs gm
Dht`ur (<;8;) ehn lo egdphroj tg t`o prfdhry jhth mfnjfncs fn t`o prgpgsoj rosohre`, t`us
on`hnefnc t`o segpo gm t`o stujy.

B`urhnh (<;8;), gn t`o gt`or `hnj, jfseussos t`o egneopt gm eustgdor roihtfgns`fp dhnhcodont
fn h croht jothfi, hnj hisg hjjrossos hjvhnthcos hnj jfshjvhnthcos hssgefhtoj wft` h rhnco gm
roiovhnt sgmtwhro hppifehtfgns.

[rhjhn‖s (<;;6) ’\othfifnc Dhnhcodont— fs hngt`or ngtowgrt`y sgureo t`ht fs cgfnc tg  lo usoj
fn t`o stujy. Upoefmfehiiy fjontfmfos eustgdor roihtfgns`fp
roihtfgns`fp dhnhcodont hs hn odorcfnc hs
hspoet
poet gm
dhrbotfnc fn rothfi hnj jfseussos fts fdpgrthneo mgr onsurfnc ignc-tord crgwt` mgr rothfi
 lusfnossos.

Dgrogvor, Egx‖s (<;88) ’\othfi Hnhiytfes1 Z`o Uoerot Sohpgn— josorvos hisg tg lo dontfgnoj
fn `oro t`hnbs tg t`o dgst dgjorn hnj mros` porspoetfvo t`o hut`gr hjgpts fn grjor tg hpprghe`
t`o rosohre` fssuos. Z`o dgst vhiuhlio phrt gm t`fs spoefmfe hrtfeio fs t`ht ft prgvfjos `fc`iy
 prhetfehi roegddonjhtfgns tg rothfiors gm vhrfgus sfzos fn tords gm fnerohsfnc t`o iovois gm
rovonuos t`rguc` hjgptfnc h rhnco gm eustgdor roihtfgns`fp dhnhcodont prfnefpios.

L`htfh‖s (<;;0) wgrb, ’\othfi Dhnhcodont— fs hisg cgfnc tg lo usoj fn t`o prgpgsoj stujy juo tg
t`o sfcnfmfehneo gm t`o egntrflutfgn gm t`o wgrb tg t`o rosohre` hroh. L`htfh (<;;0) gmmors fn-
jopt` jfseussfgns roihtoj tg t`o uso gm igyhity ehrjs ly rothfiors, hnj t`fs roprosonts h
egdpro`onsfvo hnhiysfs gm t`o fssuo fn t`o soegnjhry jhth.

\hhl ot hi (<;;0) fn ’Eustgdor roihtfgns`fp dhnhcodont1 h ciglhi porspoetfvo—. Z`o vhiuo gm

t`fs spoefmfe wgrb tg t`o prgpgsoj rosohre` ehn lo oxpihfnoj fn h why t`ht ft wfii hiigw t`o
egdphrfsgn gm eustgdor roihtfgns`fp dhnhcodont prfnefpios tg t`o sfdfihr prfnefpios oxorefsoj
 ly gt`or duitfnhtfgnhi rothfiors fn h ciglhi dhrbotpiheo.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 5:

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

[oppors hnj \gcors (<;88), t`oro fs ciglhi tonjoney fn eustgdor roihtfgns`fp dhnhcodont t`ht
roihtos tg t`o s`fmt mrgd trhnshetfgnhi dgjoi tgwhrjs t`o roihtfgns`fp dgjoi. Fn gt`or wgrjs,
[oppors hnj \gcors (<;88) hrcuo t`ht shtfsmyfnc eustgdor noojs hs h rosuit gm gn
gn-tfdo
-tfdo trhnshetfgn
fs ngt summfefont tgjhy fn grjor tg onsuro t`o ignc-tord
ign c-tord crgwt` gm t`o lusfnossos.

Fnstohj, lusfnossos `hvo tg strfvo tg dhfnthfn ignc-tord roihtfgns`fps wft` t`ofr eustgdors fn
grjor tg dhfnthfn mioxflfifty tg hjgpt t`ofr fnerohsfnc oxpoethtfgns hnj t`us he`fovfnc t`ofr ifmo-
ignc igyhity. [oppors hnj \gcors (<;88) murt`or stross t`ht, lusfnossos t`ht romusos tg
hebngwiojco t`fs tonjoney fn t`o ciglhi dhrbotpiheo wguij lo rfsbfnc t`ofr dhrbot s`hro hnj
crgwt` prgspoets fn t`o muturo.

5.< UZHZODONZ GM Z@O [\GLIOD 

\oihtfgns`fp dhrbotfnc `hs loegdo h luzz wgrj fn dhrbotfnc dhnhcodont prhetfeo hnj t`ogry
([hidhtfor ot hi. <;;=). Z`o e`hiionco t`on loegdos fdpiodontfnc roihtfgns`fp dhrbotfnc wft`
hlsgiuto dohsuros tg cuhrhntoo eustgdor eihssfmfehtfgn hnj dgnftgrfnc t`o roturn gn eustgdfzoj
gmmors tg t`o dhrbot. Ovon t`guc` iftorhturo `hs s`gwn t`ht roihtfgns`fp dhrbotfnc iohjs tg
 pormgrdhneo, fn prhetfeo mfrds struccio tg hjhpt
hjhp t dgjois tg t`ofr lusfnoss egntox
egntoxts.
ts. Mfrds iggb mgr
whys tg dhbo heegunthlio hii dhrbotfnc roihtfgns`fp strhtocy.

5.5 GLAOEZF]OU GM UZ_JV


  Zg stujy t`o Eustgdor Eontrfe Hpprghe` hjgptoj ht E`grus Ihls Itj.

  Zg unjorsthnj eustgdors mhetgr fnmiuonefnc Eustgdor \oihtfgns`fp Dhnhcodont.

  Zg ovhiuhto t`o Eustgdor \oihtfgns`fp Dhnhcodont hpprghe` hjgptoj fn E`grus Ihls

Itj.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 5?

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

5.: \OUOH\E@ JOUFCN

ZV[O GM \OUOH\E@

Z`o stujy wfii lo joserfptfvo fn nhturo

[G[_IHZFGN

Eustgdors

UHD[IO UFQO

Z`o shdpio mgr t`o stujy wguij lo

l o ifdftoj tg 8;; rospgnjonts.

UHD[IFNC _NFZ

Mgr t`fs stujy t`o rospgnjonts wfii lo t`o eustgdors gm

g m E`grus Ihls Itj.

ZV[O GM UHD[IFNC

Ufdpio rhnjgd dot`gj wfii lo usoj mgr t`o stujy.

5.? ZGGIU GM JHZH EGIIOEZFGN

[rfdhry jhth1

   quostfgnnhfro

   porsgnhi fntorvfow


Uoegnjhry jhth1

Z`o soegnjhry jhth mgr t`fs wgrb wfii lo glthfnoj mrgd egdphny dhchzfnos hnj lrge`uros,
wolsfto, nowsphpors, fntornot, toxt lggbs, ropgrts hnj gt`or
gt`o r prgdgtfgnhi dhtorfhis.

5.= [IHN GM HNHIVUFU

Z`o purpgso gm jhth hnhiysfs hn fntorprothtfgn p`rhso fs tg trhnsmgrd t`o jhth egiioetoj fntg

erojflio ovfjoneo hlgut t`o jovoigpdont gm fntorvontfgn hnj fts pormgrdhneo. Z`fs prgeoss
usuhiiy fneiujos mgiigwfnc stops1

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 5=

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

❝ Grchnfzfnc t`o jhth mgr hnhiysfs (jhth prophrhtfgn)

❝ Joserflfnc t`o jhth

❝ Fntorprotfnc t`o jhth (hssossfnc t`o mfnjfncs hchfnst t`o hjgptoj ovhiuhtfgn erftorfh)

Z`o jhth egiioetoj mrgd vhrfgus sgureos wfii lo thluihtoj hnj t`o roprosontoj usfnc t`o
 poreonthco dot`gj. Crhp`fehi tggis ifbo lhr jfhcrhds, pfo e`hrts ote., wfii lo usoj tg fiiustrhto
t`o thluihtoj jhth pfetgrfhiiy. Fnmoroneos hnj fntorprothtfgn gm t`o jhth wfii lo jgno gn t`o lhsfs
gm thluihtoj jhth.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 53

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

E@H[ZO\-:

JHZH HNHIVUFU HNJ FNZO\[\OZHZFGN

ZHLIO :.8
S`g hro ygur eustgdors7

[hrtfeuihr Ng. gm rospgnjonts [oreonthco

S`gioshior <; <;%

\othfior ?; ?;%

Lgt` << <<%

 Ngno gt t`oso 0 0%

Crhnj Zgthi 8;; 8;;%

Hnhiysfs

Z`o thlio oxpihfns gut gm 8;;

8 ;; rospgnjonts, << rospgnjonts shys lgt`, 0 rospgnjonts shys

ngno gm t`oso, ?; rospgnjonts

rospgnj onts shys rothfior hnj <; rospgnjonts shys w`gioshior.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 50

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` :.8

S`g hro ygur eustgdors

<;% <<%

Lgt`

Ngno gm t`oso
0%
\othfior

S`gioshior

?;%

Fntrprothtfgn

Z`o crhp` roprosonthtfgn gm t`o thlio s`gwn t`ht ?;% hro mrgd t`o rothfior shys rospgnsos gm
t`o egdphny. Z`o fnerohso t`o w`gioshior fs dust lo fdpgrthnt gm egdphny fnerosfnc gm t`o
 prgmft.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 56

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Zhlio :,<

Hro ygur eustgdor‖s noojs eiohriy jomfnoj 7 

7 

[hrtfeuihr Ng. gm rospgnjonts [roeonthco

Vos =3 =3%

 Ng 55 55%

Crhnj Zgthi 8;; 8;;%

Hnhiysfs

Z`o thlio jodgnstrhtos t`ht gut gm 8;; rospgnjonts, =3 rospgnjonts shys yos hnj 55 shys ng
rochrjfnc eustgdor noojs eiohriy jomfnoj.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco :;

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` :.<

Hro ygur eustgdor‖s

eustgdor‖s noojs eiohriy jomfnoj 
jomfnoj 

55%

Ng

Vos

=3%

Fntorprothtfgn

Z`o crhp`fehi roprosonthtfgn gm thlio s`gws =3% rospgnjonts shys

sh ys yos fn rochrjfnc eustgdor
noojs eiohriy jomfnoj. Z`o egdphny hiwhys t`fnb hlgut eustgdor w`ht t`oy whnt hnj noojs fn
grchnfzhtfgn ft‖s egdphny s`guij lo eiohriy jomfnoj.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco :8

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

ZHLIO :.5

Jg ygu egnjuet eustgdor shtfsmhetfgn survoys7

\gw Ihlois Egunt gm Jg ygu egnjuet eustgdor shtfsmhetfgn survoys7

 Ng :0

Vos ?<

Crhnj Zgthi 8;;

HNHIVUFU

Z`o thlio s`gws t`ht gut gm 8;; rospgnjonts, :0 rospgnjonts shys NG hnj ?< rospgnjonts
shys VOU rochrjfnc eustgdor shtfsmhetfgn survoy.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco :<

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

C\H[@ :. 5

Jg ygu egnjuet eustgdor shtfsmhetfgn survoys 

:0% Ng

?<% Vos

FNZO\[\OZHZFGN

Z`o crhp` roporsonts t`ht ?<% rospgnsos hro shys

s hys Vos fn rochrjfnc eustgdor
shtfsmhetfgn survoy. :0% rospgnsos shys Ng fn eustgdor shtfsmhetfgn survoy.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco :5

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Zhlio :.:

Z`o egddunfehto rosuits gm ygur eustgdor shtfsmhetfgn survoys rocuihriy t`rguc`gut t`o
egdphny7 

Ng, gm rospgnjonts [roeonthco

[hrtfeuihr

Vos =: =:%

 Ng 5= 5=%

Crhnj Zgthi 8;; 8;;%

Hnhiysfs

Z`o thlio s`gws t`ht gut gm 8;;

8; ; rospgnjonts, =: rospgnjonts shys VOU hnj 5: rospgnjonts
shys NG rochrjfnc eustgdor shtfsmhetfgn survoys rocuihriy t`rguc`gut t`o egdphny.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco ::

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` :.:

Z`o egddunfehto rosuits gm ygur eustgdor shtfsmhetfgn survoys rocuihriy t`rguc`gut t`o
egdphny

5=%

Ng

Vos

=:%

Fntorprothtfgn

Z`o crhp` roprosonts gm t`o thlio s`gws =:% rospgnjonts shys VOU fn rochrjfnc eustgdor
shtfsmhetfgn survoys rocuihriy t`rguc`gut t`o egdphny. Z`o eustgdor
eu stgdor shtfsmhetfgn survoy
 lonomfefhi gm t`o egdphny.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco :?

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Zhlio :, ?

Hetfvoiy soob gut eustgdor egddonts hnj egdpihfnts7  

[hrtfeuihr Ng. gm rospgnjonts [roeonthco

8.@fc`iy jfshcroo 8 8%

<.Jfshcroo : :%

5.Noutrhi 88 88%

:.Hcroo 5: 5:%

?.Oxtrodiy hcroo ?; ?;%

Crhnj Zgthi 8;; 8;;%

Hnhiysfs

Z`o thlio s`gws t`ht gut gm 8;;

8 ;; rospgnjonts, 8 rospgnjonts shys `fc`iy jfshcroo, :
rospgnjonts shys jfshcroo, 88 rospgnjonts shys noutrhi, 5: rospgnjonts shys hcroo hnj ?;
rospgnjonts shys oxtrodoiy hcroo rochrjfnc soob gut eustgdor egddonts hnj egdpihfnts.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco :=

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` :.?

Hetfvoiy soob gut eustgdor egddonts hnj egdpihfnts

eg dpihfnts

8%
:%
88%

8st Xtr

<nj Xtr

?;% 5rj Xtr

:t` Xtr
5:% ?t` qtr

Fntorprothtfgn

Z`o crhp` roprosonts t`ht ?;% rospgnsos hro oxtrodoiy hcroo fn rochrjfnc soob gut
eustgdor egddonts hnj egdpihfnts. Uoegnj rospgnsos 5:% shys hcroo gm t`o thbfnc
thbfnc eustgdor
egddonts hnj egdpihfnts.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco :3

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Zhlio :.=

egdpihfnts7  
@gw jg ygu cot eustgdor egddonts hnj egdpihfnts7

[hrtfeuihr Ng, gm rospgnjonts [roeonthco

Mheo tg mheo fntorvfow <? <?%
Mgrdhi survoy <3 <3%
Gt`ors 6 6%
Zgii mroo nudlors 56 56%
Crhnj Zgthi 8;; 8;;%

Hnhiysfs

Z`o thlio s`gws t`ht gut 8;;

8; ; rospgnjonts, <? rospgnjonts shys mheo tg mhe
mheoo fntorvfow, <3
rospgnjonts shys mgrdhi survoy, 6 rospgnjonts shys gt`ors hnj 56 rospgnjonts shys tgii mroo
nudlor rochrjfnc eustgdor egddonts hnj egdpihfnts.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco :0

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` :.=

@gw jg ygu cot eustgdor egddonts hnj egdpihfnts

<?

56 Mheo tg mheo fntorvfow

Mgrdhi survoy

Gt`ors

Zgii mroo nudlors

<3
6

Fntorprothtfgn

Z`o crhp` roprosonts t`ht 56% rospgnsos hro cot

c ot t`o eustgdor egddonts hnj egdpihfnts
mrgd tgii mroo nudlor. Mheo tg mheo fntorvfow hnj mgrdhi survoy fs fdprgvfnc t`o egdphn
egdphny.
y.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco :6

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Zhlio :.3

@gw jg ygu cot fnmgrdhtfgn hlgut t`o eustgdors7 

[hrtfeuihr Ng, gm rospgnjonts [oreonthco

Mheo tg mheo 8: 8:%
fntorvfow
Gt`ors 8: 8:%
Uurvoy :6 :6%
Zgii mroo nudlor <5 <5%
Crhnj Zgthi 8;; 8;;%

Hnhiysfs
Z`o thlio s`gws t`ht gut gm 8;; rospgnjonts, 8: rospgnjonts shys mheo tg mheo fntorvfow, 8:
rospgnjonts shys gt`ors, :6 rospgnjonts shys survoy hnj <5 rospgnjonts shys rochrjfnc t`o
fnmgrdhtfgn hlgut t`o eustgdor.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco ?;

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` :,3

@gw jg ygu cot fnmgrdhtfgn hlgut t`o eustgdors

Mheo tg mheo fntorvfow

8:%
<5% Gt`ors

Uurvoy
8:% Zgii mroo nudlor

:6%

Fntorprothtfgn

Z`o crhp` roprosonts t`ht :6% rospgnsos hro survoy fn t`o

t` o rochrjfnc fnmgrdhtfgn hlgut t`o
eustgdor. Z`o vory fs `uco dhrbot hnj dhfn efty t`ht wfii lo egnsfjor hnj jgfnc h survoy fn t`o
 piheo.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco ?8

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Zhlio :.0

Jg ygu hnhiyzo e`hnnoi ommoetfvonoss7 

[hrtfeuihr Ng. gm rospgnjonts [roeonthco

Vos =? =?%

 Ng 5? 5?%

Crhnj Zgthi 8;; 8;;%

Hnhiysfs

Z`o thlio s`gws t`ht gut gm 8;;

8; ; rospgnjonts, 5? rospgnjonts shy yos hnj =? rospgnjonts shys
ng rochrjfnc hnhiyzo e`hnnoi ommoetfvonoss.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco ?<

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` :.0

Jg ygu hnhiyzo e`hnnoi ommoetfvonoss

5?%
Ng

Vos
=?%

Fntorprothtfgn 

Z`o crhp` roprosonts t`ht =?% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc t`o hnhiyzo e`
e`hnnoi
hnnoi
ommoetfvonoss. Z`o egdphny t`oy whnt tg crgw e`hnnoi fs dgro fdpgrthnt fn wgrij hn
hnjj dgro
ommoetfvonoss hisg.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco ?5

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Zhlio :.6

Jg ygu prgvfjo erojft mhefifty tg ygur eustgdors7  

[hrtfeuihr Ng. gm rospgnjonts [oreonthco

Vos ?5 ?5%

 Ng :3 :3%

Crhnj 8;; 8;;%

Zgthi

Hnhiysfs

Z`o thlio s`gws t`ht gut gm 8;; rospgnjonts, ?5 rospgnjonts shys yos hnj :3 rospgnjonts shys ng
rochrjfnc tg prgvfjo erojft mhefifty tg ygur eustgdor.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco ?:

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` :.6

Jg ygu hnhiyzo e`hnnoi ommoetfvonoss

:3% Ng

?5% Vos

Fntorprothtfgn

Z`o crhp` roprosonts t`ht ?5% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc hnhiyzo t`o e`hnnoi.
 Ngwhjhys e`hnnois hro dgro ommoetfvo gm dhrbotfnc hnj lusfnoss purpgso.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco ??

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Zhlio :.8;

Jg ygu cfvo egneossfgns tg ygur rocuihr eustgdor7  

[hrtfeuihr Ng. gm rospgnjonts [roeonthco

Vos :3 :3%

 Ng ?5 ?5%

Crhnj Zgthi 8;; 8;;%

Hnhiysfs

Z`o thlio s`gws t`ht gut gm 8;;

8; ; rospgnjonts, :3 rospgnjonts shys ng hnj ?5 rospgnjonts shys
yos rochrjfnc egneossfgns tg ygur rocuihr eustgdor.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco ?=

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` :.8;

Jg ygu cfvo egneossfgns tg ygur rocuihr eustgdor

:3% Ng

?5% Vos

Fntorprothtfgn

Z`o crhp` roprosonts t`ht ?5% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc egneossfgns tg ygur rocuihr
eustgdor. Z`o eustgdor hiwhys whnt egneossfgns mrgd t`o egdphny.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco ?3

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Zhlio :.88

Jg ygu thbo moojlheb mrgd ygur eustgdors7 

[hrtfeuihr Ng. gm rospgnjonts [roeonthco

Vos ?8 ?8%

 Ng :6 :6%

Crhnj Zgthi 8;; 8;;%

Hnhiysfs

Z`o thlio s`gws t`ht gut gm 8;; rospgnjonts, ?8 rospgnjonts shys yos hnj :6 rospgnjonts shys
ng rochrjfnc thbo moojlheb mrgd ygur eustgdor.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco ?0

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` :.88

Jg ygu thbo moojlheb mrgd ygur eustgdors

Ng
:6%
?8% Vos

Fntorprothtfgn

Z`o crhp` roprosonts t`ht ?8% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc t`o thbo moojlheb mrgd ygur
eustgdor. Z`o gt`or :6% rospgnsos hro shys ng . t`o egdphny wfii lo roegchnfzfnc gn t`fs
 prgliod thbo h mooj lheb mgrd fn eustgdor.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco ?6

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Zhlio :.8<

Jg ygu eustgdfzo ygur prgjuet gr sorvfeos heegrjfnc tg t`o eustgdor7  

[hrtfeuihr Ng. gm rospgnjonts [oreonthco

Vos :? :?%

 Ng ?? ??%

Crhnj Zgthi 8;; 8;;%

Hnhiysfs

Z`o thlio s`gws t`ht gut gm 8;;

8 ;; rospgnjonts, ?? rospgnjonts shys ng hhnj
nj :? rospgnjonts
shys yos rochrjfnc tg eustgdfzo prgjuet gr sorvfeos heegrjfnc tg t`o eustgdor.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco =;

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` :.8<

Jg ygu eustgdfzo ygur prgjuet gr sorvfeos heegrjfnc tg t`o eustgdor

:?, :?% Ng

Vos
??, ??%

Fntorprothtfgn

Z`o crhp` roprosonts t`ht ??% rospgnsos hro ng

n g fn t`o rochrjfnc eustgdfzo prgjuet gr
sorvfeos tg t`o eustgdor.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco =8

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Zhlio :.85

Jg ygu `hvo h egneopt gm ’fntornhi sorvfeo—7  

[hrtfeuihr Ng, gm rospgnjonts [oreonthco

Vos =; =;%

 Ng :; :;%

Crhnj Zgthi 8;; 8;;%

Hnhiysfs

Z`o thlio s`gws t`ht gut gm 8;; rospgnjonts, =; rospgnjonts shys yos hnj :; rospgnjonts shys ng
rochrjfnc egneopt gm fntornhi sorvfeo.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco =<

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` :.85

Jg ygu `hvo h egneopt gm ’fntornhi sorvfeo— 

:;%
Ng

Vos
=;%

Fntorprothtfgn

Z`o crhp` roprosonts t`ht =;% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc egneopt gm fntornhi sorvfeo.
Z`o egdphny s`guij lo thbo ehro gm ohe` hnj ovory eustgdor fnsthtoj gm t`ofr ifmo. Gt`or :;%
rospgnsos wfii lo fdprgvos.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco =5

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Zhlio :.8:

Jg ygu egddunfehto wft` ygur eustgdors mroquontiy7  

[hrtfeuihr Ng. gm rospgnjonts [oreonthco

Vos =< =<%

 Ng 50 50%

Crhnj Zgthi 8;; 8;;%

Hnhiysfs

Z`o thlio s`gws t`ht gut gm 8;; rospgnjonts, 50 rospgnjonts shys ng hnj =< rospgnjonts
shys yos rochrjfnc t`o egddunfehto wft` ygur eustgdor
eus tgdor mroquontiy.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco =:

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` :.8:

Jg ygu egddunfehto wft` ygur eustgdors mroquontiy

50%
Ng

Vos

=<%

Fntorprothtfgn

Z`o crhp` roprosonts t`ht =<% rospgnsos hro shys

sh ys yos fn t`o rochrjfnc egddunfehto wft`
ygur eustgdors mroquontiy. 5=% rospgnsos shys ng fn rochrjfnc egddunfehto wft` ygur eustgdor
mroquontiy.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco =?

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Zhlio :.8?

Jg ygu rocuihriy rovfow t`o lusfnoss prgeoss tg oifdfnhto ngn vhiuo- hjjfnc hetfvftfos hnj
fdprgvo eustgdor shtfsmhetfgn7 

[hrtfeuihr Ng. gm rospgnjonts [roeonthco

Vos == ==%

 Ng 5: 5:%

Crhnj Zgthi 8;; 8;;%

Hnhiysfs

Z`o thlio s`gws t`ht gut gm 8;;

8; ; rospgnjonts, == rospgnjonts shys yos hnj 5: rospgjonts hro
shys ng rochrjfnc rovfow t`o lusfnoss prgeoss tg oifdfnhtos
o ifdfnhtos ngn vhiuo hjjfnc hetfvftfos hnj
fdprgvo eustgdor shtfsmhetfgn.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco ==

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` :.8?

Jg ygu rocuihriy rovfow t`o lusfnoss prgeoss tg oifdfnhto ngn vhiuo- hjjfnc hetfvftfos
hnj fdprgvo eustgdor shtfsmhetfgn

5:% Ng

Vos

==%

Fntorprothtfgn

Z`o crhp` roprosonts t`ht ==% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc t`o lusfnoss prgeoss tg
oifdfnhto ngn vhiuo hjjfnc hetfvftfos hnj fdprgvo eustgdor shtfsmhetfgn.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco =3

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Zhlio :.8=

Fs t`oro hny fdprgvodont fn eustgdor rospgnso rhto tg t`o dhrbotfnc hetfvftfos7  

[hrtfeuihr Ng. gm rospgnjonts [roeonthco

Vos ?8 ?8%

 Ng :6 :6%

Crhnj Zgthi 8;; 8;;%

Hnhiysfs

Z`o thlio s`gws t`ht gut gm 8;; rospgnjonts, :6 rospgnjonts shys ng hnj ?8 rospgnjonts shys
ng rochrjfnc fdprgvodont fn eustgdor rospgnso
rospgnso rhto tg t`o
t`o dhrbotfnc hetfvftfos.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco =0

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` :.8=

Fs t`oro hny fdprgvodont fn eustgdor rospgnso rhto tg t`o dhrbotfnc hetfvftfos

:6% Ng

?8% Vos

Fntorprothtfgn

Z`o crhp` roprosonts t`ht ?8% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc fdprgvodont fn eustgdor
rospgnsos rhto gm t`o dhrbotfnc hetfvftfos. :6% rospgnsos hro shys
sh ys ng.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco =6

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Zhlio :.83

Fs t`oro hny fdprgvodont fn eustgdor rotontfgn hnj igyhity7  

[hrtfeuihr Ng. gm rospgnjonts [roeonthco

Vos =; =;%

 Ng :; :;%

Crhnj Zgthi 8;; 8;;%

Hnhiysfs

Z`o thlio s`gws t`ht gut gm t`o 8;; rospgnjonts, =; rospgnjonts shys yos hnj :; rospgnjonts
shys ng rochrjfnc fdprgvfnc eustgdor rotontfgn hnj igyhifty.
ig yhifty.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 3;

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` :.83

Fs t`oro hny fdprgvodont fn eustgdor rotontfgn hnj igyhity

igyhit y

:;%
Ng

Vos
=;%

Fntorprothtfgn

Z`o crhp` roprosonts t`ht =;% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc fdprgvodont fn eustgdor
rotontfgn hnj igyhity. Z`o eustgdor hiwhys t`fnb hlgut t`o iohvfnc h `fc` eihss hnj cggj ifmo fn
t`o conorhtfgn..

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 38

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Zhlio :.80

Jg t`oy cfvo eorthfn httrhetfvo gmmors7 

[hrtfeuihr Ng. gm rospgnjonts [roeonthco

Vos =< =<%

 Ng 50 50%

Crhnj Zgthi 8;; 8;;%

Hnhiysfs

Z`o thlio s`gws t`ht gut gm 8;;

8 ;; rospgnjonts, =< rospgnjonts shys yos hnj 50 rospgnjonts
shys ng rochrjfnc eorthfn httrhetfvo gmmors.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 3<

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` :.80

Jg t`oy cfvo eorthfn httrhetfvo gmmors

50%
Ng

Vos

=<%

Fntorprothtfgn

Z`o crhp` roprosonts t`ht =<% rospgnsos hro Vos fn t`o rochrjfnc eorthfn httrhetfvo gmmors.
Z`o egdphny cfvos dgro httrhetfvo gmmors gm t`o eustgdor hnj rothfiors. Z`o :0%rospgnsos hro
shys Ng.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 35

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Zhlio :.86

@gw jg ygu rhto t`o prgeoss gm mfitorfnc ehnjfjhtos7  

[hrtfeuihr Ng. gm rospgnjonts [oreonthco

8.@fc`iy jfs hcroo < <%
<.Jfshcroo ? ?%
5.Noutrhi 8< 8<%
:.Hcroo :< :<%
?.oxtrodiy hcroo 50 50%
Crhnj Zgthi 8;; 8;;%

Hnhiysfs
Z`o thlio s`gws t`ht gut gm 8;;
8; ; rospgnjonts, < rospgnjonts shys `fc`iy jfshcroo,?
rospgnjonts shys jfshcroo, 8< rospgnjonts shys noytrhi, :< rospgnjonts shys hcroo hnj 50
rospgnjonts shys oxtrodoiy hcroo rochrjfnc t`o prgeoss gm mfitorfnc ehnjfjhtos.

B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 3:

 

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` :.86

@gw jg ygu rhto t`o prgeoss gm mfitorfnc ehnjfjhtos

< ?

8<
8
50
<

:<

Fntorprothtfgn

Z`o crhp` roprosonts t`ht :<% rospgnsos hro hcroo fn t`o rochrjfnc prgeoss gm mfitorfnc
ehnjfjhtos. Z`o gt`or prgeoss gm mfitorfnc ehnjfjhtos fn t`oy
t` oy cfvo trhfnfnc hnj now toe`ngigcfos
toe`ngig cfos
hro hjgptfnc fn t`o egdphny.
 B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 3?

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Zhlio :.<;

Jg t`oy prgvfjo hny jfsegunt gn luib roeruftdont7  

[hrtfeuihr Ng. gm rospgnjonts [oreonthco

Vos 35 35%

 Ng <3 <3%

Crhnj Zgthi 8;; 8;;%

Hnhiysfs

Z`o thlio s`gws t`ht gut gm 8;;

8; ; rospgnjonts, 35 rospgnjonts shys yos hnj <3 rospgnjonts shys
ng rochrjfnc prgvfjfnc jfsegunt hnj luib roeruftdont.
 B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 3=

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

Crhp` <;

Jg t`oy prgvfjo hny jfsegunt gn luib roeruftdont 

<3%

Ng

Vos

35%

Fntorprothtfgn

Z`o crhp` roprosonts t`ht 35% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc prgvfjfnc jfsegunt hnj

roeruftdont. Gniy <3% gm rospgnsos shys NG fn t`o rochrjfnc prgvfjfnc

p rgvfjfnc h jfsegunt hnj
roeruftdont.
 B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 33

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

E@H[ZO\ ? 

MFNJFNCU, EGNEI_UFGNU HNJ U_CCOUZFGNU

•  ?;% rospgnsos hro shys rhthfior rochrjfnc eustgdor.

•  =3% rospgnjonts shys yos fn rochrjfnc eustgdor noojs eiohriy jomfnoj.

•  ?<% rospgnsos hro yos fn rochrjfnc eustgdor shtfsmhetfgn survoy.

•  =:% rospgnjonts shys VOU fn rochrjfnc eustgdor shtfsmhetfgn survoys rocuihriy

t`rguc`gut t`o egdphny.

•  ?;% rospgnsos hro oxtrodoiy hcroo fn rochrjfnc soob gut eustgdor egddonts hnj
egdpihfnts.

•  ?;% rospgnsos hro oxtrodoiy hcroo fn rochrjfnc soob gut eustgdor egddonts hnj
egdpihfnts.

•  :6% rospgnsos hro survoy fn t`o rochrjfnc fnmgrdhtfgn hlgut t`o eustgdor.

•  =?% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc t`o hnhiyzo e`hnnoi ommoetfvonoss.

•  ?5% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc prgvfjo erojft mhefifty tg ygur eustgdor.

•  ?5% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc egneossfgns tg ygur rocuihr eustgdor.

•  ?5% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc moojlheb mgrd eustgdor sfjo.

•  ??% rospgnsos hro ng fn t`o rochrjfnc eustgdfzo prgjuet gr sorvfeos tg t`o eustgdor.

•  =;% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc egneopt gm fntornhi sorvfeo.

•  =<% rospgnsos hro shys yos fn t`o rochrjfnc egddunfehto wft` ygur eustgdors
mroquontiy.

•  ==% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc t`o lusfnoss prgeoss tg oifdfnhto ngn vhiuo

hjjfnc hetfvftfos hnj fdprgvo eustgdor shtfsmhetfgn.

 B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 30

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

•  ?8% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc fdprgvodont fn eustgdor rospgnsos rhto gm t`o
dhrbotfnc hetfvftfos.

•  =;% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc fdprgvodont fn eustgdor rotontfgn hnj igyhity.

•  =<% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc eorthfn httrhetfvo gmmors.

•  :<% rospgnsos hro hcroo fn t`o rochrjfnc prgeoss gm mfitorfnc ehnjfjhtos.

•  35% rospgnsos hro yos fn t`o rochrjfnc prgvfjfnc jfsegunt hnj roeruftdont.
 B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 36

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

U_CCOUZFGNU1

8.  H eustgdor eontrfe quhifty efreio eguij lo mgrdoj fn grchnfzhtfgn tg mhefifthto t`fs E\D
<.  Egdphnfos fdpiodontfnc E\D s`guij boop fn dfnj t`ht E\D fs ngt jhthlhso

dhnhcodont lut h w`gio now why gm iggbfnc ht t`o lusfnoss.

5.  Eustgdor ehn dhfnthfn
dhfnthfn t`o trheb gm t`o eustgdors roegrjs.
:.  Zrhfnfnc fs erftfehi tg t`o sueeoss gm ygur eustgdor strhtocy . Ft‖s unhjvfshlio tg aust t`rgw
h sgp`fstfehtoj prgjuet ht hn fnjfvfjuhi hnj oxpoet t`od tg sthrt usfnc ft prgjuetfvoiy hnj
sueeossmuiiy wft`gut sgdo mgrdhi trhfnfnc.
?.  Eustgdor jhthlhso dust lo dhfnthfnoj.
=.  Moojlheb mrgd t`o eustgdor dust `o egiioetoj sg t`ht t`o eustgdor‖s gpfngn ehn lo
egnsfjoroj.
3.  Z`o egdphny s`guij thbo ehro gm ohe` hnj ovory eustgdor fnstohj gm t`ofr sthnjhrj gm
ifmo.
 B\_[HNFJ@F JOC\OO EGIIOCO [hco 0;

H UZ_JV GN HJG[ZFNC E_UZGDO\ EONZ\FE H[[\GHE@ H UZO[ ZGSH\JU

E_UZGDO\ \OIZFGNU@F[ DHNHCODONZ

EGNEI_UFGN1

Z`o lhsfe hnj prfdhry glaoetfvo gm t`fs stujy fs tg unjorsthnj hlgut t`o Dhrbotfnc strhtocfos,
jophrtdonts hnj munetfgns gm t`o eustgdor roihtfgns`fp dhnhcodont. Hii t`o jhtos dontfgnoj gm
sovorhi jophrtdonts hnj hlgut t`o nows [hpor
[h por Egdphny E`grus ihls itj whs egiioetoj mrgd
rospoetfvo jophrtdonts wft` t`o cufjhneo hnj `oip
` oip gm unft dhnhcor gm E`grus ihls itj Dr.
[rhvoon Budhr. . Z`fs stujy onhlioj do tg cot fn-jopt` bngwioj
bngwiojco
co gm vhrfgus hetfvftfos gm
eustgdor eontrfe strhtocfos tgwhrjs eustgdor roihtfgns`fp dhnhcodont.