ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS

Electromagnetic Induction Using a coil and Magnet

1. Connect the coil of about 50 turns (insulated) in series with a sensitive meter(galvanometer)

2. Move a pole of a bar magnet in and out of the coil and watch the meter.

3. Investigate how the direction of the induced current depends on the pole of the magnet used
and the direction of motion of the magnet.

When the magnet is moved in and out the coil cut the lines of force of magnetic field. This induces an
e.m.f (electromotive force) and current flows.

The direction of the induced current, Lenz’s law

The current induced in the coil produces a magnetic pole at the end of the coil which opposes the
motion of the magnet. As the N pole of the magnet approaches, the N pole caused by the induced
current in the coil repels it and thereby opposes the motion. The reverse effect happens when the
magnet is moved away;an S pole caused by a current induced in the opposite direction attracts the
magnet’s n pole so preventing it from moving away.

Conclusion

Lenz’s Law says ‘The direction of the induced current is such as to oppose the change causing it’.

Magnitude of the induced e.m.f (Faraday’s law)

1. Induced e.m.f increases when the rate at which the coil cuts magnetic field increases

2. Induced e.m.f increases when the strength of the magnet increases

3. Induced e.m.f increase when the number of turns of the coil is increased.

ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATOR (A.C GENERATOR)

The current which is reversing direction periodically is called alternating current. An a.c generator
changes kinetic energy into electrical energy. The output electromotive force is an alternating e.m.f. The
generator consists of a rectangular coil of copper wire which rotates between the poles of a magnet.
The ends of the coil are joined to two SLIP RINGS on the axle. Two carbon brushes press against the slip
rings. Carbon brushes connect the rings to the rest of the circuit. As the coil is rotated, it cuts magnetic
field lines and an e.m.f. is induced in it.

E.m.f varies over one complete rotation. As the coil moves through the vertical position with ab
uppermost, ab and cd are moving along the lines and no cutting occurs. The induced e.m.f is zero. When
the coil is horizontal, the e.m.f produced is greatest because the rate of cutting magnetic field lines is
greatest. Again when the coil is vertical with dc uppermost, the e.m.f. is zero. The direction of e.m.f
reverses because during next half rotation, the motion of ab is directed upwards and dc downwards.

TRANSFORMERS
Mutual Induction: When the current in a coil is switched on or off or changed an e.m.f and a current is
induced in a neighboring coil. This effect is called mutual induction.

When the switch is made on or off, a kick is observed in the galvanometer. A current is induced in coil 2
when e.m.f around coil 1 changes. Coil 1 is known as primary coil and coil 2 is known as secondary coil.
When the current in primary in primary coil is switched on, the primary coil acts like an electromagnet
and the magnetic field grows( changes) around it. The Changing magnetic field in primary coil cut
secondary coil and an e.m.f is induced in secondary coil. Once the magnetic field stabilizes around
primary coil hence there is no e.m.f in secondary. When the current in primary is switched off the
magnetic field dies (changes) away, the magnetic fields cuts the secondary coil again and e.m.f is
induced.

If an alternating current is flown through the primary coil, the galvanometer in the secondary coil keeps
on deflecting to the left and right all the time. Since the magnetic field around the primary is continually
changing, the e.m.f in the secondary is continuously induced. If an iron core is placed inside the two coils
the magnetic field produced by primary becomes stronger and output voltage in secondary coil also
increases.

TRASFORMER: A transformer changes an alternating voltage to a lower or higher alternating voltage. A

transformer consists of a primary coil a secondary coil and a soft iron core. Input voltage is applied to
the primary coil output voltage taken from the secondary coil.
Step –up Transformer:Output voltage is higher than input voltage. The number of turns in secondary coil
is greater than the number of turns in the primary.

Step-down Transformer:In this type of transformer, the output voltage is lower than the input voltage.
The number of turns in secondary coil is less than the number of turns in the primary coil.

In an ideal transformer (100% efficient) the following equation applies.

Vp Np Is
= =
Vs Ns Ip
Np is No. of turns in the primary coil

Ns is No. of turns in the secondary coil

Vp is primary voltage

Vs is secondary coil

Is is secondary current

Ip is primary current.

TYPES OF TRASFORMERS
ENERGY LOSSES IN A TRASFORMER

1. Resistance of windings: The windings of copper have some resistance and heat is produced by
the current in them. Thicker wires are used to reduce energy loss.

2. Eddy currents: The iron core is in a changing magnetic field of the primary coil and eddy currents
are induced in it which causes heating. These are reduced by using a laminated core made of
sheets, insulated from each other to have more resistance.

3. Leakage of field lines: All the field lines produced by the primary may not ‘cut’ the secondary
coil. This is reduced by closing the air gap in the core.

POWER TRANSMISSION

The voltage is raised by a Step-up transformer at the Power Station. It is lowered by a Step-down
transformer at the village end.

The advantage of transmitting high voltage in power lines is to reduce energy loss due to heating effects
of current. The power (energy) loss is proportional to the square of the current. i.e. P = I 2R .

Note: If the voltage is high the current becomes small.

EXERCISE

1 Fig.1.1 shows the apparatus used to investigate electromagnetic induction.

Fig.1.1

When the North Pole of magnet is pushed into the coil, the pointer of the galvanometer
deflects to the left and back to zero.

(a) What happens to the pointer of the galvanometer when the magnet is,

(i) kept stationary inside the coil,

………………………………………………………………………. [1]
 (ii) Pulled back out of the coil

………………………………………………………………………. [1]

(iii) The south pole of the magnet is pushed into the coil

……………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………… [2]

(b) Write down three ways of increasing the size of the deflection.

1. …………………………………………………………………….

2. …………………………………………………………………….

3. ……………………………………………………………………..
[3]

2 Fig.2.1 shows a wire connected to a centre-zero galvanometer. Part of the wire is held
between the poles of a magnet.

Fig.2.1

When the wire is moved vertically downwards with a speed of 0.5 m/s, the galvanometer
needle is deflected 2 divisions to the left.

(a) On Fig.2.1, show the direction of the current in the wire during the downward
motion. [1]

(b) Describe the deflection of the galvanometer needle when the wire is moved
 (i) Vertically downwards at 0.25 m/s,
………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Vertically upwards at 1 m/s.

……………………………………………………………………………
[3]
3 (a) Sketch the voltage - time graph for two complete rotations of an a.c. generator on
the axes below.

[3]

(b) State three ways of increasing the size of the induced electromotive force in an
a.c. generator.

1. …………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………………………….

3………………………………………………………………………….

4.Fig.4.1 shows a 6V, 24 W lamp connected to a transformer with 800 turns in the primary.

Fig.4.1
 (a) The lamp has normal brightness. Assuming the transformer is 100 % efficient,
calculate
(i) the number of turns in the secondary coil,

number of turns = ……………………….

(ii) the current in the primary coil if the current in the secondary coil is 2.0 A.

Current = ………………………[4]

5 An industry operating at 10 kV draws 10 A of current from the secondary coil of a 100 %

efficient transformer. The input voltage to the transformer is 40 kV.

(a) What is the current in the primary coil of the transformer?

Current = ………………... [2]

(b) The transformer has 200 turns in the primary coil. How many turns does it have in the
secondary coil?

Number of turns = …………………… [2]

(c) In practice, a transformer is not 100 % efficient. State and explain two ways in which
energy may be lost from the transformer and in each case explain how heat loss can be
minimised

1 ………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

2………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
[6]

6 Fig.6.1 shows two coils wound around a cardboard tube.

 Fig.6.1

The switch, S , is closed and coil 1 is slid towards coil 2.

1. State and explain what is observed.

Observation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Explanation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [3]

2. The experiment in Fig.2.1 is repeated with the cardboard replaced by a soft iron rod.
1. State and explain what is observed.
Observation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Explanation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
2. What will be the pole of the rod at end P?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
7 A permanent magnet is pushed into a coil, as shown in Fig.7.1.

Fig.7.1

1. (i) State and explain what is observed when the magnet is pushed into the coil.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

(ii)On Fig.7.1, draw an arrow to show the direction of the induced current. [1]

2. Fig.7.2 shows the structure of a bicycle dynamo.

 Fig.7.2
1. What type of current is produced by the dynamo?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]

2. What is the purpose of the soft-iron core?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]

3. State three ways of increasing the output voltage.

1…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]

4. Explain why no current is induced when the bicycle stops.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
8 (a) State Lenz’s law.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... [1]

(b)Fig.8.1 shows a magnet being pulled out of a coil which is connected to a galvanometer.

Fig.8.1

1. Which pole is induced at the end X of the coil?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

2. On Fig.8.1, show the direction of the induced current in the coil. [1]

3. The magnet is pushed back into the coil with the S pole facing point X.
What effect, if any , does this have on the direction of the induced current?
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

9 Fig.9.1 shows a transformer connected to a 250V a.c. supply. The transformer has 1000 turns in
the primary coil.

Fig.9.1
A 5.0 Ω resister is connected to the secondary coil and a current of 0.50 A flows through the
resistor.
1. Calculate
1. The potential difference across the resistor,

Potential difference=……………………………………………………………[2]
2. The number of turns in the secondary coil.

Number of turns=……………………………………………………………...[2]

3. Explain the principle of operation of the transformer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[4]