IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. BC-25, NO.
4, DECEMBER 1979
INSAT-I -- A MULTIPURPOSE DOMESTIC SATELLITE SYSTEM FOR INDIA
S. Dhawan, J.P. Singh and P.P. Kale
Department of space, Goverrinent of India
Bangalore-560009, India
Summaary
The Indian National Satellite System -
INSAT-I, currently under implementation for
operationalisation during 1981, is a multi-
purpose satellite system for domestic
telecommunications and meteorology with
capability for nation-wide direct-Wv broad-
casting to the rural ccmmunities of India.
The space-segment of the system will
initially comprise of two multi-purpose
satellites in geo-stationary orbit, each of
which combine capabilities for long-distance
telephony, data and TV transmissions,
continuous meteorological earth observa-
tions in the Visible and Infra Red bands,
relay of meteorological data from unattended
data relay platforms, disaster warning,
radio programme distribution, and direct TV
broadcasting to community TV sets. The
ground-segment is also designed to be multi-
purpose in part. INSAT-I thus represents a
unique, cost-effective concept. This paper
presents an overview of the system.
Introduction
The first generation Indian National
Satellite System (INSAT-I), a joint venture
of the Department of Space, the Posts &
Telegraphs (P&T) Department of the Ministry
of Communications, the India Meteorological
Department (IMD) of the Ministry of Tourism
& Civil Aviation, and the Ministry of
Information & Broadcasting, was approved in
July 1977 by the Government of India and is
expected to be in operation early in 1981.
Conceived as a multi-purpose system for
telecommunications and meteorology with
capability for nationwide direct TV broad-
casting to cammunity receivers, the system
represents significant economies from
integration of services in both the space
and ground segments.
The INSAT-I System, being implemented,
is slated to have an initial space-segment
comprising of two multi-purpoge satellstes
in geo-stationary orbit at 74 E and 94 E
longitude positions; the selection of the
orbital locations has been influenced
primarily by requirement of the meteorologi-
cal earth observation coverage. Each of
the two IN;AT-I satellites combines capabi-
lities for long-distance heavy and thin
route telephony, data and TV programme
transmissions (6/4 GHz), continuous meteoro-
logical earth observations in the Visible
and Infra Red bands (4 GHz downlink), relay
of meteorological and hydrological data
from unattended data relay platforms
(400 MHz/4 GHz), a disaster warning service
(6/2.5 GHz), radio programme distribution
(6/2.5 GHz), and direct TV broadcasting to
augmented community TV direct reception
0018-9316/79/1200-0121$00.75 © 1979 IEEE
sets (6/2.5 GHz).
The INSAT-I System concept is illustra-
ted in Figure 1. Figure 2 shows the initial
ground-segment facilities currently at
various stages of implementation. The
Department of Space (DOS) have the responsi-
bility for the establishment, operation and
maintenance of the INSAT-I Space-Segment.
The Posts & Telegraphs (P&T) Department have
the responsibility for establishment,
operation, maintenance of the telecommunica-
tions ground-segment and for telecomnunica-
tions utilisation of the system. The India
Meteorological Department (IMD) have the
responsibility for establishment and opera-
tion of the meteorological ground-segment
and its utilisation. Inter-agency coordina-
tion during implementation and operational
phases of the system and for planning future
developnents, is achieved through the INSAT
Coordination Committee (ICC). When establi-
shed in 1981, the INSAT-I System will signi-
ficantly enhance, quantitatively as well as
qualitatively, the telecomnunications,
meteorological and mass communication capa-
bilities of the country.
INA Scent
To begin with the INSAT-I Space-Segment
will consist of two identical multi-purpose
satellites in geo-stationary orbit and a
Master Control Facility (MCF) for satellite
monitoring, orbit raising as well as on-orbit
control and management. The multi-purpose
satellites are being built by the Ford
Aerospace & Ccnmunications Corporation (FACC)
under a Contract with the Govermnent of India.
The INSAT-I satellites are to be launched by
NASA through either Delta 3910 expendable or
the Space Transportation System (STS)/Space
Shuttle launch vehicles.
INAT-I Space-Segment Servicecplities
The INSAT-IA satellite will be ;ocated
at 740E
longitude and INSAT-IB at 94 E
longitude. INSAT-IA is slated for launch
early in 1981. INSAT-IB, scheduled for
launch late in 1982, is to be an active,
on-orbit spare satellite, which can also be
used for heavy route trunk telephony. Each
satellite is designed with the following
service capabilities over a seven year
in-orbit lif e:
o Twelve 36 MHz wide channels operating
in 5935 - 6425 MHz (earth-to-satellite/
3710 - 4200 MHz (satellite-to-earth)
frequency bands with 32 dbW (minimum)
End-of -Lif e (EOL) Equivalent Isotropic
Radiated Power (EIRP) over primary
coverage area. Only f our channels
required to operate during eclipse.
 o Two 36 MHz wide direct TV broadcast
channels in 5855 - 5935 (earth-to-
satellite)/2555 - 2635 MHz (satellite-
to-earth) with 42 dbW (minimum) EOL
EIRP each over the primary coverage
area. Not required to operate during
eclipse periods.
o A Very High Resolution Radiometer
(VHRR) instrument with a Visible
(0.55 - 0.75 Fm) and an Infra Red
(10.5 - 12.5 ,um) channel with
resolutions of 2.75 kms (min) and
11 kms (min) respectively and with
full earth coverage. Full-frame
image every 30 minutes. Sector scan
on command. Required during eclipse
periods.
o A data channel (200 kHz bandwidth)
operating in 402.75 + 0.1 MHz (earth-
to-satellite)/4038.1 + 0.1 MHz
(satellite-to-earth) bands for relay
of meteorological, hydrological and
oceanographic data from unattended
land and ocean-based data collection
platforms (DCPs) to a central
location. Required during eclipse
periods.
The INSAT-I frequency plan is illustra-
ted in Figure 3.
The INSAT-I Satellites
The INSAT-I satellites are biased-
momentum three-axis stabilised with a
precision attitude control system providing
the high attitude stability required for the
meteorological imaging mission. The
satellites use an asymmetrical solar array
in order to ensure a clear f ield of view
(FOV) into cold space for the radiation
cooler of the Very High Resolution Radio-
meter (VHRR) earth imaging instrument.
A deployed solar sail is used to offset
solar pressure on account of the asymmetri-
cal solar array. A magnetic torquer with
a current coil placed around the periphery
of the satellite body provides f ine control.
The INSAT-I satellite in geo-stationary
orbit configuration is shown in Figure 4.
In terms of physical conf iguration, the
INSAT-I satellite has a box type structure
with a deployed solar sail and solar array.
The solar array is partially deployed in
the transfer orbit while the solar sail is
deployed only in the geo-stationary orbit.
The transfer orbit configuration of the
INSAT-I satellite is shown in Figure 5.
The satellite is three-axis stabilised durirn
the apogee manoeuvre. The deployment
sequence is shown in Figure 6. In the final
phase, i.e., geo-stationary orbit, the
length of the INSAT-I satellite from one tip
of the solar sail to the extreme end of the
solar array is about 19.4 metres. The
dimensions of the main-body are about 2.18mx
1.55m x 1.42m. The area of the solar array,
the primary means for power generation on
board the satellite, measures about 11.5
square metres. The seven year end-of-life
122
(EOL) summer solstice power output is rated
to be 902 watts; EOL vernal equinox power
output as 982 watts. The Beginning-of-Life
(BOL) vernal equinox power output is rated
as 1186 watts.
The INSAT-I satellite has two offset-
fed reflectors which deploy in orbit. One,
albout 1.4 m diameter on the East face of the
satellite, for all 6 GHz receive, and 4 GHz
telecomnunications transponder even channel
and DCP data transmit with dual-band body-
mounted feed horns for transmit and receive
functions. Another 1.5 m x 1.6 m reflector
on the west face of the satellite with dual-
band body-mounted feed horn for transmitting
4 GHz telecommunications transponder odd
channels and VHRR data and 2.5 GHz high-power
TV broadcast channels. The 400 MHz DCP data
receive UHF annular slot array antenna is
mounted on the earth viewing face of the
satellite.
The basic attitude control is provided
by two biased pitch wheels (primary mode)
or one pitch and one yaw reaction wheel
(backup mode). The magnetic torquer with
drive current controlled by the Attitude &
Orbit Control Electronics (ACCE) provides
fine control by providing a torque opposite
and nearly equal to the residual disturbance
torque from the solar pressure on both the
solar array and the solar sail. Two-axis
Infra-Red earth sensors and a combination of
analog and digital sun sensors provide
attitude reference.
The satellite propulsion sub-system con-
sists of a set of twelve 5-lb and one 100-lb
bipropellant thrusters using mono-methyl
hydrazine (MMH) as the fuel and Nitrogen
Tetroxide as the oxidizer. The 5-lb thrusters
provide impulses for attitude control, nuta-
tion damping, wheel unloading, and station-
keeping. The 100-lb thruster provides the
apogee impulse for raising the satellite fron
the elliptical transfer orbit to the circular
synchronous orbit. The 5-lb thrusters can be
fired in the pulse mode (attitude control,
wheel unloading) or in the continuous mode
(stationkeeping). The use of the same
thruster set for both stationkeeping and
attitude control simultaneously requires that
thrusters be off-m.odulated during the conti-
nuous firing mode. The propellant quantity
is sized for placing the satellite in geo-
stationary orbit as well as for providing
attitude and orbit control for seven years
with tankage capacity for ten years. The
100-lb thruster is fired once, for about
50 minutes. The use of bipropellant for
apogee manoeuvre and attitude and orbit
control provides enhanced capability in the
propulsion sub-system.
The INSAT-I satellites are designed for
launch either with the two Stage Delta 3910
launcher or the Space Transportation System
(STS)/Space Shuttle of NASA. In both cases,
for reaching the geo-stationary transfer
orbit upon separation from the launcher, use
is made of the same Spin-Stabilised Upper
Stage namely PAM4-D. The configuration is
such that it is accommodated in the STS in a
vertical position.
A simplified functional block diagram
of the satellite is shown in Figure 7. All
the 6 GHiz uplink signals consisting of 12
channels of Fixed Satellite Service (FSS)
and 2 channels of Broadcast Satellite
Service (BSS) are received via the East face
C-band receive/even channel transmit antenna
and fed to the C-band receiver. The FSS
signals are amplified, downconverted to
4 GHz, filtered and fed to the input multi-
plexer (odd and even) which separates the
signals into 12 separate channels. These
12 multiplexer outputs are fed to 12 output
amplifier stages which amplify the signals.
The amplifier outputs drive twelve 4.5 .J
C-band TWTAs. The outputs of the odd-
numbered TWTAs go to the odd multiplexer
where after being combined they go on to the
C/S-band odd channel transmit antenna (West
face) for downlink transmission. The outputs
from the even numbered TWTAs are fed to the
even multiplexer and then to the C-band
receive/even channel transmit antenna (East
face). The BSS signals that enter the C-band
receiver with the FSS signals are amplified
and coupled out to the C/S-band receiver.
Here the signals are downconverted to 2.5GHz,
amplified and fed to the input multiplexer,
which separates the signals into two S-band
channels. The two S-band BSS signals are
sent to the selected 2-out-of-3 S-band
output amplifiers. These outputs drive the
selected 2-out-of-3 50W S-band TWTAs. The
two TWTA outputs are combined in the output
multiplexer and the composite signal sent to
the C/S-band transmit antenna for down link
transmission. The expected FSS/BSS G/T
over the primary coverage area is -4.2dB/0K.
The 400 kb/s POM bit stream from the
VHRR electronics unit is fed to the VIHRR
transmitter where it phase modulates an
85 MHz signal. The modulated signal is then
upconverted to 4 GHz and amplif ied to a level
of approximately 17 dBm. This output from
the VHRR transmnitter is fed to a port of the
odd output multiplexer and combined with the
FSS odd channels and transmitted on the
downlink at an EIRP of about 10 dBW. The
400 MHz DCP meteorological data is received
by the UHF annular slot array antenna and
sent to the DCP transponder where it is
amplified, filtered and upconverted to 4 GHz.
This output is then fed to a port of the even
output multiplexer, combined with the FSS
even channels and sent to the C-band transmit
antenna for transmission at an EIRP of about
16 dBW.
The Very High Resolution Radiometer
(VHRR) is a two-channel radiorneter which
measures the reflected and the radiant
intensity from the earth in two wave bands
-- a Visible (0.55 - 0.75 micrometer) and an
Infrared (10.5 - 12.5 micrometer). The
Field of View (FOV) of the optics provides
a square element of size not more than
2.75km x 2.75km in the visible and 11 km x
11 km for the IR at the sub-satellite point
from the geo-synchronous altitude. These
instantaneous FOV,sare scanned across the
123
earth's surface by a precision controlled
mirror. The bidir8ctional scan takes one
second to cross 20 in the East-West direc-
tion and 0.2 seconds to step 307 microradians
in the tNorth-South direction. The -cycle then
continues in reverse in the West-East dire-
ction. In all, 22 minutes and 49 seconds
are required to scan a 20 by 20 image of
th8 earth. In addition to the normal 200 by
20 scan, the VHRR can also be commanded to
produce a 200 (east-wes t) by 50 (nort8-south)
image. Sectors can be commanded in 1
north-south increments for the earth over
time. The IR channel is calibrated using a
warm body referenice. The VHRR mission of
the systern requires the spacecraft to be held
very precisely during frame imaging as well
as in between frames. The spacecraft design
provides for (i) pixel to pixel registration
accuracy of two sequential lines of 0.2
visible resolution element, and (ii) all
pixel elements of any two sequential full
frames of a spectral channel not having an
RMS error more than 1.45 of one visible
resolution element, when referred to the
corresponding elemnents of the other frame.
During imaging, all house keeping operations,
including stepping-up or down of the solar
array and thruster firings# are inhibited.
Housekeeping functions are performed during
the 7 minute interval between successive
full frame imaging operations.
The INSAT-I Master Control Facility (MCF)
The Master Control Facility (MCF) forms
the major element of the ground system
employed to support INSAT-I satellite
operations after separation from the launch
vehicle or the STS orbiter, as the case may
be. The INSAT-I MCF consists of two
independent satellite control earth stations,
each with a fully steerable 14m diameter
antenna, provided by DOS and a Satellite
Control Centre (SCC), the equi-pment for
which is provided by the INSAT-I satellite
contractor. The INSAT-I MlCF is being
established in the Hassan District of
Karnataka State. During orbit raising
activities, the INSAT-I PICF will be supported
by Remote Tracking Station (RTS) services.
The INSAT-I MCF will provide the following
specific functions towards control and on-
orbit management of INSAT-I satellitess
o Satellite commanding, ranging and
testing
o Reception and processing of satellite
telemetry, ranging and test data
o Reception and processing of VHRR data
for quick look evaluation
o Orbital Analysis, etc.
Utilisation of the INSAT-I System
Telecommunications
The telecommunications component of the
system will provide over 8,000 two-way
long-distance telephony circuits potentially
accessible from any part of India, even the
remotest. This capacity will be utilised
for:
o supplementary use on important, key,
long-distance trunk routes providing
a portion of the total capacity
resulting in better reliability and
flexibility.
o remote area, short-tenn/interim, and
emergency communication services.
Meteorology
The meteorological component of the
system will provide:
- Round the clock, half-hourly, synoptic
observations of weather systems
including cyclones, sea-surface and
cloud top temperatures, water bodies,
snow cover, etc. mapping over the
entire territory of India and the
adjoining sea and land areas.
- Collection and transmission of meteo-
rological, hydrological and oceano-
graphic data from unattended remote
automatic data collection platforms
(DCPs) to a central data processing
centre.
- Timely warning of impending disasters
fram cyclones, storms, f loods, etc.
and dissemination of meteorological
information for agricultural and
other purposes. Using the INSAT-I
S-band capability, the warnings can
directly reach the population in
impact areas.
Radio & Te levis ion
The mass communication component of the
INSAT-I system can provide:
- Direct TV broadcasting to augmnented
TV receivers in rural and remote
areas for which the direct TV broad-
cast coverage has been identified as
more economical.
- National networking of terrestrial TV
transmitters.
- Radio and TV programme distribution.
The INSAT-I Ground-Segment
Telecommunications ground-segment
The initial INSAT-I teleconnunications
ground-segment facilities comprise of the
following:
- Five large earth stations (31.7 dB/OK)
- Thirteen ;edium Earth Stations
(25. 7 dB/ iC)
- Eleven Rer8ote Area Terminals
(19.7 dB/l i)
- Four road transportable terminals
(19. 7 dB/ K)
- Two jeep transportable/air-liftable
124
emergency
(19.7
communisation
or 17.5
terminals
dEl/ () , and
- A Network Operations Control Centre
(NOCC) for coordination and control
of all 6/4 GHz utilisation earth
stations.
Four of the five large stations linked
with the Main switching centres of the
national telecommunications network (Bombay,
Calcutta, Delhi and Madras) will have a
second antenna system with associated
electronics for simultaneous utilisation of
INSAT-IA and INSAT-IB satellites. Of the
above ground-segrnent facilities, seven earth
stations are expected to be ready before the
end of 1979 for an interim domestic satellite
telecommunication system using leased quarter
transponder caoacity on an Indian Ocean
Intelsat satellite. Two public sector
undertakings, namely the Indian Telephone
Industries (ITI) and the Electronics Corpora-
tion of India Ltd. (ECIL) are playing a major
role in the supply of equipment for the
INSAT-I earth stations.
meeteorolpoic aIl Ground-Sp~ent
The INSAT- I Meteorological ground-
segment facilities comprise of:
- A Meteorological Data Utilisation
Centre (MDUJ) at New Delhi f or
processing of INSPT-I VHRR and DCP
data which will be received at the
Delhi Earth Station of P&T and trans-
mitted to MDUC in real-time over a
microwave link;
- Secondary Data Utilisation Centres
(SDUC) colocated with various f ore-
casting offices of the India Meteoro-
logical Department (IMD) which will
receive processed images from MDUC
over telecanmunications lines
(including INSAT-I circuits):
- About 100 Data Collection Platforms
(DCPs) deployed all over the country*
including some over ocean areas; and,
- Disaster warning facility.
The Meteorological Data Utilisation
Centre (MDUC) is planned to have facilities
for processing, analysis and storage of
INSAT-I VHRR and DCP data. The INSAT- I DCPs
will access INSAT-I satellite in a random-
access fashion using PCM-PSiI (bi-phase)
modulation. Each DCP is capable of handling
ten sensors. The primary meteorological
sensors associated with the DCPs are: Air
Temperature, Wet Bulb Temperature and
Relative Humidity; Wind Speed, Wind direction,
Atmospheric Pressure; DCP housing tempera-
ture, rainfall, sunshine, sea surface
temperature, etc. In Random Access (RA)
mode, the 402.75 MHz channel on the space-
craft is capable of handling about 400 DCPs
though initially the deployment Dlans call
for 110 DCPs -- 100 land-based and 10 ocean-
based.
Television & Radio Utilisation Facilities
The Government of India is yet to take
investment decisions concerning radio and
television utilisation facilities. As far
as the direct TV broadcasting is concerned,
the INSAT-I system has the capability to
provide two direct broadcast TV channels in
S-band (2.5 GHz) over the entire country.
For reception of I1iAT-I direct TV broadcast
signals over the primary coverage area with
a reception quality similar to that satis-
factorily experienced during the Satellite
Instructional Television Experiment (SITsE)
with US-NASA ATS-6 satellite (1975-76),
i.e., a Video peak to peak picture signal
to rms weighted noise ratio of 43 dB and
Audio rms signal to weighted rms noise
ratio of 40 dB, Dirgct Reception Sets (DRS)
with G/T of 8.2 dB/ K are required; this can
be achieved with a 12 ft diameter low-cost
chicken-mesh antenna and a receive noise
f igure of better than 4.5 d3. In some of
the north-eastern areas, DRSs of better
sensitivity are required; this can be accom-
plished by a larger antenna or a better
receiver or a suitable combination of both.
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
of DOS have developed the S-band DRS techno-
logy required for INSAT-I DRS.
As far as the radio programme distribu-
tion is concerned, the use of high-power
S-band (2.5 GHz) transponders through an
injected carrier is contemplated. For trans- Fig.l.INSAT-1 SYSTEM CONCEPT
mitting 15 kHz high-fidelity audio programme
channel with an unweighted Signal-to-Noise
Ratio objective (for 0 dIn signal) of 41 dB
(CCIR Rec 505), in the primary coverage area
a low-cost 8eceive-only terminal with a G/T
of 10.8 dB/ K (12 f t antenna; Receiver with
3 dB NF) is required. In the secondary
coverage areas, the antenna size needs to be
of 17 ft. diameter.
Conc lus ion
The INSAT-I System represents a major
step for the enhancement of the Indian
telecommunication, meteorological, and mass
cormunication capabilities. Conceived
primarily as an important and cost-effective
tool for enhancing national communications
and meteorological capabilities vitally
important for national socio-economic deve-
lopment through the provision of a vital
infra-structure element, INSAT-I also
represents a significant technological and
organisational innovation. Providing nation-
wide enhancement of capabilities for tele-
communications, meteorological observati-ons
and television broadcasting on a single
Delta class satellite, the systenm combines LARGE EARTH STATIONS
(31.7 d8e-Ki
the multiple distinct services resulting in KAVARATTI
MEDIUM EARTH
STATION i257dB AIDAA ,
a smaller number of satellites, launches and REMOTE AREA TERMINALS

independent ground stations as compared to 419 7 -dBlK)

NICOBAR

those that would have been required without

_^TRANSPORTABLE
_ TERMINAL (19.74d1'K

such an integration. The system has also BINIOY EMERGENCY TERMINALS

1 7.U1n9.7 dBsK)I

contributed to an efficient utilisation of

the orbit/frequency resource. Fig.2. INSAT-1 INITIAL GROUND SEGMENT

125
 CMD 6258 CMD 6262

2fco N iO 402.75 MHz

to s a a (O a I200 kHzB1WI)

5855 MHz 6425 MHz 401 MHz 403 MHz

EARTH TO SATELLITE (UPLINKS - TELECOM & TV) METEOROLOGY
IDCPI

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r
ir!
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VHRR 14034.551
SATELLITE TO EARTH (DOWNLINKS - TELECOM & MET)
2575 & 2615 MHz

TV BROADCASTING DOWNLINK,

Fig.3.INSAT-1 FREQUENCY PLAN

SOLAR SAIL

Ii
iBAND REFLECtOR
[OWED'

BAND ANtENNA

EARTH
Z w
YAW

ORBIT
DIRECTION
Fig.5.TRANSFER ORBIT CONFIGURATION OF INSAT-1 SATELLITE
IARRAY

PIICH Y

Fig.4. INSAT-1 SATELLITE IN GEO-STATIONARY ORBIT CONFIGURATION

126
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Fig.6. IN SAT-I SATELLITE DEPLOYMENT SEQUENCE

12 CHANNELS.
FtXED SATEt LITE TV. BROADCAST
SATELLITE
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TELEMETRY ~~~~~~ANT ANTI

DATA
FROM
EA
UNITI TRANSMITTER C N
ISECEIVEGl ACOM CONTROL SIGNALS
TOSATELLITE
SATELLE RANGING
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I PRIMARY POWER BUSSES ATTITUDE & OHDDT COTITOL SLt8SYSTtMIAOCI ROPULSION SIS1
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|NOTE- REOUN4DANCY AND CROSS-STRAPPING NOT SHOWN

F6.7. SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE INSAT-1 SATELLITE

127