CLAUSES AND PHRASES

A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb. A

phrase on the other hand, does not have a subject and a
verb(predicate).
Examples of clauses include,
 Show Simon your project when he arrives

 The boy who has autism is the group leader.

 Let's find a table that gets the sunlight
.
 He lost his double chin after he gave up chocolate

Types of Clauses
(1)  Independent Clause. An independent or main clause functions like
a complete sentence. An independent clause can stand alone as a
sentence. For example:
 John eats eggs.
 She wept.

(2) Dependent Clause. A dependent or subordinate clause cannot

stand alone as a sentence. It depends on the rest of the sentence for its
meaning. A dependent clause is a supporting part of a sentence. For
example,
 Although I came late
 Because he went

Clauses vs Phrases
A clause contrasts with a phrase, which does not contain a subject and a
verb. The distinction between a clause and a phrase is clearer when you
see them side by side:
 when she wakes up.
This is a clause. It has a subject ("she") and a verb
Anna ("wakes ").
sings...
in the morning.
This is a phrase. There is no subject and no verb.
 Here is another example:

where the factories are.

This is a clause. It has a subject ("the factories") and
The ravens a verb ("are").
lived...
in the area of the new factories.
This is a phrase. There is no subject and no verb.

More Examples of Clauses

 During the day, Vlad slept in a coffin.
(The subject of this clause is "Vlad." The verb is "slept." "During
the day" is a phrase because there is no verb.)

 When the Moon shone, he lurked in the shadows.

(The subject of the first clause is "the Moon." The verb is "shone."
The subject of the second clause is "he." The verb is "lurked.")

 He stalked a pretty milkmaid, who lived in the neighbouring

village.
(The subject of the first clause is "He." The verb is "stalked." The
subject of the second clause is "who." The verb is "lived.")

USAGE OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN SENTENCES

Dependent clauses can play a variety of roles in sentences. A dependent
clause can function as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun.
(1) Adjective Clauses
 My friend who lives in London looks like Homer Simpson.
(The dependent clause functions like an adjective. It could be
replaced with an adjective, e.g., "my London-based friend." Notice
that it sits within the independent clause.)
 You should never make fun of something that a person can't
change about themselves. (YouTuber Phil Lester)
(This dependent clause could be replaced with an adjective, e.g.,
"unchangeable.")

(2) Adverbial Clauses

 He lost his double chin after he gave up chocolate.
(The dependent clause functions like an adverb. It could be
replaced with an adverb, e.g., "recently.")
 I am not afraid of the pen, the scaffold, or the sword. I will tell
the truth wherever I please. (Labour-rights campaigner Mary Harris
Jones aka "Mother Jones")
(The first sentence does not have a dependent clause. In the
second sentence, the dependent clause could be replaced with an
adverb, e.g., "there.")

(3) Noun Clauses

 She cannot remember what she said last night.
(The dependent clause functions like a noun. It could be replaced
with a noun, e.g., "her rant." Notice that the noun clause is part of
the independent clause. This is common with noun clauses.)
 Now I know why tigers eat their young. (Mobster Al Capone)
(This dependent clause could be replaced with a noun, e.g., "the
reason.")

RESTRICTIVE AND NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE

A clause that's necessary for identification is called a restrictive
clause. For example,
 You went through a phase when you dyed your hair purple. 
(There is no comma because the clause is needed to identify the
phase. A clause that's necessary for identification is called
a restrictive clause.
 A clause that is just additional information is called a non-
restrictive clause.

 You went through a mod phase, when you started school, a

punk phase when you dyed your hair purple and a punk
phase when you dyed your hair green. 
(The first adjective clause is just additional information (hence the
commas), but the other two are required to identify the punk
phases (hence no commas).)

CLASSWORK
Test on Clauses
1. Which describes a clause?
A. A clause is the same as a phrase.
B. A clause is a group of words that functions as one part of speech and that includes a
subject and a verb.
C. A clause is half a sentence.

2. Which describes an independent clause?

A. An independent clause expresses a complete thought.
B. An independent clause always starts a sentence.
C. An independent clause is half a sentence.

3. Select the example with an independent clause in bold.

A. Even though he likes jam, he hates marmalade.
B. Even though he likes jam, he hates marmalade.

4. Which describes a dependent clause?

A. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is one that cannot stand alone as a
complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought.
B. A dependent clause can be a simple sentence.

5. Select the example with a dependent clause in bold.

A. The wax is melting because it's too hot.
B. The wax is melting because it's too hot.

6. Select the example with an independent clause in bold.

A. Ever since you have given up smoking, you get annoyed easily.
B. Ever since you have given up smoking, you get annoyed easily.

7. Select the example with a dependent clause in bold.

A. Your sauce has ruined my hamburger, which is not funny.
B. Your sauce has ruined my hamburger, which is not funny.
8. Select the example with a noun clause in bold.
A. Whoever designed this maze is a genius.
B. The quality of this maze is quite astounding.

9. Select the example with an adjective clause in bold.

A. Snowflakes the size of postage stamps fell gracefully from the clouds.
B. Snowflakes the size of which I've never seen before filled the air.

10. Select the example with an adverbial clause in bold.

A. My alarm always wakes me just as I'm about to succeed in my dream.
B. My alarm clock, which was a present from my daughter, always wakes me at the
wrong time.

11. Select the example with a noun clause in bold.

A. I was watching you like a hawk scans for rodents.
B. I saw what you did yesterday.

12. Select the example with a restrictive clause in bold.

A. The boy who stole your bike has been caught.
B. The police are questioning Trevor Jones, who handed himself in yesterday.

13. Select the example with a non-restrictive clause in bold.

A. The dog has eaten my birthday cake, which my wife left on the table to cool.
B. I'm afraid I've eaten all the cakes that you baked yesterday.

14. "Ever since you have given up smoking, you get annoyed easily."

In this sentence, the clause in bold is functioning as what part of speech?

A. Adjective
B. Noun
C. Adverb

15. Select the example with a dependent clause in bold.

A. He stitched mail sacks until his fingers bled.
B. He stitched mail sacks until his fingers bled.

16. Select the example with a restrictive clause in bold.

A. I know the person who turned the ovens off.
B. Simon Jones, who turned the ovens off, is in trouble.

17. "The boy who stole your bike has been caught."

In this sentence, the clause in bold is functioning as what part of speech?

A. Adjective
B. Noun
C. Adverb

18. Select the example with a restrictive clause in bold.

A. The car that your wife sold me last week has broken down.
B. His car, which is 25 years old, runs like dream.