- Wave is the transfer of energy from one point to another through oscillating or

vibrating motion in which a point moves back and forth along a line about a fixed
central point.
- Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. This transfer of energy means that
waves are also able to transfer information. We can see the wave move around the
stadium; however, no matter has been transferred as the spectators all stay put in their
original seats.
- Transverse waves oscillates perpendicular to the wave propagation
- Longitudinal waves oscillate parallel to the wave propagation
- The highest point of a wave is called the crest
- The lowest point of a wave is called the trough
- The middle point of a wave is called the equilibrium point
- Compression is when the particles are compressed together.
- Refraction is when the particles are spread apart.
- A mechanical wave is a type of wave that requires particles or mediums to transfer
energy.
- A non mechanical wave is a type of wave that doesn’t require a medium.
- Sound waves are produced by vibrating air particles. In a vacuum space, sound
waves won’t be produced since air particles aren’t present in a vacuum space to
transfer sound waves.
- Water waves are produced by creating disturbance (or vibration) on a still water
surface).
- Light waves are produced by vibration between electric field and magnetic field,
released by vibrating electrons.
- Wavelength is the distance between two successive crests of a wave.
- Amplitude is the highest or lowest point of a wave from the equilibrium point.
- Period is the one full wave taken for a complete oscillation.
- Wavefront is the line joining all the crests (transverse waves)/compressions
(longitudinal waves).
- Frequency is the number of waves that pass a point within a second.
- f = 1/T, where T = Period of oscillation
- T = 1/f, where f = Frequency
- v = f A, where f = Frequency and A = Lambda
-v=
- As energy increases, the greater the amplitude. The lower the energy, the lower the
amplitude.
- As frequency increases, the wavelength is shorter. The lower the frequency, the
longer the wavelength.
- Reflection of waves happens when the movement of waves is disrupted by a solid
barrier (wall / mirror) causing waves to bounce off the barrier.
- Incident angle and reflected angle are always the same
- Normal line is always perpendicular to the barrier/surface
- A wave undergoes a change in the direction of propagation when it is reflected and
thus the velocity. During reflection, the speed, wavelength and frequency of the waves
do not change.
- During wave reflection, the wave velocity, wavelength, and frequency are the same
- Diffuse reflection is when light hits a rough surface, the light waves reflect in
different directions due to varying angle of the surface.
- Specular reflection is when all the light waves are reflected in the same way when
light hits a smooth surface.
- Refraction of waves happen when the waves moves into a different medium, causing
the wave to bend due to change in speed
- Water waves travel faster in deep water than they do in shallow water.
- Light and sound waves travel faster in mediums that are less dense than they do in
mediums that are denser
- When light rays enter from less dense medium to more dense medium, the light rays
bend away from the normal
- Diffraction of waves occurs when waves pass through a slit or round a corner of an
obstacle, causing the wave to spread.
- Diffraction of waves depends on the size of the slit it passes through.
- Diffracted waves do not change in frequency, wavelength and speed but only in the
direction of propagation and the pattern of the waves
- A sound wave travels twice the distance between the person and the wall. The speed
of sound waves depends on the medium through which they travel. In air, the speed is
about 330 to 340 ms^-1
- Formula of sound echo: v = 2d/t
- The speed of sound depends on the temperature condition, and to a lesser extent the
humidity and pressure conditions.
- Sound waves travel faster at warm air because the particles have more kinetic energy
at warm air, which causes the air particles to collide more frequently and therefore, the
speed of sound is higher at warm air.
- Infrared radiation is better at being absorbed by many materials, including solid
objects. When infrared radiation is absorbed by an object, it causes the atoms and
molecules in the object to vibrate faster, which leads to an increase in the object's
temperature.
- Visible light, however, is mostly reflected by most objects, except dark objects.
- Electromagnetic spectrum is Gamma rays, X rays, UV, Visible light, Infrared, Radio
waves, Microwaves.
- EM wave (light) is a wave of oscillating electric and magnetic fields; hence, the
name electromagnetic wave. Electromagnetic waves are emitted by vibrating charged
particles, such as electrons.
- The more curved, the shorter the focal point, less curved, longer the focal point
-