Kim Alyssa B.

Go UIC MLS-3E
INNATE IMMUNITY II: IMMUNE CELLS ○ Go to the battlefield (Chemotaxis)
○ Recognize enemy (IgG & C3b
IMMUNOLOGY-SEROLOGY LEC.
receptors)
DR. ALFREDO HINAY
○ Eat them up (Phagocytosis)

CELLULAR DEFENSE MECHANISMS

There are five principal types of leukocytes, or white EOSINOPHILS
blood cells, in peripheral blood: ● 12-15 um in diameter, and they normally make
● Neutrophils up between 1-3% in nonallergic person
● Eosinophils ● Their number increases in an allergic reaction or
● Basophils in response to many parasitic infections
● Monocytes ● The nucleus is usually bilobed or ellipsoidal
● Lymphocytes and is often eccentrically located.
● These cells are capable of phagocytosis but
NEUTROPHIL/ POLYMORPHONUCLEAR are much less efficient than neutrophils
NEUTROPHILIC (PMN) LEUKOCYTE ● Their most important role is neutralizing
● Represents approximately 50 to 70 percent of basophil and mast cell products and killing
the total peripheral WBC certain parasites
● These are around 10-15 um in diameter, with a ● Primary granules:
nucleus that has between two and five lobes. ○ Acid phosphatase
● They contain a large number of neutral staining ○ Arylsulfatase
granules, which are classified as primary, ○ Eosinophil-specific granules
secondary, tertiary granules ■ Major basic protein
● Normally, half of the total neutrophil ■ Eosinophil cationic protein
population is found in a marginating pool on ■ Eosinophil peroxidase
blood vessel walls, while the rest circulate ■ Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
freely for approximately 6 to 10 hours ● Count: 1-3% in peripheral blood
● Primary granules, A.K.A azurophilic ● Bilobed nucleus: spectacle shaped
granules: ● Cytoplasmic granules: Bright pink in color,
○ Main function: Kill microorganisms Small in size
○ Myeloperoxidase ● Killing strategy:
○ Elastase ○ Go to the battlefield (Chemotaxis)
○ Proteinase 3 ○ Recognize target (via Fc receptors)
○ Lysozyme ○ Eat (Phagocytosis)
○ Cathepsin G ○ Chemical attack (release contents of
○ Defensins granules)
● Secondary Granules: ● Mechanism of Action (Parasite Killing)
○ Collagenase ○ Does not recognize helminths directly,
○ Lactoferrin rather via intermediary molecule, IgE
○ Lysozyme antibody bound to the Helminth
○ Reduced nicotinamide adenine ○ Has FcEr
dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)
oxidase
● Tertiary granules (Newly discovered)
○ Gelatinase BASOPHILS
○ Plasminogen Activator ● Less than 1% of all circulating WBCs
○ Acid hydrolases ● The smallest of the granulocytes, they are
● Count: 40-60% in peripheral blood between 10-15 um in diameter and contain
● Cytoplasmic Granules: coarse, densely staining deep-bluish purple
○ Neutrally staining granules that often obscure the nucleus.
○ Pink in color ● Constituents of these granules are histamine, a
● Multilobed nucleus: 2-5 lobes small amount of heparin, and eosinophil
● Killing strategy: chemotactic factor-A, all of which have
 Kim Alyssa B. Go UIC MLS-3E
important function in inducing and maintaining ● A.K.A. Mononuclear cells, are the largest cells
immediate hypersensitivity reactions. in the peripheral blood, with a diameter that
● Count: <1% in peripheral blood can vary from 12-22 um.
● Bilobed Nucleus: ● One distinguishing feature is an irregularly
○ Less distinct indentations folded or horseshoe-shaped nucleus that
○ Long “ribbon-like” occupies almost one-half of the entire cell’s
● Cytoplasmic granules: volume
○ Purple in color ● The abundant cytoplasm stains a dull grayish
● Killing strategy: blue and has a ground-glass appearance due
○ Go to the battlefield (Chemotaxis) to the presence of fine dustlike granules
○ Recognize the target (Cross-linkage of ● These granules are actually of two types:
receptor bound IgE molecules by one of which contains peroxidase, acid
antigen) phosphatase, and arylsulfatase; This indicates
○ Explode (Degranulation) that these granules are similar to the
● Also has IgE, the immunoglobulin formed in lysosomes of neutrophils
allergic reactions, binds readily to basophil cell ● The other type of granule may contain Beta-
membranes, and granules release their glucuronidase, lysozyme, and lipase, but no
constituents we they contact an antigen. alkaline phosphatase
● Digestive vacuoles may also be observed in the
cytoplasm (may indicate active phagocytosis)
● They stay in the peripheral blood for up to 70
MAST CELLS hours and then they migrate to the tisses and
● Tissue mast cells resemble basophils, but the become known as macrophages
are connecive tissue cells of mesenchymal ● All tissue macrophages arise from monocytes,
origin. which can be thought of as macrophage
● They are widely distributed throughout the body precursors
and are larger than basophils, with a small ● As the monocyte matures into a macrophage,
round nucleus and more granules. there is an increase in endoplasmic reticulum,
● Long life span of between 9-18 months lysosomes, and mitochondria.
● The enzyme content of granules helps to ● Unlike monocytes, macrophages contain no
distinguish them from basophils, as they contain peroxidase
acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and
protease
● The mast cell, like the basophil, plays a role in
hypersensitivity reactions by binding IgE MACROPHAGES
● Location: ● Macrophages have specific names according to
○ Mucosal Tissues their particular tissue location
○ Connective Tissues ○ Blood: Monocyte
● Two Types of Nucleus ○ BM: Promonocyte + Monocyte
○ Multilobular ○ CNS: Microglial cells
○ Large eccentric ○ Kidney: Messengial cells
● Cytoplasm: ○ Liver: Kupffer cells
○ Large granules ○ Lung: Alveolar macrophage or Dust
○ Purple in color phagocytes
● Killing strategy: ○ Lymph node: Lymph node macrophage
○ Matures in tissues ○ Spleen: Splenic macrophage
○ Recognizes target (Cross-linkage of ○ Synovial fluid: Synovial A cells
receptor bound IgE molecules by ○ Connective Tissues: Histiocytes
antigen) ● Their functions include:
○ Explode (Degranulation) ○ Microbial killing
MONOCYTES ○ Tumoricidal activity
○ Intracellular parasit eradication
○ Phagocytosis
 Kim Alyssa B. Go UIC MLS-3E
○ Secretion of cell mediators
○ Antigen presentation

DENDRITIC CELLS
● Dendritic cells are so named because it
resembles nerve cell dendrites
● Their main function is to phagocytose antigen
and present it to helper T lymphocytes (lymphoid
organs) to initiate the acquired immune
response
● They are the most potent phagocytic cell in
the tissue
● Expresses high levels of MHC class II
● Long cytoplasmic processes for efficient antigen
presentation
● Killing strategy:
○ Ingests the enemy (Phagocytosis)
○ Ingests ECF and contents
(Macropinocytosis)
○ Shows it to other cells (Antigen
presentation)
○ Activates them (via co-stimulatory
signals)